{"id":2547,"date":"2016-10-24T15:43:30","date_gmt":"2016-10-24T13:43:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=2547"},"modified":"2017-04-11T10:34:04","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T08:34:04","slug":"2017-nuctenea-umbratica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=2547","title":{"rendered":"2017 Nuctenea umbratica"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2017<\/h1>\n

Walnut Orb-weaver spider<\/b><\/h3>\n

Nuctenea umbratica<\/em>\u00a0(Clerck, 1757)<\/h4>\n
\"Nuctenea

Nuctenea umbratica<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) belongs to the family of true orb-weavers (Araneidae). This family has 3,095 species world-wide, of which 128 are found in Europe. The genus\u00a0Nuctenea <\/em>is represented by two species in (Central)-Europe. Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>is found throughout Europe.<\/p>\n

Its vertical distribution is predominantly from flatlands to low hills (up to about 800 metres above sea level), with only a few records at higher elevations up to 1000 metres in places like Tyrol. The species occupies various habitats. It was originally a bark-associated species, particularly found on dead standing wood with loose bark, but is now also found in urban environments like house walls and fences, especially in nooks and crevices. In German, for example, it is called the crevice orb weaver. In some habitats it can be encountered quite frequently and in Central Europe the species is categorised as not threatened.<\/p>\n

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Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>builds a relatively large orb web (up to 70 cm in diameter) with an eccentric form in which the hub of the web is always displaced towards the spider\u2019s retreat. The spider spends the day hidden in this retreat and sits in the middle of the web when it gets dark at night. The Walnut Orb-weaver can be found the whole year round, but mostly from July to October.<\/p>\n

The orb weaver Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> shows a high level of sexual dimorphism: the body length of females is 13-16 mm, of males just 7-10 mm. The body is wide and flattened. The basic colouration is red-brown to black-brown, the legs are dark brown and the abdomen shows a dark, leaf-like pattern (foliation) which can have a light border.<\/p>\n

Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>can be mistaken for dark animals like Larinioides ixobolus, <\/em>but by comparison this species is a metallic black and the foliation is lighter and more prominent. Juveniles of the Walnut Orb-weaver resemble the smaller (body length up to 9 mm) but much rarer Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>. This species is distributed more to the east and differs by having lighter sides of the body and a more rounded abdomen.<\/p>\n

Why was\u00a0Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>chosen as the European Spider of the Year?<\/p>\n

There are a number of good reasons for this choice: (1) the species is quite common, (2) despite its hidden way of life it is easy to find close to houses, (3) it is a quite prominent and easy to identify species, and (4) it raises public awareness about its original habitat on the bark of dead wood and\/or old trees.<\/p>\n

Through choosing the Spider of the Year we not only hope that a less popular group of animals will be brought to the fore, but we also hope that researchers can obtain new data about its current distribution. In this context, enjoy the Spider of the Year and help us with your locality records or photographic documentation of this species.<\/p>\n

The European Spider of the Year is chosen by 81 arachnologists from 26 European countries. Co-ordination is via the Natural History Museum Vienna together with the \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURADATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

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Distribution<\/h4>\n

Great Britain –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki of the Spinnen-Forum – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0– (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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<\/p>\n

– Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(30. November 2016)<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2006 Kosmos-Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 3. Auflage. Kosmos Stuttgart. 304 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2014 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0N. umbratica<\/em>: (link)<\/a>\u00a0(30. November 2016)<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2016 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2.6 \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(29. November 2016)<\/p>\n

– Macha\u010d O & Tuf IH 2016 Spiders and harvestmen on tree trunks obtained by three sampling methods \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 51: 67-72 \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2016 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 11.2016 \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(29. November 2016)<\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 S.<\/p>\n

– Ressl F & Kust T 2010 Naturkunde des Bezirkes Scheibbs. Tierwelt 4 \u2013 Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Nieder\u00f6sterreichischen Landesmuseum 20: 11-436<\/p>\n

– Steiner E & Thaler K 2004 H\u00f6henverteilung arborikoler Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) im Gebirgswald der Zentralalpen (Patscherkofel bei Innsbruck, Nordtirol) \u2013 Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck 91: 157-185<\/p>\n

– Thaler K & Knoflach B 2003 Zur Faunistik der Spinnen (Araneae) von \u00d6sterreich: Orbiculariae p.p. (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiosomatidae, Uloboridae). \u2013 Linzer biologische Beitr\u00e4ge 35: 613-655<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2016 World Spider Catalog, version 17.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a> \u00a0(29. November 2016)<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
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--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>IT<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span>SL<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga e Vitit 2017<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> i p\u0451rket familjes s\u0451 merimangave rrjet\u0451 rrumbullak\u0451t (Araneidae). Kjo familje ka 3.095 lloje n\u0451 mbar\u0451 bot\u0451n, nga t\u0451 cilat 128 gjenden n\u0451 Evrop\u0451. Gjinia Nuctenea<\/em> p\u0451rfaq\u0451sohet vet\u0451m nga dy lloje n\u0451 Evrop\u0451: N. umbratica<\/em> dhe N. silvicultrix<\/em>, nga t\u0451 cilat Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> gjendet kudo n\u0451 Evrop\u0451.\r\n\r\nShp\u0451rndarja e saj vertikale \u0451sht\u0451 kryesisht nga ult\u0451sirat deri n\u0451 kodrat e ul\u0451ta (deri n\u0451 rreth 800m mbi nivelin e detit), me shum\u0451 pak rekorde n\u0451 lart\u0451si m\u0451 t\u0451 m\u0451dha. N\u0451 Shqip\u0451ri, Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> \u0451sht\u0451 hasur n\u0451 rrethin e Tiran\u0451s dhe pik\u0451risht n\u0451 kodrat e Vor\u0451s me lart\u0451si 200m mbi nivelin e detit. Ky lloj gjendet n\u0451\u00a0 habitate t\u0451 ndryshme t\u0451 tilla si n\u0451 drur\u0451 t\u0451 vdekur t\u0451 rr\u0451zuar me l\u0451vore t\u0451 clir\u0451t, si dhe n\u0451 mjedise urbane si n\u0451 muret e sht\u0451pive dhe gardhe, vecan\u0451risht n\u0451 qoshe dhe t\u0451 cara. N\u0451 Evrop\u0451 ky lloj \u0451sht\u0451 kategorizuar si jo i rrezikuar.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> nd\u0451rton nj\u0451 rrjet\u0451 relativisht t\u0451 madhe (deri n\u0451 70 cm n\u0451 diamet\u0451r) me nj\u0451 form\u0451 ekscentrike n\u0451 t\u0451 cil\u0451n qendra e rrjet\u0451s zhvendoset gjithmon\u0451 drejt streh\u0451s s\u0451 merimang\u0451s. Merimanga e kalon dit\u0451n t\u0451 fshehur n\u0451 streh\u0451n e saj dhe ulet n\u0451 mes t\u0451 rrjet\u0451s kur fillon t\u0451 err\u0451sohet n\u0451 mbr\u0451mje. Adult\u0451t e k\u0451saj merimange mund t\u0451 gjenden gjat\u0451 gjith\u0451 vitit, por m\u0451 shum\u0451 nga Korriku deri n\u0451 Tetor.\r\n\r\nN. umbratica<\/em> ka nj\u0451 dimorfiz\u0451m t\u0451 lart\u0451 seksual: gjat\u0451sia e trupit t\u0451 femr\u0451s \u0451sht\u0451 13-16 mm, e meshkujve 7-10 mm. Trupi \u0451sht\u0451 i gjer\u0451 dhe i shesht\u0451. Ngjyrimi baz\u0451 \u0451sht\u0451 nga kafe n\u0451 t\u0451 kuqe deri n\u0451 t\u0451 zez\u0451 n\u0451 kafe, k\u0451mb\u0451t jan\u0451 kafe e err\u0451t dhe abdomeni ka nj\u0451 njoll\u0451 t\u0451 err\u0451t si gjethe e cila mund t\u0451 ket\u0451 kufij an\u0451sor\u0451 me ngjyr\u0451 m\u0451 t\u0451 hapur. Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> mund t\u0451 ngat\u0451rrohet me merimanga t\u0451 tjera m\u0451 t\u0451 err\u0451ta si Larinoides ixobolus<\/em>, por kjo e fundit ka nj\u0451 ngjyr\u0451 metalike t\u0451 zez\u0451 dhe gjethja \u0451sht\u0451 m\u0451 e hapur dhe m\u0451 shum\u0451 e dukshme. Lloji tjet\u0451r i Nuctenea<\/em>, N. silvicultrix<\/em> \u0451sht\u0451 i shp\u0451rndar\u0451 m\u0451 shum\u0451 n\u0451 lindje dhe ndryshon me N. umbratica<\/em> pasi i ka pjes\u0451t an\u0451sore t\u0451 trupit me ngjyr\u0451 m\u0451 t\u0451 hapur dhe nj\u0451 abdomen m\u0451 t\u0451 rrumbullak\u0451t.\r\n\r\nKa disa arsye p\u0451r p\u0451rzgjedhjen e Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> si Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit 2017: (1) lloji \u0451sht\u0451 shum\u0451 i zakonsh\u0451m, (2) pavar\u0451sisht m\u0451nyr\u0451s s\u0451 saj t\u0451 fshehur t\u0451 jetes\u0451s ajo mund t\u0451 gjendet leht\u0451sisht af\u0451r sht\u0451pive, (3) \u0451sht\u0451 nj\u0451 lloj leht\u0451sisht i identifikuesh\u0451m, (4) ajo t\u0451rheq v\u0451mendjen e publikut rreth habitatit t\u0451 saj n\u0451 l\u0451voret e drur\u0451ve t\u0451 vdekur ose t\u0451 vjet\u0451r si dhe t\u0451 form\u0451s s\u0451 trupit t\u0451 saj. P\u0451rmes p\u0451rzgjedhjes si Merimanga e Vitit, ne jo vet\u0451m shpresojm\u0451 q\u0451 nj\u0451 grup m\u0451 pak i populluar i kafsh\u0451ve do t\u0451 sillet n\u0451 qend\u0451r t\u0451 v\u0451mendjes, por ne gjithashtu shpresojm\u0451 se k\u0451rkuesit shkencor\u0451 mund t\u0451 marrin t\u0451 dh\u0451na t\u0451 reja rreth shp\u0451rndarjes aktuale t\u0451 saj.\r\n\r\nMerimanga Evropiane e Vitit \u0451sht\u0451 p\u0451rzgjedhur nga 81 araknolog\u0451 nga 26 shtete Evropiane. Kordinimi \u0451sht\u0451 realizuar nga Muzeu i Historis\u0451 s\u0451 Natyr\u0451s n\u0451 Vjen\u0451 s\u0451 bashku me \u201c Arachnologischen Gesellschaft\u201d (AraGes) dhe Shoqata Evropiane e Araknologjis\u0451 (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi\r\n

