{"id":2732,"date":"2017-12-31T15:22:55","date_gmt":"2017-12-31T14:22:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=2732"},"modified":"2018-09-25T11:55:10","modified_gmt":"2018-09-25T09:55:10","slug":"2018-steatoda-bipunctata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=2732","title":{"rendered":"2018 Steatoda bipunctata"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2018<\/h1>\n

Rabbit Hutch Spider<\/h3>\n

Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)<\/h4>\n
\"Steatoda

Steatoda bipunctata<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

The Rabbit Hutch Spider, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), belongs to the cobweb spider family (= comb-footed spiders, Theridiidae). Worldwide, this family has 2,487 species of which 228 live in Europe. The genus Steatoda<\/em> is represented by 13 species in Europe, six of which can be found in Central Europe. The Rabbit Hutch Spider is found in all European countries. Its vertical distribution is mostly from lowlands to rolling hills (up to about 800 m above sea level), although there are records up to 2,ooo m in the Alps for example. As a web-builder the species is mostly found in or on buildings, for example under window ledges. The Rabbit Hutch Spider belongs to the less picky species and can even survive in quite dry rooms. As the name implies rabbit hutches often make a suitable habitat as well. However, they are also found outdoors, mostly in gardens, bushes and walls \u2013 especially under tree bark \u2013 in rock crevices or under stones. In places they can be quite common and the species is not regarded as endangered.<\/p>\n

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The body length is 4.5\u20137 mm in females and 4\u20135.5 mm in males. The body appears greasy or waxy and shiny, especially the slightly flattened abdomen. In German it is called the \u201cFettspinne\u201d (Fat or Greasy Spider). The basic colour of the cephalothorax is brown to almost black, the abdomen is generally light brown becoming dark brown to black towards the edges. A more or less indistinct lighter stripe runs down the middle of the abdomen, as well as a wide pale band across the front. Usually four small dark dots can be seen (these mark the points where muscles attach inside the body). The legs are red-brown with darker rings.<\/p>\n

The Rabbit Hutch Spider builds a three-dimensional web \u2013 usually in corners or niches \u2013 with a more or less thickly spun sheet bearing vertical threads leading upwards and further threads going out to the side. The catching threads are directed downwards. Only these have glue droplets, which are located at the bottom of the thread. Prey items become stuck here, the thread becomes detached and the spider hurries out of its retreat; usually a crevice near the web. The Rabbit Hutch Spider can overpower not only small insects but even large spiders like the house spider.<\/p>\n

The Rabbit Hutch Spider can be found all year round, however males are usually encountered during the mating season from June to October. During mating the male makes chirping noises: the sounds are produced by pulling a sharp ridge at the front of the abdomen across a file-like \u2018stridulatory organ\u2019 at the back of the cephalothorax. In this way the female is enticed out of her retreat and mating, which usually takes place in autumn but sometimes also in spring, can be completed. The female lays ca. 50\u2013100 pink coloured eggs in a white cocoon which is hung within the web.<\/p>\n

Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> can be mistaken for Steatoda castanea<\/em>, a species which lives in similar habitats but which mostly has a lighter colouration and is only found in spring.<\/p>\n

Why was\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>chosen as the European Spider of the Year?<\/p>\n

On the one hand, because this species is commonly found in houses and is relatively easy to recognize. On the other hand it is an example of a cobweb spider which is not dangerous, unlike the widow spiders from the Mediterranean which are venomous to people and which are rightly feared and regularly mentioned in the popular media. The chirping of the males is another peculiarity of the species.<\/p>\n

Through choosing the Spider of the Year we not only hope that a less popular group of animals will be brought to the fore, but we also hope that researchers can obtain new data about its current distribution. In this context, enjoy the Spider of the Year and help us with your locality records or photographic documentation of this species.<\/p>\n

The European Spider of the Year is chosen by 83 arachnologists from 26 European countries. Co-ordination is via the Natural History Museum Vienna together with the \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURDATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution<\/h4>\n

Great Britain –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki Arages – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0– (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

– Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>\u2013\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0(12. Dezember 2017)<\/p>\n

– Balkenhol B & Zucchi H 1989 Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur \u00dcberwinterung von Spinnen (Araneae) in verschiedenen Habitaten \u2013 Zoologische Jahrb\u00fccher, Abteilung f\u00fcr Systematik, \u00d6kologie und Geographie der Tiere 116: 161-198<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2016 Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos Stuttgart. 429 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2014 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013 (link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em>:\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0(12. Dezember 2017)<\/p>\n

– Gwinner-Hanke H 1970 Zum Verhalten zweier stridulierender Spinnen Steatoda bipunctata und Teutana grossa (Theridiidae, Araneae), unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung des Fortpflanzungsverhaltens \u2013 Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 27(6): 649-678<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2016 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2017.06 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(12. Dezember 2017)<\/p>\n

– Macha\u010d O & Tuf IH 2016 Spiders and harvestmen on tree trunks obtained by three sampling methods \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 51: 67-72 \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2017 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2017 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(12. Dezember 2017)<\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 S.<\/p>\n

– Steiner E & Thaler K 2004 H\u00f6henverteilung arborikoler Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) im Gebirgswald der Zentralalpen (Patscherkofel bei Innsbruck, Nordtirol) \u2013 Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck 91: 157-185<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2017 World Spider Catalog, version 18.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(12. Dezember 2017)<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
\n
--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>IT<\/span>NL<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span>SL<\/span><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>\n

Merimanga e Vitit 2018<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nMerimanga e koteceve, Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758), i p\u00ebrket familjes Theridiidae. N\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn, kjo familje ka 2,487 lloje, nga t\u00eb cilat 228 jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Gjinia Steatoda p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet nga 13 lloje n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, 4 prej t\u00eb cilave gjenden edhe n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri. Merimanga e koteceve \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shtetet Evropiane.\r\n\r\nShp\u00ebrndarja e saj vertikale \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjer\u00eb pasi gjendet nga ult\u00ebsirat n\u00eb nivelin e detit deri n\u00eb 2000 m n\u00eb Alpe. Si nj\u00eb merimang\u00eb rrjet-nd\u00ebrtuese, ky lloj gjendet m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb ose mbi nd\u00ebrtesa, p\u00ebr shembull n\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7arat e dritares.\r\n\r\nS. bipunctata<\/em> i p\u00ebrket llojeve m\u00eb pak p\u00ebrzgjedh\u00ebse dhe mundet madje t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb edhe n\u00eb dhoma mjaftueshm\u00ebrisht t\u00eb thata. Sikurse e n\u00ebnkupton edhe emri, kotecet p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb habitat shum\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr to. Sidoqoft\u00eb, ato ndodhen edhe n\u00eb mjediset e jashtme, m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb kopshte, shkurre dhe mure \u2013 ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00ebn trungjet e pem\u00ebve \u2013 n\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7arat e shk\u00ebmbinjve ose n\u00ebn gur\u00eb. Merimanga e koteceve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj shum\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebto habitate, prandaj dhe ky lloj nuk listohet si i rrezikuar.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit \u00ebsht\u00eb 4.5\u20137 mm tek femrat dhe 4\u20135.5 mm tek meshkujt. Trupi duket shum\u00eb i yndyrsh\u00ebm dhe me shk\u00eblqim, dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht abdomeni leht\u00ebsisht i shesht\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye ky lloj quhet n\u00eb disa shtete edhe \u201cMerimang\u00eb yndyrore\u201d. Ngjyra baz\u00eb e cefalotoraksit \u00ebsht\u00eb kafe n\u00eb pothuajse e zez\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa abdomeni \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi kafe e leht\u00eb n\u00eb kafe e err\u00ebt ose e zez\u00eb drejt pjes\u00ebve an\u00ebsore. Nj\u00eb shirit i ndritsh\u00ebm pak a shum\u00eb i dalluesh\u00ebm p\u00ebrshkon mesin e abdomenit, po ashtu edhe nj\u00eb band\u00eb e gjer\u00eb e zbeht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkon pjes\u00ebn e p\u00ebrparme. Zakonisht n\u00eb abdomen mund t\u00eb shihen kat\u00ebr pika t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb err\u00ebta (k\u00ebto tregojn\u00eb pikat ku muskujt lidhen n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb trupit). K\u00ebmb\u00ebt jan\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe-n\u00eb kafe dhe me unaza t\u00eb err\u00ebta. Merimanga e koteceve nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb tredimensionale \u2013 zakonisht n\u00eb cepa ose qoshe \u2013 me nj\u00eb flet\u00eb fijesh pak a shum\u00eb t\u00eb trash\u00eb q\u00eb mban fijet vertikale q\u00eb ngrihen lart dhe fijet e tjer\u00eb shkojn\u00eb jasht\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn an\u00ebsore. Fijet kap\u00ebse drejtohen n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e poshtme, dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb pajisura me pik\u00ebza t\u00eb ngjitshme, t\u00eb vendosura n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fillit. Kur preja bie n\u00eb rrjet\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb filli shk\u00ebputet dhe merimanga del me shpejt\u00ebsi nga streha e saj; e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb zakonisht nj\u00eb e \u00e7ar\u00eb af\u00ebr rrjet\u00ebs.\r\n\r\nS. bipunctata<\/em> mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb pre jo vet\u00ebm insekte t\u00eb vogla por madje edhe merimanga t\u00eb m\u00ebdhaja sikurse \u00ebsht\u00eb merimanga e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. S.bipunctata<\/em> mund t\u00eb gjendet gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit, edhe pse vet\u00ebm meshkujt hasen zakonisht gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit nga Qershori n\u00eb Tetor. Gjat\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit meshkujt b\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb zhurm\u00eb si cic\u00ebrim\u00eb, q\u00eb prodhohet nga organi stridulator i ndodhur n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb cefalotoraksit gjat\u00eb f\u00ebrkimit me pjes\u00ebn e p\u00ebrparme t\u00eb abdomenit. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb femra joshet t\u00eb dal\u00eb jasht\u00eb streh\u00ebs s\u00eb saj p\u00ebr \u00e7ift\u00ebzim, i cili zakonisht ndodh n\u00eb vjesht\u00eb por ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndodh gjithashtu edhe n\u00eb pranver\u00eb. Femra prodhon rreth 50\u2013100 vez\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb pink n\u00eb nj\u00eb kokon t\u00eb bardh\u00eb i cili varet n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb rrjet\u00ebs. Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> mund t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet leht\u00ebsisht me llojin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs gjini S. castanea<\/em>, nj\u00eb lloj q\u00eb jeton n\u00eb habitate t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta por q\u00eb ka shpesh nj\u00eb ngjyrim m\u00eb t\u00eb zbeht\u00eb dhe q\u00eb gjendet n\u00eb pranver\u00eb.\r\n\r\nPse Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur Merimanga e Vitit 2018? Ky lloj \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur si i till\u00eb sepse nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb gjendet shpesh brenda sht\u00ebpive dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb relativisht e thjesht\u00eb t\u00eb identifikohet. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i nj\u00eb merimange k\u00ebmb\u00eb-kreh\u00ebr e cila nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrezikshme, n\u00eb ndryshim me vejushat nga Mesdheu, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb helmuese p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit dhe t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb frikshme dhe rregullisht p\u00ebrmenden n\u00eb media. Cic\u00ebrimat e meshkujve jan\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7ori e k\u00ebtij lloji. Duke zgjedhur merimang\u00ebn e vitit, jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do ti kushtohet v\u00ebmendje nj\u00eb grupi pak t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve, por gjithashtu shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkuesit shkencor\u00eb mund t\u00eb marrin t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb reja n\u00eb lidhje me shp\u00ebrndarjen aktuale t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, mund t\u00eb shijoni k\u00ebt\u00eb merimang\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2018 dhe t\u00eb na ofroni ndihm\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e vendndodhjes suaj ose me dokumentime fotografike t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji.\r\n\r\nMerimanga e vitit 2018 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur nga 83 araknolog\u00eb nga 26 shtete Evropiane. Kordinimi \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Muzeut t\u00eb Historis\u00eb s\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs n\u00eb Vjen\u00eb s\u00eb bashku me Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) dhe European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi\r\n

<\/h4>\r\n

Kontakt n\u0451 Shqip\u0451ri<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Muzeu i Shkencave t\u0451 Natyr\u0451s, Rr. Petro Nini Luarasi, Nd. 76-1, No. 2, 1010 Tiran\u00eb, Shqip\u0451ri. blerina.vrenozi(at)fshn.edu.al\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u0417\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Theridiidae (= \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438). \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 2,487 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 228 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0442 Steatoda<\/em> \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 13 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e 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\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a.\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u044e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u0436\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0446\u0438: \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d, \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u044a\u0431 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u041f\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0430. \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 50\u2013100 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0441 Steatoda castanea<\/em>, \u0432\u0438\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata <\/em> \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430?\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435. \u041e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438. \u0426\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0421 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 83 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 26 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f (ESA).\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u044c\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0433 &\u00a0\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/h4>\r\n\u0414-\u0440 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0411\u0410\u041d, \u0431\u0443\u043b. \u0426\u0430\u0440 \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b 1, 1000 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, E-mail: deltshev(a)gmail.com\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2018<\/h4>\r\nSnova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nSnova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed (Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)) je reprezentantem \u010deledi snova\u010dkovit\u00fdch (Theridiidae). Snova\u010dky jsou z na\u0161ich pavouk\u016f p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, ostn\u00edk\u016fm, \u010delistnatk\u00e1m, k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm, mysmen\u00e1m, anap\u00e1m, plachetnatk\u00e1m a temnomil\u016fm. Tyto \u010deledi tvo\u0159\u00ed dohromady nad\u010dele\u010f Araneoidea. Unik\u00e1tn\u00edm morfologick\u00fdm znakem snova\u010dek je p\u0159\u00edtomnost h\u0159ebenit\u00fdch ostn\u016f na chodidlov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru nohou. Od k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f se snova\u010dky li\u0161\u00ed absenc\u00ed n\u00e1padn\u00fdch trn\u016f na nohou, od \u010delistnatek pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdmi chelicerami a od plachetnatek zavalit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zade\u010dkem. Rovn\u011b\u017e jejich lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b maj\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed architekturu li\u0161\u00edc\u00ed se od stavby kolov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f a \u010delistnatek a horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch plachetek plachetnatek.\r\n\r\nNa cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b bylo pops\u00e1no 2487 druh\u016f snova\u010dek a z Evropy je zn\u00e1mo 228 druh\u016f. Rod Steatoda<\/em> je v Evrop\u011b reprezentov\u00e1n 13 druhy, z nich\u017e \u0161est se vyskytuje i ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Morfologi\u00ed i \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem je snova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b podobn\u00e1 jedovat\u00fdm snova\u010dk\u00e1m z rodu Latrodectus<\/em> zvan\u00fdm \u010dern\u00e9 vdovy, vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edm se v subtropick\u00fdch oblastech nejbl\u00ed\u017ee ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od nich je v\u0161ak jej\u00ed jed pro \u010dlov\u011bka ne\u0161kodn\u00fd.\r\n\r\nSnova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed je holarktick\u00fd druh vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se ve v\u0161ech Evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. U n\u00e1s se roztrou\u0161en\u011b vyskytuje na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed od n\u00ed\u017ein do podh\u016f\u0159\u00ed (800 m n. m.). V Alp\u00e1ch v\u0161ak byla zaznamen\u00e1na a\u017e do 2000 m n. m.\r\n\r\nVelikost t\u011bla samic je 4,5\u20137 cm, samc\u016f 4\u20135,5 cm. Hlavohru\u010f je vr\u00e1s\u010dit\u00e1, hn\u011bd\u00e1 a\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dern\u00e1, chelicery leskl\u00e9, \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00e9, nohy rezav\u00e9 s nez\u0159eteln\u00fdmi tmav\u00fdmi krou\u017eky. Zade\u010dek je zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00fd, na h\u0159bet\u011b hn\u011bd\u00fd a\u017e sv\u011btle okrov\u00fd s \u00fazk\u00fdm b\u00edl\u00fdm lemem na p\u0159edn\u00ed hran\u011b a \u00fazk\u00fdm b\u00edl\u00fdm pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm, n\u011bkdy jen v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti zade\u010dku z\u0159eteln\u00fdm pruhem. Na h\u0159bet\u011b jsou dva p\u00e1ry mal\u00fdch tmav\u00fdch skvrn, kter\u00e9 jsou na m\u00edst\u011b \u00fapon\u016f sval\u016f stahuj\u00edc\u00edch zade\u010dek. Kv\u016fli mastn\u011b leskl\u00e9mu zade\u010dku m\u00e1 snova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Fettspinne (mastn\u00fd pavouk).\r\n\r\nSnova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed si stav\u00ed trojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b specializovan\u00e9 k lap\u00e1n\u00ed lezouc\u00edch \u010dlenovc\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou tvo\u0159en\u00e9 shlukem vl\u00e1ken. Pavouk je schov\u00e1n ve zvonovit\u00e9m \u00fakrytu, nez\u0159\u00eddka kamuflovan\u00e9m kousky detritu, nebo ve \u0161kv\u00ed\u0159e u s\u00edt\u011b. Ze s\u00edt\u011b vyb\u00edhaj\u00ed k podkladu vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00e1 jsou u zem\u011b opat\u0159en\u00e1 \u0159adou pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fdch, permanentn\u011b lepiv\u00fdch kapek produkovan\u00fdch z nemodifikovan\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru agreg\u00e1tn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z. Tato vl\u00e1kna jsou napjat\u00e1, k zemi jen slab\u011b ukotven\u00e1. Pokud se na n\u011b p\u0159ilep\u00ed po zemi lezouc\u00ed \u010dlenovec, vl\u00e1kno se utrhne od podlo\u017eky a tak vymr\u0161t\u00ed ko\u0159ist nahoru, ta tak ztrat\u00ed oporu pevn\u00e9ho podkladu a nem\u016f\u017ee se vyprostit. Nav\u00edc ze sv\u00e9ho \u00fakrytu p\u0159isp\u011bch\u00e1 pavouk a zadn\u00edma nohama za\u010dne ko\u0159ist obalovat hlenovit\u00fdm, rychle schnouc\u00edm lepem produkovan\u00fdm z modifikovan\u00e9ho p\u00e1ru agreg\u00e1tn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z. Pot\u00e9 kousnut\u00edm do kon\u010detiny nebo tykadla vprav\u00ed do ko\u0159isti \u010dasto velice \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd jed. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159ist\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed mravenci. D\u00edky znehyb\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmu, rychle schnouc\u00edmu lepu je v\u0161ak snova\u010dka schopn\u00e1 ulovit i ko\u0159ist v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je ona sama, nap\u0159\u00edklad velk\u00e9 pavouky pokoutn\u00edky.\r\n\r\nS\u00edt\u011b snova\u010dky pokoutn\u00ed najdeme p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm uvnit\u0159 budov nap\u0159. v roz\u00edch, v\u00fdklenc\u00edch \u010di pod okenn\u00edmi parapety, sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm povrchu budov. Na stejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech \u017eije tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 snova\u010dka ka\u0161tanov\u00e1 (Steatoda castanea<\/em>). Ta je v\u0161ak sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed a dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci jsou k zasti\u017een\u00ed pouze na ja\u0159e. Snova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed nen\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na vlhkost, je schopn\u00e1 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt i v dosti such\u00fdch m\u00edstnostech. V angli\u010dtin\u011b se tento pavouk jmenuje the rabbit hutch spider (kr\u00e1l\u00edk\u00e1rnov\u00fd pavouk), proto\u017ee vedle dom\u016f se \u010dasto vyskytuje i na jin\u00fdch synantropn\u00edch biotopech jako jsou kr\u00e1l\u00edk\u00e1rny. V tepl\u00fdch oblastech v\u0161ak lze snova\u010dku pokoutn\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u011b nal\u00e9zt i voln\u011b v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad pod uvoln\u011bnou k\u016frou nebo v dutin\u00e1ch strom\u016f, na z\u00eddk\u00e1ch, ve sp\u00e1r\u00e1ch oslun\u011bn\u00fdch skal, \u010di pod kameny. Druh je hojn\u00fd, nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi ohro\u017een\u00e9 druhy.\r\n\r\nSnova\u010dku pokoutn\u00ed lze nal\u00e9zt po cel\u00fd rok, dosp\u011bl\u00ed samci se v\u0161ak vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm od \u010dervence do \u0159\u00edjna. B\u011bhem n\u00e1mluv samci cvr\u010div\u011b striduluj\u00ed. Slou\u017e\u00ed jim k tomu stridula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n mezi hlavohrud\u00ed a zade\u010dkem \u2013 ostr\u00fd k\u00fdl na p\u0159edn\u00edm okraji zade\u010dku a stridula\u010dn\u00ed r\u00fd\u017eky na zadn\u00edm okraji hlavohrudi, zvuk je vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n p\u0159ej\u00ed\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm k\u00fdlu p\u0159es r\u00fd\u017eky. Stridulac\u00ed same\u010dek vyl\u00e1k\u00e1 sami\u010dku z \u00fakrytu a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed j\u00ed k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. K n\u011bmu doch\u00e1z\u00ed obvykle na podzim ale n\u011bkdy i na ja\u0159e. Samice naklade 50\u2013100 r\u016f\u017eov\u00fdch vaj\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e1 op\u0159ede b\u00edl\u00fdm hedv\u00e1b\u00edm. Vznikl\u00fd kokon pak zav\u011bs\u00ed do s\u00edt\u011b. Samice mohou \u017e\u00edt v\u00edce let.\r\n\r\nEvropsk\u00fd pavouk roku byl letos vybr\u00e1n 83 arachnology z 26 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Pro\u010d byla vybr\u00e1na pr\u00e1v\u011b snova\u010dka pokoutn\u00ed? Je to hojn\u00fd, snadno rozeznateln\u00fd druh na\u0161ich dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed, pozoruhodn\u00fd schopnost\u00ed samc\u016f stridulovat. Volbou Evropsk\u00e9ho pavouka roku chceme nejen popularizovat pavouky, ale tak\u00e9 z\u00edskat nov\u00e1 data o sou\u010dasn\u00e9m roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho druhu u n\u00e1s. \u00dadaje o v\u00fdskytu snova\u010dky pokoutn\u00ed dolo\u017een\u00e9 fotografi\u00ed zas\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu\u00a0rezac(at)vurv.cz\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d\r\n