Kontakt n\u0451 Shqip\u0451ri<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Qendra K\u00ebrkimore e Flor\u00ebs dhe Faun\u00ebs, Fakulteti i Shkencave t\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs, Bulevardi \u201cZogu I-r\u0451\u201d, Tiran\u0451, Shqip\u0451ri, bvrenozi(a)gmail.com<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438 (Araneidae). \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 3,095 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e 128 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0430 57 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0442\u00a0Nuctenea <\/em>\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 (\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430)-\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 (\u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e). \u0412\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0434\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 800 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0449\u0435), \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e 1000 \u043c \u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u044a\u0449\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a. \u0412 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438 (\u0434\u043e \u043a\u044a\u043c 70 cm \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440) \u0441 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0440\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u042e\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u041e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0437\u044a\u043c \u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em>: \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435 13-16 mm, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 7-10 mm. \u0422\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e. \u041e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u044a\u0440\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e (\u0444\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f), \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e Larinioides ixobolus, <\/em>\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u044f (\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 9 mm) \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044a\u043a Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>. \u0422\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435.\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e\u00a0Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430?\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0430: (1) \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d, (2) \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430, (3) \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434, \u0438 (4) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0421 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434.\r\n\r\n\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 81 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 26 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Christo Deltshev\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/h4>\r\n\u0414-\u0440 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0411\u0410\u041d, \u0431\u0443\u043b. \u0426\u0430\u0440 \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b 1, 1000 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, E-mail: deltshev(a)gmail.com<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2017<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci (\u010dele\u010f Araneidae) pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00fdm n\u00e1padn\u00fdm kolov\u00fdm s\u00edt\u00edm bezesporu k nejikoni\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pavouk\u016fm. Po\u010dtem druh\u016f v\u0161ak tato \u010dele\u010f nepat\u0159\u00ed k nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Dosud bylo pops\u00e1no p\u0159es t\u0159i tis\u00edce druh\u016f, z toho 128 druh\u016f se vyskytuje v Evrop\u011b, 44 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed zade\u010dkem n\u00e1padn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e hlavohru\u010f a relativn\u011b siln\u00fdma nohama s velk\u00fdmi \u010dern\u00fdmi trny. Chodidlov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky nohou jsou zakon\u010deny t\u0159emi dr\u00e1pky, co\u017e je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00ed po vl\u00e1knech, mimo s\u00ed\u0165 jsou ale k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci oproti jin\u00fdm pavouk\u016fm zna\u010dn\u011b nemotorn\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nejsou schopn\u00ed \u0161plhat na hladk\u00fdch kolm\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch tak, jak to um\u011bj\u00ed pavouci, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed m\u00edsto prost\u0159edn\u00edho chodidlov\u00e9ho dr\u00e1pku \u0161t\u011bte\u010dek p\u0159ilnav\u00fdch chlup\u016f.\r\n\r\nV \u017eivot\u011b k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f hraj\u00ed nezastupitelnou roli hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Uplat\u0148uj\u00ed se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspektech jejich \u017eivota. Pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce jsou v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 vlastnosti hedv\u00e1b\u00ed a proto m\u00e1 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k osm typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z, ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich produkuje hedv\u00e1b\u00ed jin\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. Velk\u00e9 ampulovit\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed dlouh\u00e1, velice pevn\u00e1 ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 pom\u011brn\u011b pru\u017en\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00fdmi se pavouk jist\u00ed p\u0159i lezen\u00ed po vegetaci, pomoc\u00ed nich se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v\u011btrem, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 je pro r\u00e1m a radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna s\u00edt\u011b. Mal\u00e9 ampulovit\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 dlouh\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak nejsou zdaleka tak pru\u017en\u00e1, jako ta z velk\u00fdch ampulovit\u00fdch \u017el\u00e1z. Pavouk je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy by byla elasticita na obt\u00ed\u017e \u2013 pro tvorbu provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1ly nebo pro tvorbu most\u016f, po kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee bez p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u00e9rov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159el\u00e9zt z jedn\u00e9 rostliny na druhou. Flageliformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed dlouh\u00e1, extr\u00e9mn\u011b pru\u017en\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00e1 pavouk pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako axi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna lapac\u00ed spir\u00e1ly. Tyto \u017el\u00e1zy pracuj\u00ed v t\u011bsn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci se dv\u011bma p\u00e1ry agreg\u00e1tn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 obaluj\u00ed flageliformn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna lepem. Tento lep obsahuje hygroskopick\u00e9 organick\u00e9 i anorganick\u00e9 soli, kter\u00e9 zamezuj\u00ed vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a dokonce snad napom\u00e1haj\u00ed absorbovat vodu z atmosf\u00e9ry. Piriformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tenk\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken obalen\u00fdch lepem, kter\u00e1 pavoukovi slou\u017e\u00ed jako lepic\u00ed p\u00e1sky \u2013 p\u0159ipev\u0148uje pomoc\u00ed nich velk\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna k podkladu (tzv. p\u0159\u00edchytn\u00e9 ter\u010de) nebo spojuje jedno s druh\u00fdm. Aciniformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy <\/strong>produkuj\u00ed takt\u00e9\u017e velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tenk\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken v podob\u011b p\u00e1s\u016f, ale na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9ho typu jsou tato vl\u00e1kna such\u00e1. Pavouk je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k obalov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a tvorb\u011b st\u011bn. U v\u011bt\u0161iny k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f se vyskytuj\u00ed aciniformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy dvou typ\u016f.<\/strong> Produkt jednoho typu patrn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed k zabalov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti, druh\u00fd se pod\u00edl\u00ed na stavb\u011b kokonu pro vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Tubuliformn\u00ed (cylindrick\u00e9) \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny pouze u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch samic, jejich v\u00fdhradn\u00ed funkc\u00ed je ochrana vaj\u00ed\u010dek. Absolutn\u00edmi rekordmany v po\u010dtu typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z v\u0161ak nejsou k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci, ale n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci (\u010dele\u010f Uloboridae), nap\u0159\u00edklad rod Polenecia<\/em>, pojmenovan\u00fd po slovinsk\u00e9m arachnologovi Antonu Polencovi, jejich\u017e dosp\u011bl\u00e9 samice maj\u00ed dokonce dev\u011bt typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z.\r\n\r\nDvojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 kolov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed k lap\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho hmyzu. D\u00edky geometricky pravideln\u00e9mu tvaru jsou ur\u010dit\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, by\u0165 ne zdaleka jedin\u00fdm typem pavou\u010d\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch typ\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed kolov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ke sv\u00e9mu ukotven\u00ed pouze n\u011bkolik (typicky t\u0159i) pevn\u00fdch bod\u016f v prostoru. S\u00ed\u0165 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z r\u00e1mu uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho do troj\u00faheln\u00edku se \u0161pi\u010dkou sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed dol\u016f, radi\u00e1ln\u00edch vl\u00e1ken vyb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch ze st\u0159edu s\u00edt\u011b, koncentrick\u00fdch kruh\u016f s lepem a z vyp\u0159eden\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. S\u00ed\u0165 n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako vosa zbarven\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka pruhovan\u00e9ho, je nav\u00edc vybavena tzv. stabilimentem, \u0161irok\u00fdm cik-cak p\u00e1sem vedouc\u00edm obvykle svisle p\u0159es centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st s\u00edt\u011b.\r\n\r\nKolov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 m\u00e1 pro pavouka \u0159adu v\u00fdhod. Fungule jako filtr zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed aeroplankton, pro jeho\u017e zhotoven\u00ed je d\u00edky geometrick\u00e9 pravidelnosti zapot\u0159eb\u00ed investovat minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed materi\u00e1lu. Geometrick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1le umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby se pavouk mohl pomoc\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdch model\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed vyh\u00fdbat sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm lepiv\u00fdm vl\u00e1kn\u016fm. S\u00ed\u0165 je kombinac\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, v\u00fdsledkem \u010deho\u017e je extr\u00e9mn\u011b pevn\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 pru\u017en\u00e1 lapac\u00ed struktura. Stavbu s\u00edt\u011b pavouk zahajuje t\u00edm, \u017ee vyleze na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edsto a ze snovac\u00edch bradavek vypust\u00ed vl\u00e1kno, kter\u00e9 se zachyt\u00ed na jin\u00e9m vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. Tak vytvo\u0159\u00ed vodorovnou z\u00e1kladnu dol\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho troj\u00faheln\u00edku. Pot\u00e9 se pavouk spust\u00ed, p\u0159ichyt\u00ed vl\u00e1kna dole a op\u011bt vyleze na z\u00e1kladnu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e za sebou st\u00e1le natahuje vl\u00e1kno. Ve vznikl\u00e9m troj\u00faheln\u00edku vytvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b kruhov\u00fd r\u00e1m a v n\u011bm radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna s\u00edt\u011b. D\u00e1le spoj\u00ed radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1lou, po kter\u00e9 se pohybuje p\u0159i pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lepiv\u00e9 spir\u00e1ly, provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1lu za sebou p\u0159itom odstra\u0148uje.\r\n\r\nSign\u00e1l o p\u0159\u00edtomnosti chycen\u00e9 ko\u0159isti se po radi\u00e1ln\u00edch vl\u00e1knech p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do centra s\u00edt\u011b. Za den je s\u00ed\u0165 kv\u016fli pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, lapen\u00e9 ko\u0159isti a \u010dinnosti jin\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f \u010di p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f zna\u010dn\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e1 a tak k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci ka\u017ed\u00fd den stav\u011bj\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 novou. Aby v\u0161ak nep\u0159i\u0161ly esenci\u00e1ln\u00ed aminokyseliny obsa\u017een\u00e9 v lepu na lapac\u00ed spir\u00e1le nazmar, pavouk p\u0159ed t\u00edm svoj\u00ed starou s\u00ed\u0165 pomoc\u00ed enzym\u016f natr\u00e1v\u00ed a vznikl\u00fd roztok vysaje.\r\n\r\nV\u011bt\u0161ina k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo v centru s\u00edt\u011b. Toto centrum (m\u00edsto kde se sb\u00edhaj\u00ed radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna) nen\u00ed v geometrick\u00e9m centru kruhu, ale je posunuto nahoru. To proto, aby se pavouk dostal ke ko\u0159isti na jak\u00e9mkoli m\u00edst\u011b s\u00edt\u011b stejn\u011b rychle \u2013 \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00ed nahoru mu trv\u00e1 pomaleji, ne\u017e spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dol\u016f. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f (nap\u0159. k. \u010dty\u0159skvrnn\u00fd \u010di k. st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd) sed\u00ed pavouk v pavu\u010dinov\u00e9m \u00fakrytu tvaru zvonu nad s\u00edt\u00ed, kter\u00fd je s centrem s\u00edt\u011b spojen sign\u00e1ln\u00edm vl\u00e1knem.\r\n\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho (Obr. 1) popsal ji\u017e v roce 1757 \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd arachnolog Carl Alexander Clerck ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci Svenska spindlar (Pavouci \u0160v\u00e9dska). Autor zde pro druhy pou\u017eil dvojslovn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed v souladu s pravidly zaveden\u00fdmi Carl Linn\u00e9m. Pavouci \u0160v\u00e9dska vy\u0161li rok p\u0159ed publikov\u00e1n\u00edm des\u00e1t\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Linn\u00e9ovy Systema Naturae, kter\u00e9 je br\u00e1no jako po\u010d\u00e1tek mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch pravidel zoologick\u00e9 nomenklatury. Jedn\u00e1 se tak o v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kter\u00e1 obsahuje platn\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.\r\n\r\nClerck pro k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho zvolil jm\u00e9no Araneus umbraticus<\/em>, co\u017e by bylo mo\u017eno p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \u201ck\u016frov\u00fd pavouk\u201d. Rod Nuctenea<\/em> vytvo\u0159il pro tento druh a\u017e v roce 1864 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd francouzsk\u00fd arachnolog Eugene Simon. Nuctenea<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed mezi druhov\u011b chud\u00e9 rody, vedle jednoho druhu z Al\u017e\u00edrska jsou zn\u00e1my ji\u017e jen dva dal\u0161\u00ed druhy, oba se vyskytuj\u00ed i na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed.\r\n\r\nU k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f je p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd n\u00e1padn\u00fd pohlavn\u00ed dimorfismus. U k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho je t\u011blo samic (11\u201316 mm) o t\u0159etinu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e t\u011blo samc\u016f (7\u201310 mm). Samci maj\u00ed d\u00e1le \u0161t\u00edhlej\u0161\u00ed zade\u010dek a relativn\u011b del\u0161\u00ed nohy (Obr. 2). T\u011blo k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho je \u0161irok\u00e9, n\u00e1padn\u011b ploch\u00e9. Zade\u010dek je, podobn\u011b jako u k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka obecn\u00e9ho, nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v p\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159etin\u011b a je tak m\u00edrn\u011b troj\u00fahl\u00fd. Zade\u010dek n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch u n\u00e1s hojn\u00fdch druh\u016f velk\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f (nap\u0159. k. \u010dty\u0159skvrnn\u00fd nebo k. mramorovan\u00fd) je nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v polovin\u011b a tak m\u00e1 kulat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tvar. Nohy k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho jsou krou\u017ekovan\u00e9, hlavohru\u010f jednobarevn\u00e1, \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00e1. Zbarven\u00ed zade\u010dku je variabiln\u00ed, v\u017edy se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o odst\u00edny \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00e9 a\u017e \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00e9. Jeho spodn\u00ed strana je tmav\u00e1, na m\u00edst\u011b plicn\u00edch vak\u016f je p\u00e1r kontrastn\u011b b\u00edl\u00fdch skvrn (Obr. 3), kter\u00e9 snad mohou u pavouka sed\u00edc\u00edho na s\u00edti l\u00e1kat hmyz. Na h\u0159bet\u011b zade\u010dku je charakteristick\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e1 tmav\u00e1 skvrna s vlnit\u00fdm okrajem zvan\u00e1 folium. Uprost\u0159ed n\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed t\u0159i p\u00e1ry \u010dern\u00fdch te\u010dek. Boky zade\u010dku jsou sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed. Toto zbarven\u00ed pavouka na k\u016f\u0159e stromu dokonale maskuje. Pokud je ale i tak odhalen pred\u00e1torem nebo zv\u00eddav\u00fdm pozorovatelem, nasazuje taktiku strnut\u00ed \u2013 kon\u010detiny p\u0159itiskne k t\u011blu a pad\u00e1 na zem, kde je ve stavu tanat\u00f3zy schopen vy\u010dk\u00e1vat i dlouh\u00e9 minuty.\r\n\r\nDruh\u00fd n\u00e1\u0161 z\u00e1stupce rodu, k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k ra\u0161elinn\u00fd (Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>), je men\u0161\u00ed (do 9 mm), m\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b placat\u00fd zade\u010dek, sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed boky a na hlavov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti hlavohrudi porost b\u00edl\u00fdch chlup\u016f (Obr. 4). Vyskytuje se jak v Palearktick\u00e9 tak Nearktick\u00e9 oblasti. V r\u00e1mci Evropy se ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kem podkorn\u00edm jedn\u00e1 o v\u00fdrazn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh, vyskytuje se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kontinentu. Jeho v\u00fdskyt je omezen na m\u00e1lo eutrofizovan\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, proto je hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch, z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh miz\u00ed. U n\u00e1s byl vyhodnocen jako siln\u011b ohro\u017een\u00fd druh. Nej\u010dast\u011bji ho lze zastihnout na kmenech smrk\u016f \u010di borovic, nez\u0159\u00eddka na okraj\u00edch ra\u0161elini\u0161\u0165. K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed by mohl b\u00fdt zam\u011bn\u011bn tak\u00e9 s tmav\u00fdmi jedinci k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka rudohn\u011bd\u00e9ho (Larinioides ixobolus<\/em>). Tento druh v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9 t\u011blo a m\u00e1 sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed folium.\r\n\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed se vedle Evropy vyskytuje v cel\u00e9 Palearktick\u00e9 oblasti, v\u010detn\u011b severn\u00ed Afriky. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice ho najdeme krom\u011b hor hojn\u011b na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi biotopy jsou sv\u011btl\u00e9 lesy (Obr. 5) \u010di skalnat\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. S\u00edt\u011b si zde stav\u00ed na kmenech strom\u016f \u010di na skaln\u00edch st\u011bn\u00e1ch, v\u017edy pobl\u00ed\u017e m\u00edst, kde odchl\u00edpnut\u00e1 k\u016fra nebo skaln\u00ed sp\u00e1ra poskytuje prostor pro \u00fakryt. Daleko \u010dast\u011bji se s n\u00edm v\u0161ak dnes m\u00e1me mo\u017enost setkat na synantropn\u00edch biotopech vesnic i velk\u00fdch m\u011bst. S oblibou si stav\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na zdech nebo na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch konstrukc\u00edch, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 hojn\u00fd b\u00fdv\u00e1 na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch plotech.\r\n\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed je, na rozd\u00edl od \u0159ady jin\u00fdch na\u0161ich k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bj\u00ed lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b r\u00e1no, no\u010dn\u00ed lovec. P\u0159es den je pavouk schovan\u00fd v \u00fakrytu, d\u00edky zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9mu t\u011blu je k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu schopen vyu\u017e\u00edvat i velice t\u011bsn\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbiny. Na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bkter\u00fdch jin\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f si je nevyst\u00fdl\u00e1 hedv\u00e1b\u00edm. Po setm\u011bn\u00ed vyl\u00e9z\u00e1 z \u00fakrytu a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 stav\u011bt s\u00ed\u0165, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt a\u017e 70 cm v pr\u016fm\u011bru (Obr. 6). Na ko\u0159ist \u010dek\u00e1 v jej\u00edm st\u0159edu. Jeho ko\u0159ist\u00ed se obvykle st\u00e1v\u00e1 za tmy aktivn\u00ed dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fd hmyz a mot\u00fdli, v\u010detn\u011b relativn\u011b velk\u00fdch m\u016fr (Obr. 7). V noci lze spat\u0159it ploty doslova obalen\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011bmi tohoto druhu, b\u011bhem dne v\u0161ak po nich nez\u016fstane ani pam\u00e1tky. Pavouci toti\u017e p\u0159ed rozb\u0159eskem s\u00edt\u011b strhnou a se\u017eerou a op\u011bt se pe\u010dliv\u011b skryj\u00ed ve \u0161kv\u00edr\u00e1ch.\r\n\r\nPavouci pohlavn\u011b dosp\u00edvaj\u00ed na konci jara, v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed samci ji\u017e nestav\u011bj\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 k lap\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti, snovac\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy produkuj\u00edc\u00ed lepivou spir\u00e1lu (falgeliformn\u00ed a agreg\u00e1tn\u00ed) u nich zakr\u0148uj\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od samic, jejich\u017e kousnut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee u \u010dlov\u011bka v ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech vyvolat zdravotn\u00ed komplikace (Mareti\u0107 Z. & Milina O., 1976: A bite by the spider Aranea sexpunctata<\/em> Linn\u00e9: case report. Toxicon, 14: 392\u2013393), maj\u00ed samci redukovan\u00e9 i jedov\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy. Jedin\u00fdm posl\u00e1n\u00edm dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho samce je vyhledat samici, opatrn\u011b se k n\u00ed p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit tak, aby si ho nespletla s ko\u0159ist\u00ed, a pomoc\u00ed namlouvac\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f j\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b samci p\u00e1traj\u00edc\u00ed po samici nej\u010dast\u011bji zabloud\u00ed do interi\u00e9r\u016f lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbytk\u016f.\r\n\r\nOplozen\u00e9 samice p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed a brzy na ja\u0159e ve sv\u00e9m \u00fakrytu nakladou vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Ta obal\u00ed dv\u011bma typy hedv\u00e1bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken \u2013 tlust\u00fdmi nad\u00fdchan\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny produkovan\u00fdmi tubuliformn\u00edmi \u017el\u00e1zami a tenk\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi pap\u00edrovit\u00e9 st\u011bny produkovan\u00fdmi aciniformn\u00edmi \u017el\u00e1zami. Kokon (Obr. 8) je ploch\u00fd, pokud se v\u0161ak do \u00fakrytu nevejde, pavouk ho zav\u011bs\u00ed ven a jeho povrch zamaskuje kousky detritu. Prvn\u00ed svleky larev prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v kokonu, z n\u011bho se l\u00edhne a\u017e prvn\u00ed nymf\u00e1ln\u00ed instar. Mlad\u00e9 nymfy po kr\u00e1tkou dobu \u017eij\u00ed pospolu, a\u017e pozd\u011bji se rozl\u00e9zaj\u00ed. \u010casto f\u00e1zi osamostat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1z\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed zvan\u00e9 ballooning, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti pomoc\u00ed pavu\u010dinov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 jsou i s pavou\u010dkem un\u00e1\u0161ena jako bal\u00f3n v\u011btrem.\r\n\r\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed se stal 18. evropsk\u00fdm pavoukem roku pot\u00e9, co byl vybr\u00e1n 81 arachnology z 26 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. D\u016fvod\u016f pro zvolen\u00ed bylo hned n\u011bkolik. Jedn\u00e1 se sice o pon\u011bkud skryt\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b velice hojn\u00fd druh a to i v okol\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Je velk\u00fd a charakteristicky zbarven\u00fd, proto relativn\u011b snadno identifikovateln\u00fd. D\u00edky schopnosti osidlovat n\u00e1hradn\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bkem sice nen\u00ed s\u00e1m o sob\u011b ohro\u017een\u00fd, jedn\u00e1 se ale o p\u0159edstavitele jinak ohro\u017een\u00e9 fauny v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na kmeny star\u00fdch \u010di mrtv\u00fdch strom\u016f.\r\n\r\nPokud se v l\u00e9t\u011b vyd\u00e1te na obch\u016fzku s baterkou za \u00fa\u010delem spat\u0159it tohoto temn\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka, dost mo\u017en\u00e1 na n\u011bho naraz\u00edte i na va\u0161em plot\u011b. Trp\u011bliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pozorovatel\u016fm bude jist\u011b poskytnuta i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost obdivovat stavbu jeho fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch lapac\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Prakticky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 ocen\u00ed, kolik kom\u00e1r\u016f a jin\u00e9ho obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu tyto s\u00edt\u011b zne\u0161kodn\u00ed. N\u00e1lezy k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho a ohro\u017een\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka ra\u0161elinn\u00e9ho dolo\u017een\u00e9 fotografiemi \u010di exempl\u00e1\u0159em pos\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu rezac(a)vurv.cz. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vznikl za podpory Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (projekt MZe RO0415).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n