Kontakty<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d,\u00a0Laborato\u0159 biodiverzity, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i.,\u00a0Drnovsk\u00e1 507,\u00a0161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b,\u00a0\u010cesko,\u00a0rezac(at)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Die Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2018<\/h4>\r\nDie Fettspinne \u2013 Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nDie Fettspinne, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Haubennetzspinnen (= Kugelspinnen, Theridiidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie z\u00e4hlt weltweit 2.487, und in Europa 228 Arten. Die Gattung Steatoda<\/em> ist in Europa mit 13 Arten vertreten, in Mitteleuropa sowie in \u00d6sterreich kommen 6 Arten vor.\r\n\r\nDie Fettspinne kommt in allen L\u00e4ndern Europas vor. Ihre Vertikalverbreitung ist vornehmlich planar\/kollin (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he), es gibt aber auch Fundmeldungen bis 2000m Seeh\u00f6he, z.B. in den Alpen.\r\n\r\nAls Netzbauerin ist die Art meist in oder an Geb\u00e4uden zu finden, z.B. unter Fenstersimsen; die Fettspinnen geh\u00f6rt zu den eher anspruchslosen Spinnen und kann selbst in sehr trockenen R\u00e4umen gut \u00fcberleben. Auch im Freiland ist sie zu Hause, vornehmlich in G\u00e4rten, Hecken und W\u00e4ldern \u2013 vor allem unter Rinde von B\u00e4umen \u2013, in Felsspalten oder unter Steinen. Sie kann stellenweise sehr h\u00e4ufig angetroffen werden, und gilt somit in \u00d6sterreich ebenso wie in ganz Mitteleuropa als nicht gef\u00e4hrdet.\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge betr\u00e4gt bei den Weibchen 4,5-7 mm, bei den M\u00e4nnchen 4-5,5 mm. Der K\u00f6rper wirkt fettig gl\u00e4nzend, speziell der etwas abgeflachte Hinterleib, daher auch der Name Fettspinne. Die Grundf\u00e4rbung des Vorderleibs ist braun bis fast schwarz, der Hinterleib ist in der Mitte meist hellbraun und wird gegen den Rand hin dunkelbraun bis schwarz. Meist ist ein mehr oder weniger deutlicher heller Mittelstreifen vorhanden sowie ein breites helles Band auf der Vorderseite. Oft kann man 4 kleine dunkle Punkte erkennen (diese markieren die innenliegenden Muskelansatzstellen). Die Beine sind rotbraun gef\u00e4rbt und weisen dunkle Ringe auf.\r\n\r\nDie Fettspinne baut \u2013 meist in Ecken oder Nischen - ein dreidimensionales Deckennetz mit einer mehr oder weniger dicht gesponnenen Netzdecke, nach oben und vertikal zur Seite gerichteten Spinnf\u00e4den und mit nach unten gerichteten, einzelnen Fangf\u00e4den. Nur diese tragen an ihrem unterem Ende Klebetropfen. Daran bleiben die Beutetiere h\u00e4ngen, der Faden l\u00f6st sich und die Spinne eilt aus ihrem Unterschlupf, meist eine Spalte in Netzn\u00e4he, herbei. Die Fettspinne \u00fcberw\u00e4ltigt nicht nur kleine Insekten, sondern auch gr\u00f6\u00dfere Spinnen wie z.B. die Hauswinkelspinne.\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/em>Fettspinnen sind ganzj\u00e4hrig anzutreffen, die M\u00e4nnchen allerdings vorwiegend in der Paarungszeit von Juni bis Oktober. W\u00e4hrend der Balz setzt das M\u00e4nnchen Zirplaute ein: zur Lauterzeugung wird dabei ein scharfer Grat am vorderen Ende des Hinterleibs \u00fcber Schrillleisten, die an der Hinterseite des Vorderk\u00f6rpers liegen, gezogen. Damit wird das Weibchen aus dem Schlupfwinkel gelockt und die Paarung, welche in der Regel in Herbst und teilweise auch im Fr\u00fchjahr stattfindet, kann vollzogen werden. Das Weibchen legt danach ca. 50-100 pinkfarbene Eier in einen wei\u00dfen Kokon, der am Netz angebracht wird, ab.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> wird mitunter mit Steatoda castanea<\/em> verwechselt, einer Art, welche \u00e4hnliche Lebensr\u00e4ume besiedelt, aber meist eine hellere F\u00e4rbung aufweist und auch nur im Fr\u00fchjahr zu finden ist.\r\n\r\nWarum wurde die Fettspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt?\r\n\r\nEinerseits, weil diese Art in vielen H\u00e4usern zu finden und auch einigerma\u00dfen gut zu erkennen ist. Andererseits ist sie ein Beispiel f\u00fcr eine nicht gef\u00e4hrliche Haubennetzspinne im Gegensatz zu den immer wieder in den Medien genannten und zurecht gef\u00fcrchteten, f\u00fcr den Menschen giftigen Schwarzen Witwen aus dem Mittelmeerraum. Eine weitere Besonderheit ist das Zirpen der balzenden M\u00e4nnchen.\r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine wenig beliebte Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: erfreuen Sie sich an der Spinne des Jahres und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung oder ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 83 Arachnologen aus 26 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop 2018<\/h4>\r\nFedtedderkoppen \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nFedtedderkoppen, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), h\u00f8rer til kugleedderkoppernes familie (Theridiidae). Der kendes 2.487 arter af denne familie i verden, og af disse lever 228 arter i Europa. Sl\u00e6gten Steatoda<\/em> er repr\u00e6senteret med 13 arter i Europa, og fire af disse er fundet i Danmark.\r\n\r\nFedtedderkoppen findes i alle europ\u00e6iske lande. Den er hovedsagelig udbredt i lavlandet men forekommer regelm\u00e6ssigt op til 800 m over havets overflade. I Alperne er den fundet helt op til 2.000 m.\r\n\r\nFedtedderkoppen er netspindende, og man finder oftest deres net i eller omkring huse, oftest i udhuse og skure, eller under broer. Sj\u00e6ldnere kan man finde den i opvarmede rum, da den er ret t\u00f8rket\u00e5lende. Den lever dog ogs\u00e5 udend\u00f8rs, fx under tr\u00e6ers bark eller i fuglekasser, og fra Europa er arten kendt fra kaninhuller. S\u00e6rlig i uopvarmede udhuse kan den v\u00e6re s\u00e6rdeles almindelig.\r\n\r\nKroppen er 4.5\u20137 mm hos hunner og 4\u20135.5 mm hos hanner. Den er voksagtigt skinnende og ikke s\u00e6rlig beh\u00e5ret og synes derfor glinsende af fedt (heraf det danske navn). I mods\u00e6tning til de fleste andre arter af familien er bagkroppen ikke kugleformet (som familienavnet ellers indikerer) men affladet. Grundfarven er brun, forkroppen over i det sortbrune, bagkroppen lysere brun med lyst b\u00e5nd langs forkanten og en lysere stribe ned ad ryggen. Man kan ogs\u00e5 tydeligt se 2-3 par m\u00f8rke punkter p\u00e5 hver side af den lyse midtstribe; de markerer tilh\u00e6ftningen af muskler inde i bagkroppen. Benene er brune med m\u00f8rke ringe.\r\n\r\nFedtedderkoppen bygger et tredimentionelt net, som regel placeret i et hj\u00f8rne. Nettet har et midtstillet \u201ct\u00e6ppe\u201d af l\u00f8se silketr\u00e5de; herfra udg\u00e5r kraftigere tr\u00e5de som udsp\u00e6nder nettet til alle sider. Fangsttr\u00e5dene g\u00e5r lodret nedad og h\u00e6fter p\u00e5 fast underlag. P\u00e5 det nederste stykke af disse tr\u00e5de findes en r\u00e6kke limdr\u00e5ber. Insekter som kravler p\u00e5 underlaget bliver h\u00e6ngende i disse limdr\u00e5ber; ofte slipper tr\u00e5den sit tag i underlaget, s\u00e5 byttet h\u00e6nger og spr\u00e6ller i luften. Herefter kommer edderkoppen farende, pakker byttet ind i kl\u00e6brig silke og sl\u00e6ber det op i reden, der som regel findes i en spr\u00e6kke uden for nettet. Fedtedderkoppen kan overmande ganske store insekter. Det skyldes at de p\u00e5 bagbenenes f\u00f8dder har en r\u00e6kke kraftige h\u00e5r, der som en kam reder de kl\u00e6brige tr\u00e5de fra spindevorterne og kaster dem over byttet, n\u00e5r dette pakkes ind. P\u00e5 den m\u00e5de kan indpakningen foreg\u00e5 uden at edderkoppen selv kommer i ber\u00f8ring med insektet.\r\n\r\nFedtedderkoppen kan findes \u00e5ret rundt. Man l\u00e6gger dog mest m\u00e6rke til den i sensommeren og efter\u00e5ret, hvor hannerne render rundt p\u00e5 murene i deres s\u00f8gen efter hunner. Parringen kan dog foreg\u00e5 b\u00e5de efter\u00e5r og for\u00e5r. Under parringsspillet frembringer hannen h\u00f8rbare lyde, der dannes af et s\u00e5kaldt stridulationsorgan: det fungerer ved at en h\u00e5rd skeletkant med kraftige t\u00e6nder p\u00e5 bagkroppens forside gnides hen over et par vaskebr\u00e6tagtige felter p\u00e5 forkroppens bagkant. P\u00e5 denne m\u00e5de lokker han hunnen ud af hendes rede, hvis hun er klar til parring. Hunnen l\u00e6gger ca. 50\u2013100 lysr\u00f8de \u00e6g, som omgives af et hvidt \u00e6gspind af silke. Denne h\u00e6nges op i eller ved hunnens spind.\r\n\r\nHvorfor er fedtedderkoppen valgt til \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa?\r\n\r\nFor det f\u00f8rste fordi arten er almindelig ved vores boliger. For det andet fordi det er en kugleederkop, som er aldeles ufarlig for mennesker. Flere andre steder i verden findes meget giftige kugleedderkopper, fx de sorte enker fra USA eller besl\u00e6gtede arter fra Sydeuropa og Australien. Hannernes lydfrembringelse er desuden en interessant biologisk detalje.\r\n\r\nVed at udn\u00e6vne en \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa h\u00e5ber vi at \u00f8ge interessen for denne dyregruppe, s\u00e5 ogs\u00e5 l\u00e6gfolk bliver inspireret til at bidrage til kendskabet om dem. Dette kan fx ske ved at indrapportere fund til www.fugleognatur.dk<\/a>, hvilket vil \u00f8ge vores viden om arternes udbredelse i Danmark. Dokumentation af fund kan foreg\u00e5 ved at oploade fotos af dyrene. \u00c5rets edderkop 2018 er let at finde og let at genkende, s\u00e5 der skulle v\u00e6re rige muligheder for at levere bidrag.\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa v\u00e6lges af 83 araknologer fra 26 europ\u00e6iske lande. Koordination af valget sker ved det Naturhistoriske Museum i Wien i samarbejde med det tyske \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) og det f\u00e6lleseurop\u00e6iske European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nS\u00f8ren Toft & Christoph H\u00f6rweg\r\n

Kontaktperson for Danmark<\/h4>\r\nS\u00f8ren Toft Institut for Bioscience, Aarhus Universitet Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C soeren.toft(a)bios.au.dk<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a<\/strong> del a\u00f1o <\/strong>2018<\/h4>\r\nAra\u00f1a de conejeras \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a de conejeras, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), pertenece a la familia constructora de telas de ara\u00f1a enmara\u00f1adas (o ara\u00f1as de pies pectinados) Theridiidae. A lo largo del mundo, esta familia agrupa 2.487 especies de las cuales 228 est\u00e1n presentes en Europa. Trece especies representan el g\u00e9nero Steatoda<\/em> en Europa, siete de las cuales se pueden encontrar en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica. Aunque esta es una de ellas, el n\u00famero de registros confirmados es muy bajo.\r\n\r\nLa especie se encuentra sobre todo dentro de o sobre edificios, construyendo telas por ejemplo, bajo los alf\u00e9izares de las ventanas. La ara\u00f1a de conejeras es una especie de lo menos quisquillosa y puede incluso sobrevivir en cuartos bastante secos. Como su nombre indica, las conejeras constituyen muchas veces un h\u00e1bitat adecuado tambi\u00e9n. De todas maneras, tambi\u00e9n se encuentran en el exterior, sobre todo en jardines, arbustos y paredes -especialmente bajo la corteza de los \u00e1rboles- en grietas de rocas o bajo piedras. En muchos lugares pueden ser comunes y esta especie no se considera en peligro.\r\n\r\nLa longitud corporal es de 4,5-7 mm en hembras y 4-5,5 mm en machos. El cuerpo aparenta un brillo graso o c\u00e9reo, especialmente el levemente aplanado abdomen. En alem\u00e1n se llama la \u201cFettspinne\u201d (ara\u00f1a sebosa o grasienta). El color b\u00e1sico del cefalot\u00f3rax es de marr\u00f3n a casi negro, el abdomen es generalmente marr\u00f3n, volvi\u00e9ndose marr\u00f3n oscuro a negro hacia los bordes. A lo largo del centro del abdomen discurre una m\u00e1s o menos borrosa l\u00ednea m\u00e1s clara, as\u00ed como una ancha banda p\u00e1lida a trav\u00e9s de la parte anterior. Normalmente se pueden ver cuatro peque\u00f1os puntos oscuros (estos marcan los puntos donde se insertan los m\u00fasculos desde dentro del cuerpo). Las patas son marrones rojizas con anillos m\u00e1s oscuros.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a de conejeras construye una red tridimensional -normalmente en esquinas o concavidades- con una capa tejida m\u00e1s o menos espesamente soportada por hilos verticales que se dirigen hacia arriba y m\u00e1s hilos que se extienden hacia los lados. Los hilos de captura se dirigen hacia abajo. Solo estos tienen gotitas de pegamento, que se localizan al fondo del hilo. Aqu\u00ed quedan atrapadas las presas, el hilo se desprende y la ara\u00f1a acude r\u00e1pidamente desde su refugio; normalmente una grieta cerca de la red. La ara\u00f1a de conejeras puede superar no s\u00f3lo a insectos menores, sino incluso a grandes ara\u00f1as como la ara\u00f1a casera.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a de conejeras puede encontrarse todo el a\u00f1o, aunque los machos se encuentran normalmente durante la estaci\u00f3n de apareamiento, de junio a octubre. Durante el apareamiento, el macho hace ru\u00eddos chirriantes: los sonidos se producen empujando el borde afilado de la parte anterior del abdomen a trav\u00e9s de un \u201c\u00f3rgano estridulador\u201d en la parte trasera del cefalot\u00f3rax. De este modo, atrae a la hembra fuera de su refugio y el apareamiento, que normalmente tiene lugar en oto\u00f1o, pero algunas veces tambi\u00e9n en primavera, puede completarse. La hembra pone ca. 50-100 huevos coloreados de rosa en un capullo blanco colgado dentro de la tela.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> se puede confundir con Steatoda castanea<\/em>, una especie que vive en h\u00e1bitats semejantes, pero que tiene en su mayor parte una coloraci\u00f3n m\u00e1s clara y solo se encuentra en primavera.\r\n\r\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se eligi\u00f3 Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>como la Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o?\r\n\r\nPor una parte, porque esta ara\u00f1a se encuentra frecuentemente en casas y es relativamente f\u00e1cil de reconocer. Por otro lado, es un ejemplo de ara\u00f1a de tela que no es peligrosa, al contrario que las ara\u00f1as viuda negra del Mediterr\u00e1neo, que son venenosas para las personas y a las que se teme y se mencionan regularmente en los medios populares. El chirrido de los machos es otra peculiaridad de la especie.\r\n\r\nA trav\u00e9s de la elecci\u00f3n de la Ara\u00f1a del A\u00f1o no solo esparamos que el grupo de animales menos populares ser\u00e1 puesto a la luz, sino que tambi\u00e9n esperamos que los investigadores obtengan nuevos datos sobre su distribuci\u00f3n actual. En este contexto, disfruta de la Ara\u00f1a del A\u00f1o y ay\u00fadanos con registros de tu localidad o documentaci\u00f3n fotogr\u00e1fica de esta especie.\r\n\r\nLa Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o la escogen 83 aracn\u00f3logos de 26 pa\u00edses europeos. La coordinaci\u00f3n se ejerce por medio del Museo de Historia Natural de Viena, junto con la \u201cArachnologischen Gesellschaft\u201d (AraGes) y la Sociedad Europea de Aracnolog\u00eda (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Pablo Carballo Felpete\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2018<\/h4>\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) kuuluu palloh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Theridiidae). Lajia on kutsuttu kotih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi. Maailmanlaajuisesti palloh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimossa on noin 2500 lajia, joista 228 el\u00e4\u00e4 Euroopassa ja noin 50 Suomessa. Steatoda<\/em>- suvussa on 13 lajia Euroopassa, n\u00e4ist\u00e4 nelj\u00e4 on tavattu Suomessa; useimmat el\u00e4v\u00e4t meill\u00e4 vain sis\u00e4tiloissa.\r\n\r\nLaji Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>on l\u00f6ydetty kaikista Euroopan maista. Sit\u00e4 tavataan yleisesti 800 m korkeuteen merenpinnasta, mutta Alpeilla on havaintoja jopa 2000 m korkeudelle asti. Suomessa lajia tavataan koko maassa.\r\n\r\nT\u00e4m\u00e4 verkonkutoja l\u00f6ytyy etenkin rakennusten sis\u00e4tiloista ja niiden ulkoseinustoilta, esimerkiksi ikkunalautojen ja -karmien suojista. Elinpaikkansa suhteen laji ei ole kovin nirso, ja se voi el\u00e4\u00e4 melko kuivissakin huonetiloissa. Sit\u00e4 tavataan my\u00f6s ulkona luonnonoloissa, etenkin puutarhoissa ja mets\u00e4nreunoilla, erityisesti puiden rungoilla ja kaarnan alla, sek\u00e4 kallionkoloissa ja kivikoissa. Laji on usein paikallisesti varsin runsaslukuinen, eik\u00e4 mitenk\u00e4\u00e4n uhanalainen.\r\n\r\nNaaraiden ruumiin pituus on 4,5\u20137 ja koiraiden 4\u20145,5 mm. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 rasvaiselta tai vahapintaiselta ja kiilt\u00e4v\u00e4lt\u00e4, erityisesti sen hieman litistynyt takaruumis. Eturuumiin perusv\u00e4ri on tumman ruskeasta l\u00e4hes mustaan, takaruumis on vaalean ruskea muuttuen tummemmaksi reunoiltaan. Takaruumiissa on enemm\u00e4n tai v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n selv\u00e4sti erottuva vaalea keskijuova, samoin kuin leve\u00e4 vaalea poikkijuova etureunassa. Tavallisesti lajilla on n\u00e4kyviss\u00e4 nelj\u00e4 pient\u00e4 tummaa pilkkua selk\u00e4puolella; ne osoittavat takaruumiin sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 olevien lihasten kiinnityskohtia. Jalat ovat punaruskeat ja niiss\u00e4 on tummempia rengaskuvioita.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata <\/em>kutoo kolmiulotteisen pyyntiverkon \u2013 tavallisesti rakennusten nurkkaan tai johonkin koloon \u2013 siin\u00e4 on melko paksuseittinen mattomainen osa, josta l\u00e4htee yl\u00f6sp\u00e4in seittis\u00e4ikeit\u00e4 sek\u00e4 sivuille kulkevia s\u00e4ikeit\u00e4. Varsinaiset pyyntirihmat suuntautuvat alasp\u00e4in. Vain niiss\u00e4 on liimamaisia pisaroita, jotka ovat n\u00e4iden seittirihmojen alaosassa. Saalisel\u00e4imet tarttuvat niihin, ja kun rihman v\u00e4r\u00e4hdykset h\u00e4lytt\u00e4v\u00e4t h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin, se kiiruhtaa paikalle suojastaan; tavallisesti jostain kolosta l\u00e4hell\u00e4 verkkoa. Laji voi pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 paitsi pienehk\u00f6j\u00e4 hy\u00f6nteisi\u00e4 jopa melko suurikokoisia h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4 kuten huoneh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4.\r\n\r\nLajia tavataan ymp\u00e4ri vuoden, koiraita tavallisesti paritteluaikaan kes\u00e4-lokakuussa. Paritteluun liittyen koiras aikaansaa sirisev\u00e4\u00e4 \u00e4\u00e4nt\u00e4 hankaamalla takaruumiin etureunan ter\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 kohoutumaa eturuumiin raspimaista takareunaa vasten. N\u00e4in naaras houkutellaan suojapaikastaan parittelemaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tapahtuu yleens\u00e4 syksyll\u00e4, joskus my\u00f6s kev\u00e4\u00e4ll\u00e4. Naaras munii 50-100 vaaleanpunaista munaa valkeaan munakoteloon, joka roikkuu verkossa.