Kontakty<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d,\u00a0Laborato\u0159 biodiverzity, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i.,\u00a0Drnovsk\u00e1 507,\u00a0161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b,\u00a0\u010cesko,\u00a0rezac(at)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Die Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2017<\/h4>\r\nDie Spaltenkreuzspinne \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nDie Spaltenkreuzspinne, Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Echten Radnetzspinnen (Araneidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie z\u00e4hlt weltweit 3.095, und in Europa 128 Arten. Die Gattung Nuctenea<\/em> ist in (Mittel-)Europa mit 2 Arten vertreten. Die Spaltenkreuzspinne kommt in ganz Europa vor. Ihre Vertikalverbreitung ist vornehmlich planar\/kollin (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he) mit nur vereinzelten Funden dar\u00fcber, z.B. in Tirol bis 1000m Seeh\u00f6he. Sie bewohnt verschiedene Lebensr\u00e4ume: urspr\u00fcnglich ein Rindenbewohner, besonders von stehendem Totholz mit loser Baumrinde, findet man sie heute auch in urbanem Gebiet an Hausfassaden und Z\u00e4unen, gerne in Ritzen und Spalten (Name!) von H\u00e4usern. Sie kann stellenweise auch sehr h\u00e4ufig angetroffen werden, und gilt die Art in \u00d6sterreich ebenso wie in ganz Mitteleuropa als nicht gef\u00e4hrdet.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>baut ein vergleichsweise gro\u00dfes Radnetz (bis 70 cm im Durchmesser) mit einer exzentrischen Form, d.h. die Nabe ist immer zum Schlupfwinkel hin verschoben. Darin h\u00e4lt sich die Spinne untertags verborgen, bei Dunkelheit bzw. in der Nacht sitzt sie in der Netzmitte. Spaltenkreuzspinnen sind fast immer ganzj\u00e4hrig zu finden, vorwiegend aber von Juli bis Oktober.\r\n\r\nDie Radnetzspinne Nuctenea umbratica weist einen ausgepr\u00e4gten Geschlechtsdimorphismus auf; die K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge betr\u00e4gt bei Weibchen 13-16 mm, bei M\u00e4nnchen hingegen lediglich 7-10 mm. Der K\u00f6rper wirkt flachgedr\u00fcckt und breit. Die Grundf\u00e4rbung ist rotbraun bis schwarzbraun, die Beine sind dunkelbraun, und auf dem Hinterleib ist eine dunkle Blattzeichnung zu erkennen, die manchmal hell eingefasst sein kann.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> wird mitunter mit dunklen Tieren von Larinioides ixobolus<\/em> verwechselt, ist aber im Vergleich dazu wirklich gl\u00e4nzend schwarz und auch die Blattzeichnung ist st\u00e4rker (hell) abgesetzt. Jungtiere der Spaltenkreuzspinne k\u00f6nnen der kleineren (K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge bis 9mm), aber ungemein selteneren Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em><\/a> \u00e4hneln. Diese Art ist aber eher \u00f6stlich verbreitet und unterscheidet sich durch ihre helleren Seiten und ihren rundlicheren Hinterleib.\r\n\r\nWarum wurde die Spaltenkreuzspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt?\r\n\r\nDaf\u00fcr gibt es mehrere gute Gr\u00fcnde: (1) die Art ist relativ h\u00e4ufig, (2) ist trotz der versteckten Lebensweise in der N\u00e4he von H\u00e4usern leicht zu entdecken, (3) ist durchaus auff\u00e4llig und eindeutig zu erkennen, und (4) r\u00fcckt als urspr\u00fcnglicher Rindenbewohner den Lebensraum Totholz\/Altbaumbestand in den Blickpunkt der \u00d6ffentlichkeit.\r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine wenig beliebte Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: erfreuen Sie sich an der Spinne des Jahres und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung oder ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 81 Arachnologen aus 26 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\r\n