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em>-lajin voi sekoittaa l\u00e4heiseen lajiin S. castanea, <\/em>joka el\u00e4\u00e4 meill\u00e4 vain sis\u00e4tiloissa. Steatoda castanea<\/em> on v\u00e4ritykselt\u00e4\u00e4n vaaleampi, ja siit\u00e4 on meilt\u00e4 v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n havaintoja.\r\n\r\nMiksi Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> valittiin vuoden 2018 eurooppalaiseksi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi?\r\n\r\nSe on yleisesti l\u00f6ydett\u00e4viss\u00e4 asunnoista ja ihmisen l\u00e4hipiirist\u00e4, ja se on melko helposti tunnistettavissa. Laji on my\u00f6s esimerkki ihmiselle vaarattomasta palloh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kist\u00e4, vaikka muistuttaakin hieman V\u00e4limeren alueen mustaa leske\u00e4, jonka myrkky on ihmiselle vaarallista ja joka on siis aiheellisestikin pel\u00e4tty ja esiintyy s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti mediassa. My\u00f6s koiraan tuottama sirisev\u00e4 \u00e4\u00e4ni on lajin erikoisuus. Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnalla halutaan my\u00f6s tuoda t\u00e4t\u00e4 el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4\u00e4 paremmin yleis\u00f6n tietoisuuteen.\r\n\r\nEuroopan vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valitsi 83 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien tutkijaa) 26:sta maasta. Koordinaattorina toimivat Wienin luonnonhistoriallinen museo sek\u00e4 eurooppalaiset araknologiseurat Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) ja European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Araign\u00e9e de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2018<\/h4>\r\nAraign\u00e9e des clapiers \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e des clapiers, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), appartient \u00e0 la famille des araign\u00e9es \u00e0 toile en r\u00e9seau (Theridiidae, araign\u00e9es \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0pattes peign\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb). Dans le monde, cette famille compte 2 487 esp\u00e8ces dont 228 vivent en Europe. Le genre Steatoda<\/em> est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par 13 esp\u00e8ces en Europe, dont six se trouvent en Europe centrale.\r\n\r\nElle est pr\u00e9sente dans tous les pays europ\u00e9ens. Sa distribution altitudinale dans les milieux se situe essentiellement des plaines aux collines (jusqu'\u00e0 environ 800 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer), bien qu'il y ait des records jusqu'\u00e0 2 000 m dans les Alpes par exemple.\r\n\r\nEn tant qu\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 toile, cette araign\u00e9e s\u2019installe assez souvent dans ou sur des b\u00e2timents, comme sous des rebords de fen\u00eatre. L\u2019araign\u00e9e des clapiers est une esp\u00e8ce peu exigeante qui peut m\u00eame survivre dans des endroits assez secs. Comme son nom l'indique, les clapiers constituent souvent un habitat appropri\u00e9. Cependant, elles sont \u00e9galement trouv\u00e9es \u00e0 l'ext\u00e9rieur, la plupart du temps dans les jardins, sur les buissons et dans les murets \u2013 sp\u00e9cialement sous l'\u00e9corce des arbres - dans les crevasses rocheuses ou sous les pierres. Dans certaines zones, elles peuvent \u00eatre assez communes et l'esp\u00e8ce n'est pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme en voie de disparition.\r\n\r\nLa longueur du corps est de 4,5 \u00e0 7 mm chez les femelles et de 4 \u00e0 5,5 mm chez les m\u00e2les. Le corps appara\u00eet gras ou cireux et brillant, en particulier l'abdomen l\u00e9g\u00e8rement aplati. En allemand, cette araign\u00e9e est aussi appel\u00e9e la \"Fettspinne\" (en anglais, Fat ou Greasy Spider). La couleur de base du c\u00e9phalothorax est brune \u00e0 presque noire, l'abdomen est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement brun clair devenant brun fonc\u00e9 \u00e0 noir vers les bords. Un trait clair est plus ou moins distinct en position m\u00e9diane sur l'abdomen, ainsi qu'une large bande transversale plus p\u00e2le ant\u00e9rieurement. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement quatre petits points sombres peuvent \u00eatre visibles (= points o\u00f9 les muscles se fixent \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur du corps). Les pattes sont brun-rouge avec des anneaux plus sombres.\r\n\r\nL\u2019araign\u00e9e des clapiers construit une toile tridimensionnelle - g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans des coins ou des niches - avec une feuille plus ou moins \u00e9paisse maintenue par des fils verticaux et lat\u00e9raux, compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par des fils d'accrochage dirig\u00e9s vers le bas. Seuls ces derniers portent des gouttelettes de colle \u00e0 leur extr\u00e9mit\u00e9. Les proies se prennent sur ces fils qui se d\u00e9tachent et l'araign\u00e9e sort rapidement de sa retraite, habituellement une crevasse pr\u00e8s de la toile. Elle peut ma\u00eetriser non seulement les petits insectes, mais \u00e9galement de grandes araign\u00e9es comme la t\u00e9g\u00e9naire de la maison.\r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e peut \u00eatre rencontr\u00e9e toute l'ann\u00e9e, mais les m\u00e2les sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement observ\u00e9s au moment de la saison de reproduction de juin \u00e0 octobre. Pendant l'accouplement, le m\u00e2le fait des bruits de \u00ab\u00a0gazouillis\u00a0\u00bb : les sons sont produits en frottant une sorte de cr\u00eate pointue situ\u00e9e \u00e0 l'avant de l'abdomen sur une sorte d\u2019\u00aborgane stridulatoire\u00bb en forme de plaque \u00e0 l'arri\u00e8re du c\u00e9phalothorax. De cette fa\u00e7on, la femelle est attir\u00e9e hors de sa retraite et l'accouplement, qui a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement lieu en automne mais parfois aussi au printemps, peut se d\u00e9rouler. La femelle pond autour de 50 \u00e0 100 \u0153ufs, de couleur rose dans un cocon blanc qui est accroch\u00e9 au milieu de la toile.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> peut \u00e9ventuellement \u00eatre confondue avec Steatoda castanea,<\/em> une esp\u00e8ce qui vit dans des habitats similaires mais qui a surtout une couleur plus claire et qui ne se rencontre qu'au printemps.\r\n\r\nPourquoi Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> a-t-elle \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie comme Araign\u00e9e Europ\u00e9enne de l'Ann\u00e9e?\r\n\r\n<\/strong>D'une part, parce que cette esp\u00e8ce est couramment trouv\u00e9e dans les maisons et est relativement facile \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre. D'autre part, il s'agit d'un exemple d'araign\u00e9e qui n'est pas dangereuse pour l\u2019homme, contrairement aux araign\u00e9es veuves de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e qui sont venimeuses pour les gens et qui sont \u00e0 juste titre redout\u00e9es et r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement mentionn\u00e9es dans les m\u00e9dias populaires. Le \u00ab\u00a0chant\u00a0\u00bb des m\u00e2les est aussi une autre particularit\u00e9 de l'esp\u00e8ce.\r\n\r\nEn choisissant l'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e, nous esp\u00e9rons non seulement qu'un groupe d'animaux moins populaire soit mis en \u00e9vidence, mais \u00e9galement que les chercheurs pourront obtenir de nouvelles donn\u00e9es sur sa distribution actuelle. Dans ce contexte, profitez de l'Araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e et aidez-nous avec vos dossiers de localit\u00e9 ou de la documentation photographique de cette esp\u00e8ce.\r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne est choisie par 83 arachnologues de 26 pays europ\u00e9ens. La coordination se fait par le biais du Mus\u00e9um d'histoire naturelle de Vienne avec l'Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne d'arachnologie (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Christine Rollard<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ragno dell\u2019anno 2018<\/h4>\r\nSteatoda punteggiata \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nLa Steatoda punteggiata, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), \u00e8 un ragno appartenente alla famiglia dei Theridiidae. Nel mondo questa famiglia conta 2,487 specie di cui 228 si ritrovano in Europa. Il genere Steatoda<\/em> \u00e8 rappresentato in Europa da 13 specie, 8 delle quali si ritrovano anche in Italia. Insieme ad altri generi, tra cui il famigerato Latrodectus, <\/em>il genere Steatoda <\/em>include i ragni comunemente noti come \u201cvedove\u201d.\r\n\r\nLa Steatoda punteggiata \u00e8 diffusa in tutti I paesi europei. La sua distribuzione altimetrica \u00e8 piuttosto ampia, visto che si ritrova dal livello del mare fino ai 2000 m in montagna.\r\n\r\nSi tratta di un ragno tessitore che frequenta gli ambienti antropici, in particolare le abitazioni, dove si ritrova nelle intercapedini delle finestre o sotto i davanzali. La Steatoda punteggiata \u00e8 molto adattabile, e sopporta bene anche condizioni di aridit\u00e0 spinte. Pi\u00f9 comunemente si ritrova in giardini, tra i cespugli, sotto le cortecce, tra le pietre e sui muri. Il nome richiama la presenza di una fila di puntini scuri sull\u2019addome, caratteristica di questa specie.\r\n\r\nIl corpo misura circa 4.5\u20137 mm nelle femmine e 4\u20135.5 mm nei maschi. Il corpo \u00e8 lucente, in particolare l\u2019addome, che \u00e8 leggermente schiacciato. Il colore dell\u2019addome tende al bruno o al nero. Due bande chiare indistinte si ritrovano sulla parte centrale dell\u2019addome e sulla parte anteriore. Quattro puntini scuri corrispondenti ai punti di inserzione dei muscoli adodminali sono visibili sull\u2019addome, le zampe sono brunastre, con anelli pi\u00f9 scuri.\r\n\r\nLa Steatoda punteggiata costruisce una ragnatela tridimensionale \u2013 normalmente negli angoli o nelle nicchie\u2013 con diversi intrecci di fili appiccicosi verticali diretti verso l\u2019alto o lateralmente. I fili di cattura sono diretti verso il basso e presentano goccioline di colla alle estremit\u00e0 inferiori. Quando le prede rimangono intrappolate in questi fili, il ragno esce dal suo rifugio e consuma le prede direttamente sulla tela. La Steatoda punteggiata non cattura soltanto piccoli insetti, ma pu\u00f2 catturare anche ragni di dimensioni notevoli, come le tegenarie. <\/em>\r\n\r\nLa Steatoda punteggiata si ritrova tutto l\u2019anno, anche se di solito i maschi si ritrovano prevalentemente da Giugno a Ottobre, durante il periodo dell\u2019accoppiamento. Durante il corteggiamento il maschio produce dei suoni con un organo stridulatorio situato nella parte terminale del cefalotorace che viene sfregato contro la parte anteriore dell\u2019addome. In questo modo la femmina \u00e8 attratta fuori dal suo rifugio per l\u2019accoppiamento, che di norma avviene in autunno o pi\u00f9 raramente in primavera. La femmina depone circa un centinaio di uova di colore rosa che avvolge in un cocoon<\/em> bianco che viene appeso alla ragnatela.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> pu\u00f2 essere facilmente confusa con altre specie dello stesso genere, ed in particolare con Steatoda castanea<\/em>, una specie che frequenta habitat simili distinguibile per la colorazione pi\u00f9 chiara.\r\n\r\nPerch\u00e8 Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>\u00e8 stata scelta come ragno dell\u2019anno 2018?\r\n\r\nDa un lato questa specie \u00e8 facilmente ritrovabile in ambiente sinantropo, ed \u00e8 relativamente facile da identificare. Dall\u2019altro, si tratta di una specie di \u201cvedova\u201d non pericolosa, a differenze delle vedove nere mediterranee, il cui morso \u00e8 pericoloso per l\u2019uomo. I particolari suoni prodotti dal maschio nel corteggiamento rappresentano un\u2019altra peculiarit\u00e0 di questa specie.\r\n\r\nL\u2019iniziativa del Ragno dell\u2019Anno ha come scopo quello di avvicinare il pubblico ad un gruppo impopolare di animali e di fornire dati interessanti agli studiosi sulla distribuzione delle specie europee. In questo contesto, potete divertirvi a scoprire il Ragno dell\u2019Anno e inviarci fotografie corredate da dati sulla posizione utili a documentare la distribuzione di questa specie in Europa.\r\n\r\nIl ragno dell\u2019anno \u00e8 scelto ogni anno da 83 aracnologi di 26 paesi diversi. Il coordinamento del progetto \u00e8 curato dal Museo di Storia Naturale di Vienna insieme ad \u2018Arachnologischen Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) e la Societ\u00e0 Europea di Aracnologia (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Marco Isaia<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europese spin van het jaar 2018<\/h4>\r\nDe Koffieboonspin \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nDe Koffieboonspin, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), behoort tot de familie van de kogelspinnen (Theridiidae). Wereldwijd telt deze familie 2,487 soorten, waarvan er 228 in Europa leven. Het genus Steatoda<\/em> is er met 13 soorten vertegenwoordigd.\r\n\r\nDe Koffieboonspin wordt in alle Europese landen aangetroffen. Het is een soort van de laaglanden tot heuvels van 800m boven zeeniveau, hoewel er meldingen zijn van hoogtes tot 2000 m in bv. de Alpen.\r\n\r\nHaar web bouwt ze veelal in of aan gebouwen, bv. onder vensterbanken. De Koffieboonspin is niet kieskeurig en ze kan zelfs overleven in vrij droge ruimtes. Ze wordt echter ook buitenshuis aangetroffen, soms in rotsspleten, maar vaak onder loszittende schors van bomen of onder stenen in tuinen. Op sommige plaatsen kan ze vrij algemeen voorkomen en de soort wordt dan ook niet beschouwd als bedreigd.\r\n\r\nZoals de Nederlandse naam zegt, doet het achterlijf van deze spin denken aan een koffieboon. Als ze verstoord wordt, trekt ze haar poten in en wordt ze ook ovaal zoals een koffieboon.\r\n\r\nDe lichaamslengte van de vrouwtjes bedraagt 4,5\u20137 mm en van de mannetjes 4\u20135,5 mm. Het enigszins afgeplatte achterlijf is glanzend, wat het een vettig of wassen uitzicht geeft. In het Duits noemt men de spin dan ook \u201cFettspinne\u201d. De basiskleur van het kopborststuk is donkerbruin tot zwart. Het achterlijf is meestal lichtbuin met meer donkere randen. Over het achterlijf loopt een -soms minder zichtbare- lichtere middenstreep en ook de voorzijde heeft een lichtere band. Meestal zijn ook vier donkere plekjes zichtbaar (deze tonen de aanhechtingspunten van spieren binnenin het achterlijf). De poten zijn roodbruin met donkere ringzones.\r\n\r\nDe Koffieboonspin weeft een driedimensionaal web, veelal in hoeken of vensternissen. Vaak is een dikker gesponnen 'matgedeelte' zichtbaar, waaraan verticale en zijwaartse draden worden bevestigd. De vangdraden zijn meestal verticale, strak opgespannen draden, die onderaan kleefstof bevatten. Wanneer een prooi daar tegen loopt, blijft ze kleven en komt de draad los van de bodem. In een holte vlak bij het web heeft de spin haar schuilplaats en voelt ze de trillingen die de prooi in het web veroorzaakt. De Koffieboonspin haast zich dan om de prooi te overmeesteren. Deze soort vangt zelfs grote prooien zoals huisspinnen.\r\n\r\nDe Koffieboonspin kan het hele jaar door gevonden worden, maar de mannetjes worden het meest opgemerkt tijdens het paarseizoen van juni tot oktober (hoewel paring ook in de lente kan plaatshebben). Zij hebben opvallend grote verdikkingen aan het einde van de tasters (palpen), die je ook met het blote oog duidelijk kan opmerken. Tijdens het paren maakt het mannetje tsjirpende geluiden: deze worden voortgebracht door de scherpe rand aan de voorkant van het achterlijf tegen een vijlachtig \u2018stridulatie-orgaan\u2019 aan de achterkant van het kopborststuk te wrijven. Het vrouwtje wordt door dit geluid uit haar schuilplaats gelokt, waarna de paring kan plaatsvinden. In tegenstelling tot de Zwarte weduwe, is het mannetje van de Koffieboonspin niet veel kleiner dan het vrouwtje en wordt dan ook niet zo vaak door dat vrouwtje gevangen en opgegeten. Het vrouwtje legt tussen de 50 en 100 roze eitjes in een witte cocon die ze in haar web hangt.\r\n\r\nDe Koffieboonspin is eigenlijk met geen enkele andere inheemse soort te verwarren.\r\n\r\nWaarom is de Koffieboonspin verkozen tot Europese Spin van het Jaar 2018?<\/em>\r\n\r\nVooreerst wordt deze soort vaak gevonden in huis en is ze relatief makkelijk te herkennen. Verder staat ze model voor de vele kogelspinnen die niet gevaarlijk zijn, in tegenstelling tot de Zwarte weduwen, die gevaarlijk giftig kunnen zijn voor mensen en waarvoor terecht een grote voorzichtigheid aan de dag wordt gelegd. Het tsjirpende geluid van de mannetjes is ook een leuke eigenschap van de soort.\r\n\r\nVia een initiatief als de Spin van het Jaar hopen we niet alleen een minder populaire diergroep als de spinnen onder de aandacht te brengen, maar ook dat een breder publiek deze soort zal melden, zodat onderzoekers nieuwe gegevens ontvangen over de huidige verspreiding van de Koffieboonspin.\r\n\r\nHet volstaat om de hoekjes en kantjes van je huis eens te controleren op de aanwezigheid van de Koffieboonspin en de waargenomen exemplaren te fotograferen en te melden via de meldingssite van Natuurpunt: www.waarnemingen.be<\/a>.\r\n\r\nDe Europese Spin van het Jaar wordt verkozen door 83 arachnologen uit 26 Europese landen. De co\u00f6rdinatie gebeurt door het Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, samen met het \u2018Arachnologisches Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) en de European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Koen Van Keer\r\n