Kontakt \u00d6sterreich, Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nMag. Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, \u00d6sterreich, E-Mail: christoph.hoerweg(a)nhm-wien.ac.at<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2017<\/h4>\r\nFlad hjulspinder \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) tilh\u00f8rer familien af \u00e6gte hjulspindere (Araneidae). Familien har 3.095 arter spredt over hele jorden, hvoraf 128 er fundet i Europa (28 i Danmark). Sl\u00e6gten\u00a0Nuctenea <\/em>er repr\u00e6senteret med to arter. Arten Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>kan findes over hele Europa. Her forekommer den hovedsagelig i lavtliggende omr\u00e5der (op til ca. 800 meters h\u00f8jde); der er kun nogle f\u00e5 iagttagelser af forekomster op til 1000 meters h\u00f8jder fra omr\u00e5der som fx Tyrol. Arten forekommer i flere forskellige habitattyper. Den var oprindelig knyttet til tr\u00e6ernes bark, idet den hyppigt findes under l\u00f8s bark p\u00e5 mere eller mindre d\u00f8de tr\u00e6er. I dag er den ogs\u00e5 meget udbredt omkring bygninger, ogs\u00e5 i bym\u00e6ssige bebyggelser, hvor den gemmer sig i revner og spr\u00e6kker p\u00e5 huse og hegn. P\u00e5 tysk kaldes den \u201cspr\u00e6kke-hjulspinder\u201d; p\u00e5 dansk kalder vi den flad hjulspinder med henvisning til den affladede bagkrop, som netop g\u00f8r den i stand til at gemme sig i smalle spr\u00e6kker. Arten er i Danmark s\u00e6rlig hyppig ved bygninger. Den er derfor p\u00e5 ingen m\u00e5de en truet art.\r\n\r\nFlad hjulspinder udviser en vis grad af seksuel st\u00f8rrelses-dimorfi: hos hunnen er kropsl\u00e6ngden 13-16 mm, hos hannen kun 7-10 mm. Kroppen er bred og affladet. Farven er r\u00f8dbrun til sortbrun, benene noget m\u00f8rkere. Bagkroppen har en m\u00f8rk bladagtig tegning med lysere kant p\u00e5 oversiden.\r\n\r\nArten kan forveksles med andre m\u00f8rke hjulspindere som Larinioides ixobolus, <\/em>men denne art er metallisk sort og bladtegningen p\u00e5 bagkroppen er lysere og skarpere aftegnet. Ungestadier af flad hjulspinder kan ligne den mindre art Nuctenea silvicultrix <\/em>(kropsl\u00e6ngde op til 9 mm), som er lysere p\u00e5 bagkroppens sider og har en mere afrundet bagkrop. Dette problem har vi dog ikke i Danmark, da ingen af de n\u00e6vnte arter findes her.\r\n\r\nFlad hjulspinder bygger et ganske stort hjulspind (op til 70 cm i diameter), som kan kendes fra andre arters hjulspind p\u00e5, at det har meget kraftige tr\u00e5de og at maskerne er meget vide, s\u00e6rlig i nettets \u00f8verste del. Nettet er excentrisk, idet \u2019centrum\u2019 (hvor dyret sidder og venter p\u00e5 byttet) altid er forskudt mod den side hvor spr\u00e6kken, som dyret skjuler sig i n\u00e5r den er inaktiv, er placeret. Her gemmer edderkoppen sig om dagen; f\u00f8rst n\u00e5r det bliver m\u00f8rkt kommer den frem og lurer p\u00e5 bytte i spindets \u2019centrum\u2019 natten igennem. Flad hjulspinder laver sig ikke en silkerede i den spr\u00e6kke, den gemmer sig i. Dette til forskel fra andre hjulspinderarter som gemmer sig i silkespundne retr\u00e6ter uden for spindet. Flad hjulspinder kan ses hele \u00e5ret rundt, men de voksne hyppigst fra juli til oktober.\r\n\r\nHvorfor er Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>blevet valgt til \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa?\r\n\r\nDer er flere gode grunde: (1) arten er almindelig n\u00e6sten overalt, (2) trods dens skjulte levevis vil de fleste let kunne f\u00e5 den at se n\u00e6r egen bolig, (3) det er en stor art som er let at genkende, og (4) den skulle gerne rette publikums opm\u00e6rksomhed p\u00e5 dens oprindelige habitat, dvs. p\u00e5 gamle d\u00f8de tr\u00e6er med l\u00f8s bark. Det er en truet habitat med mange andre sp\u00e6ndende arter, hvoraf flere (som ikke har kunnet finde erstatningshabitater, fx ved huse) er truede.\r\n\r\nI tilknytning til valget af flad hjulspinder som \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa 2017 skal lyde en opfordring til b\u00e5de publikum og forskere om at bidrage med nye oplysninger om artens udbredelse. Derfor, nyd \u00c5rets Edderkop og hj\u00e6lp os med at kortl\u00e6gge artens forekomst. Send jeres fund med oplysninger om lokalitet og dato samt foto-dokumentation til fugleognatur.dk eller til undertegnede danske kontaktperson.\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa v\u00e6lges af 81 arachnologer fra 26 europ\u00e6iske lande. Det ko-ordineres af Naturhistorisk Museum i Wien sammen med det tyske \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) og European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & S\u00f8ren Toft\r\n

Kontakt for Danmark<\/h4>\r\nDr. S\u00f8ren Toft, Institut for Bioscience, Aarhus Universitet Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, E-mail: soeren.toft(a)bios.au.dk<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o 2017<\/h4>\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757) pertenece a la familia de los verdaderas tejedoras de tela orbicular (Araneidae). Esta familia agrupa 3.095 especies en todo el mundo, de las cuales 128 se encuentran en Europa. El g\u00e9nero Nuctenea<\/em> est\u00e1 representado por dos especies en Europa central y se encuentra representada a lo largo de toda Europa. Su distribuci\u00f3n vertical abarca predominantemente de llanuras a colinas bajas (hasta cerca de 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar), con solamente algunas citas en las elevaciones m\u00e1s altas de hasta 1000 metros en lugares como Tirol. La especie ocupa varios h\u00e1bitats. Originalmente se trataba de una especie asociada a la corteza, que se encuentra particularmente en madera muerta con corteza suelta, pero ahora tambi\u00e9n se encuentra en entornos urbanos como paredes de casas y cercas, especialmente en rincones y grietas. En alem\u00e1n, por ejemplo, se le llama tejedora orbicular de grietas. En algunos h\u00e1bitats se puede encontrar con bastante frecuencia y en Europa Central la especie se clasifica como no amenazada.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> construye una red orbicular relativamente grande (hasta 70 cm de di\u00e1metro) con una forma exc\u00e9ntrica en la que el centro de la tela siempre se desplaza hacia el refugio de la ara\u00f1a. La ara\u00f1a pasa el d\u00eda escondido en este refugio y se coloca en el medio de la tela al caer la noche. Esta especie se puede encontrar durante todo el a\u00f1o, pero sobre todo de julio a octubre.\r\n\r\nLa tejedora orgbicular Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> muestra un alto nivel de dimorfismo sexual: la longitud corporal de las hembras es de 13-16 mm, mientras que la de los machos de s\u00f3lo 7-10 mm. El cuerpo es ancho y aplanado. La coloraci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica es de color rojo-marr\u00f3n a negro-marr\u00f3n, las patas son de color marr\u00f3n oscuro y el abdomen muestra un patr\u00f3n oscuro, foliar que puede tener un ligero reborde.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> se puede confundir con especies oscuras como Larinioides ixobolus<\/em>, pero por comparaci\u00f3n esta especie es un negro met\u00e1lico y el patr\u00f3n foliar es m\u00e1s claro y prominente. Los juveniles se asemejan a la especie Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>, m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a (longitud del cuerpo hasta 9 mil\u00edmetros) pero mucho m\u00e1s rara. Esta especie se distribuye m\u00e1s al este y difiere por tener los lados del cuerpo m\u00e1s claros y un abdomen m\u00e1s redondeado.\r\n\r\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> fue elegida como la Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o?\r\n\r\nHay una serie de buenas razones para esta elecci\u00f3n: (1) la especie es bastante com\u00fan, (2) a pesar de su modo de vida oculto es f\u00e1cil de encontrar cerca de las casas, (3) es bastante grande y f\u00e1cil de identificar , y (4) aumenta la conciencia p\u00fablica sobre su h\u00e1bitat original en la corteza de madera muerta y \/ o \u00e1rboles viejos.\r\n\r\nA trav\u00e9s de la elecci\u00f3n de la ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o no s\u00f3lo esperamos que un grupo menos popular de animales se ponga en primer plano, sino que tambi\u00e9n esperamos que los investigadores puedan obtener nuevos datos sobre su distribuci\u00f3nactual. En este contexto, disfruta de la Ara\u00f1a del A\u00f1o y ay\u00fadanos con tus registros de localidad o documentaci\u00f3n fotogr\u00e1fica de esta especie.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o es elegida por 81 aracn\u00f3logos de 26 pa\u00edses europeos. La coordinaci\u00f3n se realiza a trav\u00e9s del Museo de Historia Natural de Viena, junto con la Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) y la Sociedad Europea de Aracnolog\u00eda (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Pablo Carballo\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2017<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nKaarnaristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nKaarnaristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki, Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), kuuluu ristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Araneidae). Heimossa on 3095 lajia, joista 128 on l\u00f6ydetty Euroopasta. Sukua Nuctenea <\/em>edustaa Keski- ja Pohjois-Euroopassa kaksi lajia. Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> on laajalle levinnyt; mutta Suomessa se esiintyy l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 maamme lounaisosissa (Ahvenanmaa, Varsinais-Suomi ja Uusimaa).\r\n\r\nEuroopassa laji el\u00e4\u00e4 etenkin alankoalueilla ja kumpuilevassa maastossa noin 800 metriin merenpinnan tasosta; paikoin aina 1000 m korkeuteen, kuten Tirolissa. Laji esiintyy Suomea etel\u00e4mp\u00e4n\u00e4 monenlaisissa elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6iss\u00e4. Se on alunperin puiden runkoihin ja kaarnaan erikoistunut laji, ja sit\u00e4 l\u00f6ytyy varsinkin pystyyn kuolleilta irtokaarnaisilta puilta. Nykyisin lajia tavataan my\u00f6s ihmisen muovaamissa elinpaikoissa kuten rakennusten seinilt\u00e4 ja aidoilta. Paikoitellen se on melko runsaslukuinen, eik\u00e4 ole miss\u00e4\u00e4n Euroopassa uhanalainen.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>kutoo suhteellisen suurikokoisen ratasverkon (halkaisijaltaan jopa 70 cm) ep\u00e4keskisesti, jolloin verkon keskus on l\u00e4hell\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin lepo\/suojapaikkaa (koloa tai irtokaarnaa). H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki viett\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4n piilossa suojapaikassaan, ja y\u00f6n pimetess\u00e4 se on verkkonsa keskell\u00e4 odottamassa saalista. Lajia voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hes koko vuoden ajan, aikuisia yksil\u00f6it\u00e4 on meill\u00e4 tavattu toukokuulta lokakuulle.\r\n\r\nSill\u00e4 esiintyy huomattavaa sukupuolten v\u00e4list\u00e4 dimorfiaa: naaraiden ruumiin pituus on 13-16 mm ja koiraiden vain 7-10 mm. Ruumis on leve\u00e4hk\u00f6 ja litistynyt, v\u00e4rilt\u00e4\u00e4n punaruskeasta mustanruskeaan. Raajat ovat tummanruskeat, ja takaruumiin selk\u00e4puolella on tumma, lehdenmuotoinen kuvio, jossa voi olla vaalea reunus. Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>voidaan sekoittaa muihin tummiin ristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajeihin.\r\n\r\nNuoret yksil\u00f6t muistuttavat pienemp\u00e4\u00e4 (aikuisen ruumiin pituus enint\u00e4\u00e4n 9 mm) sukulaista Nuctenea silvicultrix. <\/em>T\u00e4m\u00e4 l\u00e4hilaji on meill\u00e4 levinnyt suhteellisen harvalukuisena l\u00e4hes koko maahan, mutta se el\u00e4\u00e4 havumetsiss\u00e4 ja r\u00e4mem\u00e4nnyill\u00e4. Sen sijaan Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> esiintyy Suomessa l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 rannikkoseudulla lehtipuilla ja rakennusten seinustoilla. Lajien v\u00e4lisen\u00e4 erona on my\u00f6s N. silvicultrix <\/em>-lajin py\u00f6re\u00e4mpi takaruumis ja vaaleammat kyljet. Miksi Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>on valittu vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi?\r\n\r\nHyvi\u00e4 syit\u00e4 on useampia: 1) laji on melko yleinen esiintymisalueellaan, 2) piilottelevasta elintavastaan huolimatta se on helppo l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 asumustenkin l\u00e4helt\u00e4, 3) se on n\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4 ja helppo tunnistaa ja 4) valinta muistuttaa lajin elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n (vanhat, jopa kuolleet puut) merkityksest\u00e4 ja s\u00e4ilytt\u00e4misen tarpeesta.\r\n\r\nVuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnalla halutaan my\u00f6s tuoda t\u00e4t\u00e4 el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4\u00e4 paremmin yleis\u00f6n tietoisuuteen. Samalla saadaan toivottavasti uutta tietoa kaarnaristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin esiintymisest\u00e4 massamme.\r\n\r\nEuroopan vuoden 2017 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valitsi 81 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4kkien tutkijaa) 26:sta maasta. Koordinaattorina toimivat Wienin luonnonhistoriallinen museo sek\u00e4 eurooppalaiset araknologiseurat Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) ja European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n