Contact voor Belgi\u00eb<\/h4>\r\nKoen Van Keer: koenvankeer(a)telenet.be<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2018<\/h4>\r\nZyzu\u015b t\u0142u\u015bcioch \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) nale\u017cy do rodziny omatnikowatych (Theridiidae), licz\u0105cej w \u015bwiecie ponad 2500 gatunk\u00f3w, z czego 228 wyst\u0119puje w \u015arodkowej Europie, a 63 w Polsce. S\u0105 to paj\u0105ki ma\u0142ych i \u015brednich rozmiar\u00f3w, zwykle 3-8 mm d\u0142ugo\u015bci (bez odn\u00f3\u017cy). Kszta\u0142t cia\u0142a jest zr\u00f3\u017cnicowany, ale wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 gatunk\u00f3w ma kulisty odw\u0142ok i cienkie, delikatne nogi. Na stopach mog\u0105 wyst\u0119powa\u0107 grzebykowate w\u0142osy. Ubarwienie jest zwykle czarne lub br\u0105zowe, ale zdarzaj\u0105 si\u0119 te\u017c gatunki z wyra\u017anym wzorem barwnym.\r\n\r\nOmatnikowate buduj\u0105 nieregularne i chaotyczne sieci, czasami w kszta\u0142cie dzwonu. Nici \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce z pod\u0142o\u017cem s\u0105 lepkie i na tyle mocne, \u017ce s\u0105 w stanie z\u0142owi\u0107 du\u017ce ofiary, np. skorpiony. Do najbardziej znanych omatnik\u00f3w nalez\u0105 gatunki z rodzaju Latrodectus<\/em> \u2013 rozmieszczone w ciep\u0142ych rejonach \u015bwiata, S\u0105 w\u015br\u00f3d nich ameryka\u0144ska czarna wdowa (Latrodectus mactans<\/em>), australijski redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti<\/em>) i \u017cyj\u0105cy w po\u0142udniowej Europie Latrodectus tredecimguttatus<\/em>, zwany czasami czarnym wilkiem. Jad gatunk\u00f3w z rodzaju Latrodectus<\/em> jest silnie toksyczny, a nawet zab\u00f3jczy dla cz\u0142owieka. Wiele gatunk\u00f3w osn\u00f3wik\u00f3w \u017cyje w s\u0105siedztwie cz\u0142owieka; jest w\u015br\u00f3d nich r\u00f3wnie\u017c tegoroczny zwyci\u0119zca.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (zyzu\u015b t\u0142u\u015bcioch) wyst\u0119puje we wszystkich krajach Europy - od nizin - po wysoko\u015b\u0107 800 metr\u00f3w cho\u0107 w Alpach s\u0105 docieraj\u0105 do 2000 m. Gatunek jest cz\u0119sto spotykany na budynkach, pod parapetami i okiennicami. Mo\u017ce prze\u017cy\u0107 w suchych pomieszczeniach mieszka\u0144, w szafach, kredensach, na rega\u0142ach z ksi\u0105\u017ckami. \u017byj\u0105 te\u017c w ogr\u00f3dkach, w\u015br\u00f3d kwiat\u00f3w i krzew\u00f3w, pod kor\u0105 drzew, w\u015br\u00f3d kamieni czy starych desek. Samice zyzusia t\u0142u\u015bciocha mierz\u0105 4,5\u20137 mm, samce od 4 do 5,5 mm. Cia\u0142o jest lekko sp\u0142aszczone, br\u0105zowo-czarne, z jasnym paskiem \u015brodkowym, szersz\u0105 obw\u00f3dk\u0105 z przodu odw\u0142oka i z lekkim woskowatym po\u0142yskiem. Na powierzchni odw\u0142oka widoczne s\u0105 4 ciemne do\u0142kowate punkty - tak zwane apodemy, do kt\u00f3rych przymocowane s\u0105 mi\u0119\u015bnie odpowiedzialne za skurcze serca. W por\u00f3wnaniu innymi omatnikowatymi, nogi zyzusia s\u0105 do\u015b\u0107 kr\u00f3tkie, br\u0105zowe, z czarnymi obw\u00f3dkami.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> buduje tr\u00f3jwymiarowe sieci \u2013 najcz\u0119\u015bciej w k\u0105tach i podobnych niszowatych zag\u0142\u0119bieniach. Zwykle mo\u017cna wyr\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 p\u0142achtowat\u0105 p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119, przymocowan\u0105 pionowymi i poziomymi ni\u0107mi. Nici \u0142owne skierowane s\u0105 w d\u00f3\u0142, a na ich ko\u0144cach znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 krople kleistej substancji. Ofiary przyklejaj\u0105 si\u0119 do niej, odrywa ni\u0107 od pod\u0142o\u017ca, zawisaj\u0105c bezbronnie w powietrzu. Zaalarmowany zyzu\u015b wybiega ze swej szczelinowatej kryj\u00f3wki na peryferiach sieci, omotuje ofiar\u0119 i zabija jadem. Cz\u0119sto \u0142owione s\u0105 du\u017ce owady, a nawet paj\u0105ki domowe z rodzaju Tegenaria<\/em>.\r\n\r\nW s\u0105siedztwie cz\u0142owieka zyzusia mo\u017cna spotka\u0107 przez ca\u0142y rok, cho\u0107 samce zwykle tylko w okresie rozrodu (czerwiec \u2013 pa\u017adziernik). W poszukiwaniu partnerek, samce wytwarzaj\u0105 \u0107wierkaj\u0105ce d\u017awi\u0119ki poprzez pocieranie o siebie przedniej kraw\u0119dzi odw\u0142oka i tylnej cz\u0119\u015bci g\u0142owotu\u0142owia. Ma to zach\u0119ci\u0107 samic\u0119 do wyj\u015bcia z kryj\u00f3wki i do kopulacji. Okres zelot\u00f3w przypada na jesien, cho\u0107 zdarzaj\u0105 si\u0119 i wiosenni kochankowie. Samice sk\u0142adaj\u0105 50-100 r\u00f3\u017cowawych jaj i oplataj\u0105 je bia\u0142ym kokonem, kt\u00f3ry zawieszaj\u0105 na sieci.\r\n\r\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> bywa mylona z pokrewnym gatunkiem, Steatoda castanea<\/em>. Oba \u017cyj\u0105 w tym samym \u015brodowisku, ale ten drugi jest nieco ja\u015bniejszy i spotykany wiosn\u0105.