Yhteyshenkil\u00f6 Suomessa<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, 20014 Turun yliopisto, sepkopo(a)utu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ragno dell\u2019Anno 2017<\/h4>\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) \u00e8 un ragno tessitore appartenente agli Araneidae, una famiglia che conta 3,095 specie nel mondo, di cui 128 distribuite in Europa. Il genere Nuctenea <\/em>\u00e8 rappresentato in Europa da due specie: N. umbratica<\/em> e N. silvicultrix. <\/em> Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>\u00e8 presente in tutta Europa.\r\n\r\nLa distribuzione altimetrica va dalla pianura fino agli 800-1000 metri di quota, oltre diviene progressivamente rara. Si ritrova in una grande variet\u00e0 di habitat, incluso quello urbano. Generalmente \u00e8 associata alle cortecce degli alberi, che tipicamente rappresentano il suo habitat natural. Oggi la si pu\u00f2 ritrovare facilmente anche nelle abitazioni, ad esempio nelle intercapedini delle finestre o nelle fissure delle staccionate.\r\n\r\nIn Europa questa specie non \u00e8 minacciata.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>costruisce una tela orbicolare relativamente grande (fino a 70 cm di diametro), di forma eccentrica. Il ragno trascorre il giorno in un ricovero di seta, mentre si sposta al centro della tela durante la notte. Gli adulti di questa specie si possono ritrovare tutto l\u2019anno, preferibilmente da Luglio a Ottobre.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> ha uno spiccato dimorfismo sessuale: la femmina misura fino a 16 mm, mentre il maschio \u00e8 decisamente pi\u00f9 piccolo (7-10 mm). Il corpo \u00e8 appiattito dorso ventralmente, e la colorazione di base \u00e8 nerastra-bruna, le zampe sono scure e l\u2019addome mostra un disegno bordato di chiaro che ricorda una foglia.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>pu\u00f2 essere confuso con alter specie di ragni tessitori dalla colorazione simile, come Larinioides ixobolus, <\/em>ma in questo caso sono presenti riflessi metallici e il disegno sull\u2019addome \u00e8 pi\u00f9 netto. L\u2019altra specie di Nuctenea, N. silvicultrix<\/em> ha una distribuzione pi\u00f9 orientale in Europa, e si differenzia da N. umbratica<\/em> per la presenza di bande chiare sui lati e per l\u2019addome pi\u00f9 arrotondato.\r\n\r\nCi sono diverse buone ragioni per eleggere Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> ragno dell\u2019anno 2017: (1) si tratta di una specie comune; (2) nonostante le abitudini schive \u00e8 facile da osservare, anche nelle abitazioni; (3) \u00e8 di facile identificazione; (4) \u00e8 interessante per il pubblico in relazione alle peculiarit\u00e0 del suo habitat e della sua forma.\r\n\r\nCon l\u2019iniziativa Ragno dell\u2019anno, speriamo di aumentare la visibilit\u00e0 di un gruppo di animali molto interessante ma poco apprezzato dal grande pubblico. Speriamo anche che i ricercatori possano ottenere nuovi dati sulla distribuzione di questa specie.\r\n\r\nIl ragno dell\u2019Anno \u00e8 selezionato ogni anno da 81 aracnologi di 26 peasi europei. L\u2019iniziativa \u00e8 coordinate dal Museo di Storia Naturale di Vienna, insieme alla rivista \u2018Arachnologischen Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) e la European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marco Isaia\r\n

Contatti Italia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marco Isaia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino\r\nmarco.isaia(a)unito.it\r\n

<\/h4><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2017<\/h4>\r\nKo\u0142osz szczelinowy \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) nale\u017cy do rodziny krzy\u017cakowatych (Araneidae), licz\u0105cej blisko 3100 gatunk\u00f3w i znanej ze wszystkich kontynent\u00f3w, z wyj\u0105tkiem Antarktydy. W Europie stwierdzono dot\u0105d 128 gatunk\u00f3w, z tego 47 w Polsce.\r\n\r\nKo\u0142osz szczelinowy wyst\u0119puje na obszarach nizinnych i podg\u00f3rskich - do wysoko\u015bci 1000 metr\u00f3w n.p.m. Pierwotnie spotykano go g\u0142\u00f3wnie pod kor\u0105 stoj\u0105cych, martwych drzew. Dzi\u015b znajdowany bywa tak\u017ce w s\u0105siedztwie cz\u0142owieka - szczeg\u00f3lnie na budynkach i p\u0142otach, gdzie kryje si\u0119 w rozmaitych szczelinach, st\u0105d jego polska nazwa. Z racji cz\u0119stego wyst\u0119powania, nie ma kategorii gatunku zagro\u017conego.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>to paj\u0105k \u015brednich rozmiar\u00f3w, z wyra\u017anie zaznaczonym dymorfizmem p\u0142ciowym. Samice mierz\u0105 13-16 mm, samce 7-10 mm, a odw\u0142ok samic jest bardziej p\u0119katy. Podobnie jak u innych paj\u0105k\u00f3w, p\u0142ci r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 tak\u017ce po\u0142o\u017ceniem i budow\u0105 narz\u0105d\u00f3w kopulacyjnych: dojrza\u0142e samce maj\u0105 je na ko\u0144cowych cz\u0142onach nogog\u0142aszczk\u00f3w, a samice po brzusznej stronie odw\u0142oka. Obie struktury s\u0105 unikalne dla gatunku i dopasowane do siebie jak klucz do zamka.\r\n\r\nCia\u0142o ko\u0142osza jest grzbietobrzusznie sp\u0142aszczone, co jest cech\u0105 do\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119sto spotykan\u0105 u gatunk\u00f3w \u017cyj\u0105cych pod kor\u0105. W ubarwieniu dominuj\u0105 kolory czerwonawe, br\u0105zowawe i czarne, nogi s\u0105 ciemnobr\u0105zowe, a na odw\u0142oku wyst\u0119puje wz\u00f3r w kszta\u0142cie li\u015bcia. Czasami gatunek bywa mylone z innym krzy\u017cakiem - Larinioides<\/em> ixobolus<\/em>, cho\u0107 ten ma cia\u0142o metalicznie ciemne oraz ja\u015bniejszy i bardziej wyrazisty wz\u00f3r na odw\u0142oku. Osobniki m\u0142ode s\u0105 z kolei podobne do znacznie rzadszego krewniaka Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>, kt\u00f3ry jednak ma bardziej wschodni zasi\u0119g, ja\u015bniejsze boki cia\u0142a i bardziej zaokr\u0105glony odw\u0142ok.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>buduje promieniste sieci o \u015brednicy do 70 cm. Ich \u015brodek (o\u015b, piasta) przesuni\u0119ty jest w kierunku kryj\u00f3wki, umieszczonej na peryferiach. To w niej paj\u0105k spedza dzie\u0144, czatuj\u0105c na ofiary i chroni\u0105c si\u0119 przed wrogami. Noc\u0105 opuszcza kryj\u00f3wk\u0119 i poluje w centrum sieci.\r\n\r\nKo\u0142osz bywa znajdowany przez ca\u0142y rok, ale jego najwi\u0119ksza aktywno\u015bci przypada na okres od lipca do pa\u017adziernika.\r\n\r\nKo\u0142osz szczelinowy ma kilka cech, kt\u00f3re uczyni\u0142y go tegorocznym zwyci\u0119zc\u0105:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. jest do\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119sto spotykany, zar\u00f3wno w warunkach naturalnych, jak i w s\u0105siedztwie cz\u0142owieka,<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. mimo skrytego trybu \u017cycia, stosunkowo \u0142atwo mo\u017cna go znale\u017a\u0107,<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. dzi\u0119ki ubarwieniu jest \u0142atwo rozpoznawalny.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nMamy nadziej\u0119, \u017ce tegoroczny laureat zyska wi\u0119ksze zainteresowanie nie tylko zawodowych arachnolog\u00f3w, ale i innych mi\u0142o\u015bnik\u00f3w paj\u0105k\u00f3w i \u017ce zaowocuje ono nap\u0142ywem nowych danych na temat wyst\u0119powania i biologii.\r\n\r\nWszelkie tego typu informacje prosimy kierowa\u0107 do osoby kontaktowej (poni\u017cej) lub do polskich arachnolog\u00f3w (www.arachnologia.edu.pl<\/a>).\r\n\r\nW tegorocznym wyborze Europejskiego Paj\u0105ka Roku uczestniczy\u0142o 81 arachnolog\u00f3w z 26 Europejskich kraj\u00f3w. Wyb\u00f3r by\u0142 koordynowany przez Natural History Museum Vienna, Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) i European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marek M. \u017babka\r\n

    Osoba kontaktowa w Polsce<\/h4>\r\nProf. dr hab. Marek \u017babka, E-mail: marek.zabka@uph.edu.pl<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

    \u00c5rets europeiska spindel 2017<\/h4>\r\nSt\u00f6rre skuggspindeln \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nSt\u00f6rre skuggspindeln, Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) tillh\u00f6r familjen hjulspindlar (Araneidae). Det finns 3\u00a0100 arter hjulspindlar beskrivna i v\u00e4rlden varav 128 \u00e4r funna i Europa. Av spindelsl\u00e4ktet\u00a0Nuctenea<\/em>, p\u00e5 svenska kallade skuggspindlar finns tv\u00e5 arter i Europa. St\u00f6rre skuggspindel finns i hela Europa utom p\u00e5 Island.\r\n\r\nSt\u00f6rre skuggspindeln lever naturligt under bark i skogar och i klippspringor. P\u00e5 tr\u00e4d med l\u00f6s bark \u00e4r den vanlig. Numera hittar man den ocks\u00e5 ofta p\u00e5 hus, som husnockar och v\u00e4ggspringor, men ocks\u00e5 p\u00e5 t ex staketstolpar. Den \u00e4r en vanlig art i s\u00f6dra Sverige upp till Norrlandsgr\u00e4nsen. I s\u00f6dra Norrland finns den mer s\u00e4llsynt f\u00f6r att saknas helt l\u00e4ngre norrut. I Mellaneuropa \u00e4r den vanlig upp till ca 800 m \u00f6 h. Den \u00e4r inte hotad och allts\u00e5 inte r\u00f6dlistad.\r\n\r\nSt\u00f6rre skuggspindeln, Nuctenea umbratica<\/em>, bygger ett relativt stort, vertikalt h\u00e4ngande, platt, hjulformat n\u00e4t som \u00e4r upp till 70 cm i diameter. Hjulspindlars n\u00e4t har en mitt d\u00e4r spindeln ibland sitter med huvudet ner\u00e5t. De flesta hjulspindlar har dessutom ett g\u00f6msle i n\u00e4rheten av n\u00e4tet fr\u00e5n vilket det g\u00e5r en tr\u00e5d till mittplattan som g\u00f6r att spindeln fr\u00e5n sitt g\u00f6msle kan m\u00e4rka om n\u00e5got fastnat i n\u00e4tet och f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker komma loss d\u00e4rifr\u00e5n. Hos st\u00f6rre skuggspindeln ligger \u201dmitten\u201d inte i centrum utan n\u00e4ra g\u00f6mslet som finns i en springa. P\u00e5 mittplattan sitter ofta den st\u00f6rre skuggspindeln n\u00e4r det \u00e4r m\u00f6rkt. Den trivs b\u00e4st i m\u00f6rker, i skuggan, d\u00e4rav dess svenska namn. Vuxna st\u00f6rre skuggspindlar hittar man mest under sensommaren och h\u00f6sten, fr\u00e5n juli-oktober.\r\n\r\nStorlekskillnaden mellan honor och hanar \u00e4r relativt stor. Honorna har en kroppsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 13-16 mm, medan hanarna \u00e4r bara 7-10 mm och dessutom smalare. Kroppen \u00e4r bred och tillplattad, en anpassning till att leva i smala springor och under bark. Grundf\u00e4rgen p\u00e5 kroppen \u00e4r r\u00f6dbrun till svartbrun. Bakkroppen har ovantill ett m\u00f6rkt, bladlikt m\u00f6nster, som oftast har ljus kant. Benen \u00e4r m\u00f6rka med ljusa band.\r\n\r\nUnga individer av st\u00f6rre skuggspindeln liknar den kortare, upp till 9mm l\u00e5nga, mindre skuggspindeln, Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>. Den mindre skuggspindeln \u00e4r vanligare norrut och \u00f6sterut. I s\u00f6dra Sverige finns den n\u00e4stan bara p\u00e5 mossar.\r\n\r\nVarf\u00f6r blev st\u00f6rre skuggspindeln vald till \u00e5rets europeiska spindel? Det finns flera sk\u00e4l till detta val: (1) arten \u00e4r vanlig, (2) \u00e4ven om den g\u00f6mmer sig bra \u00e4r den l\u00e4tt att se p\u00e5 hus och i tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar, (3) den \u00e4r l\u00e4tt att k\u00e4nna igen, (4) den visar p\u00e5 betydelsen av dess naturliga habitat \u00e4ldre tr\u00e4d med l\u00f6s bark.\r\n\r\nGenom att v\u00e4lja \u00e5rets spindel hoppas vi att skapa intresse f\u00f6r en speciell grupp av djur, spindlarna, utan ocks\u00e5 att f\u00e5 reda p\u00e5 mer om dess utbredning och liv.\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets europeiska spindel valdes av 81 arachnologer fr\u00e5n 26 europeiska l\u00e4nder. Uppgifterna sammanst\u00e4lls av Naturhistoriska museet i Wien, Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) och European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Lars J Jonsson\r\n\r\n \r\n

    Kontaktperson i Sverige<\/h4>\r\nLars J. Jonsson, H\u00f6gskolan Kristianstad, 29188 Kristianstad,\u00a0lars.jonsson(a)hkr.se<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

    Pajek leta 2017<\/h4>\r\nPlo\u0161\u010dati kri\u017eevec \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) je vrsta pajkov mre\u017earjev, ki pripada dru\u017eini kri\u017eevci (Araneidae). Tej dru\u017eini po vsem svetu pripada 3.095 vrst, med katerimi je v Evropi prisotnih 128. V srednji Evropi najdemo dva predstavnika rodu Nuctenea<\/em>. Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>je raz\u0161irjena po celotni Evropi.\r\n\r\nGlede na vi\u0161insko raz\u0161irjenost naseljuje v glavnem ni\u017einske predele in ni\u017eje hribovje, redko jo najdemo nad 1000 metri nadmorske vi\u0161ine. Vrsta poseljuje raznolike habitate. Prvotno gre za na lubje vezano vrsto, ki se je pojavljala predvsem na odmrlih deblih z odstopajo\u010dim lubjem, danes pa je pogosta tudi v urbanih okoljih, npr. na ograjah in stenah, predvsem v ozkih razpokah in \u0161pranjah. Zaradi svojega ploskega telesa vrsto imenujemo \u00bbplo\u0161\u010dati kri\u017eevec\u00ab. Vrsta je srednji Evropi pogosta in kategorizirana kot neogro\u017eena.\r\n\r\nNuctenea umbratica<\/em> gradi relativno velike kolesaste mre\u017ee (do 70 cm v premeru). Te so po obliki asimetri\u010dne, s sredi\u0161\u010dem mre\u017ee vedno pomaknjenim proti zato\u010di\u0161\u010du pajka. Pajek dan pre\u017eivi skrit v zato\u010di\u0161\u010du, na mre\u017ei pa sedi ko se stemni. Plo\u0161\u010dati kri\u017eevec se pojavlja celo leto, vendar predvsem med julijem in oktobrom.\r\n\r\nVrsta Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> je nekoliko spolno velikostno dimorfna: telesna dol\u017eina zna\u0161a pri samicah 13-16 mm, pri samcih pa zgolj 7-10 mm. Telo je \u0161iroko in plo\u0161\u010dato. Osnovna obarvanost je rde\u010de-rjava do temno rjava, noge so temno rjave, na hrbtni strani zadka pa je temen, listu podoben vzorec (foliacija), ki je lahko svetlo obrobljen.\r\n\r\nVrsto Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> lahko po pomoti zamenjamo za druge temne vrste, npr. Larinioides ixobolus<\/em>, \u010deprav je obarvanost slednje metalno \u010drna, foliacija pa svetlej\u0161a in izrazitej\u0161a. Mladi\u010di plo\u0161\u010datega kri\u017eevca so po videzu podobni manj\u0161i (telesna dol\u017eina do 9 mm) in precej redkej\u0161i vrsti Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>. Raz\u0161irjenost te vrste je pomaknjena proti vzhodu, razlikuje pa se tudi po svetlej\u0161ih bokih in bolj okrogli obliki zadka.\r\n\r\nZakaj smo vrsto Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> izbrali za evropskega pajka leta?\r\n\r\nZa izbiro imamo vrsto dobrih razlogov: (1) gre za pogosto vrsto, (2) kljub njenemu skritemu \u017eivljenju jo je enostavno najti v bli\u017eini \u010dloveka, (3) gre za precej markantno in prepoznavno vrsto, in (4) z izborom opozarjamo na njen prvoten habitat \u2013 lubje na starih ali odmrlih drevesih.\r\n\r\nI izborom pajka leta ne ciljamo zgolj na izpostavljanje v javnosti manj popularne skupine \u017eivali, ampak upamo tudi, da bodo raziskovalci na ta na\u010din pri\u0161li do novih podatkov o trenutni raz\u0161irjenosti vrste. V tem kontekstu u\u017eivajte v pajku leta in nam pomagajte z novimi podatki raz\u0161irjenosti ali foto materialom vrste.\r\n\r\nEvropskega pajka leta izbira 81 arahnologov iz 26 evropskih dr\u017eav. Izbor koordinira Prirodoslovni muzej na Dunaju, v sodelovanju z nem\u0161kim arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (nem. Arachnologischen Gesellschaft) in Evropskim arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (ang. European Society of Arachnology).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d\r\n

    <\/h4><\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \u00a0<\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Spider of the year 2017
    \nWalnut Orb-weaver spider<\/b>
    \nNuctenea umbratica<\/em>\u00a0(Clerck, 1757)
    \nInformation<\/p>\n

    Nuctenea umbratica <\/em>(Clerck, 1757) belongs to the family of true orb-weavers (Araneidae). This family has 3,095 species world-wide, of which 128 are found in Europe.<\/p>\n

    …<\/span><\/p>\n

    Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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