\r\n\r\nTegoroczny zwyci\u0119zca zosta\u0142 wybrany z kilku powod\u00f3w. Po pierwsze, jest gatunkiem pospolitym i towarzysz\u0105cym cz\u0142owiekowi. Po drugie, jest przyk\u0142adem na to jak bliscy krewniacy (Steatoda<\/em> i Latrodectus<\/em>) mog\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 si\u0119 toksyczno\u015bci\u0105 jadu. Po trzecie, Steatoda bipunctata <\/em>bywa cz\u0119sto mylona z gatunkami rodzaju Latrodectus<\/em> i by\u0107 mo\u017ce tegoroczny wyb\u00f3r pozwoli je w ko\u0144cu dobrze odr\u00f3\u017cnia\u0107. Wreszcie, po czwarte, strydulacja (\u0107wierkanie\u201d) samc\u00f3w \u2013 to cecha u paj\u0105k\u00f3w do\u015b\u0107 rzadka i zas\u0142ugujaca na uwag\u0119.\r\n\r\nPrzedstawiaj\u0105c tegorocznego laureata, mamy nadziej\u0119 uzyska\u0107 wi\u0119cej danych o jego o jego biologii i rozmieszczeniu.\r\n\r\nWyboru Europejskiego Paj\u0105ka Roku 2018 dokona\u0142o 83 arachnolog\u00f3w z 26 kraj\u00f3w Europy. Koordynatorem projektu by\u0142o Natural History Museum Vienna, Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) i the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marek\u00a0\u017babka\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets spindel 2018<\/h4>\r\nFettspindeln \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nFettspindeln, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), tillh\u00f6r spindelfamiljen klotspindlar (Theridiidae). Det finns n\u00e4stan 2500 arter av klotspindlar beskrivna i v\u00e4rlden av vilka 228 har hittats i Europa. Sl\u00e4ktet Steatoda<\/em> har 13 arter i Europa, varav fyra finns i Norden.\r\n\r\nFettspindeln har p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffats i alla europeiska l\u00e4nder. I Mellaneuropa finns den fr\u00e5n l\u00e5glandet och upp till ca 800 m.\u00f6.h, med enstaka fynd \u00e4nnu h\u00f6gre. I Sverige finns den upp till fj\u00e4llkedjan. Antalet fynd i de inre av Lappland, i skogslandet \u00e4r f\u00e5, men beror kanske p\u00e5 att f\u00e5 rapporterat d\u00e4r.\r\n\r\nDen \u00e4r vanlig p\u00e5 byggnader, b\u00e5de p\u00e5 utsidan och inuti svalare delar. Tittar man i f\u00f6nsterkarmar p\u00e5 utsidan hittar man ofta dess n\u00e4t. Den \u00e4r t\u00e5ligare \u00e4n de flesta spindlar och kan klara sig l\u00e4nge i torra och uppv\u00e4rmda utrymmen, p\u00e5 st\u00e4llen d\u00e4r de flesta andra spindlar inte klarar sig. I k\u00e4llare, garage, stall och uthus \u00e4r den vanlig. Den finns \u00e4ven utomhus, \u00e4ven i t\u00e4mligen kyligt klimat. Kyla t\u00e5l den bra. S\u00e4rskilt ofta hittar man den under bark, men ocks\u00e5 under stenar i murar, i l\u00e5dor, i kaninh\u00e5lor och andra m\u00f6rka st\u00e4llen. I st\u00f6rre delen av sitt utbredningsomr\u00e5de \u00e4r fettspindeln vanlig och den anses inte hotad n\u00e5gonstans.\r\n\r\nKroppsl\u00e4ngden \u00e4r 4,5-7 mm hos honan och 4-5,5 mm hos hanen. Kroppen och s\u00e4rskilt den stora bakkroppen \u00e4r glansig vilket s\u00e4kert gett upphov till dess svenska namn. P\u00e5 tyska kallas den Fettspinne, p\u00e5 engelska Rabbit Hutch Spider (eller ibland det mindre bra namnet false widow p\u00e5 grund av ett avl\u00e4gset sl\u00e4ktskap med svarta \u00e4nkan och andra arter i sl\u00e4ktet Latrodectus<\/em>). Framkroppens grundf\u00e4rg \u00e4r brun till brunsvart. Bakkroppen \u00e4r brun, med m\u00f6rkare brun f\u00e4rg mot kanten. Ofta finns en ljusare small mittrand och ett brett ljust band framtill p\u00e5 bakkroppen. P\u00e5 bakkroppen syns n\u00e5gra stycken m\u00f6rka punkter. De \u00e4r muskelf\u00e4sten. Av dessa s\u00e5g Linn\u00e9 bara de tv\u00e5 st\u00f6rsta och gav d\u00e4rf\u00f6r arten artepitetet bipunctata<\/em>. Benen \u00e4r r\u00f6dbruna med m\u00f6rkare ringar.\r\n\r\nFettspindeln, liksom andra klotspindlar, bygger ett tredimensionellt n\u00e4t. Oftast \u00e4r n\u00e4tet byggt i ett h\u00f6rn. Fr\u00e5n ett mindre tydligt mer eller mindre h\u00e4ngande horisontellt n\u00e4t utg\u00e5r vertikala tr\u00e5dar ned\u00e5t och upp\u00e5t, och n\u00e5gra tr\u00e5dar som g\u00e5r ut fr\u00e5n den glesa matten. F\u00e5ngsttr\u00e5darna \u00e4r de som h\u00e4nger rakt ned\u00e5t. Dessa sitter fast mot underlaget och har l\u00e4ngst ned limdroppar som bytesdjuren fastnar i. Limdroppar saknas hos de andra tr\u00e5darna i n\u00e4tet. N\u00e4r en myra, n\u00e5gon annan insekt eller annat litet sm\u00e5kryp fastnar i en eller flera tr\u00e5dar med limdroppar s\u00e5 kommer fettspindeln snabbt fram fr\u00e5n sitt g\u00f6msle och biter bytet och sprutar in sitt gift. Fettspindlar v\u00e4ljer om det g\u00e5r att bo i springor i n\u00e4rheten av ett st\u00e4lle som \u00e4r l\u00e4mpligt f\u00f6r den att g\u00f6ra sitt n\u00e4t. N\u00e4tet \u00e4r normalt anlagt s\u00e5 att inte s\u00e5 mycket regn faller p\u00e5 den, \u00e4ven utomhus g\u00e4rna p\u00e5 ett torrt st\u00e4lle. Fettspindeln kan inte bara f\u00e5nga insekter mindre \u00e4n den sj\u00e4lv \u00e4r utan \u00e4ven byten som \u00e4r betydligt st\u00f6rre. Den f\u00e5ngar inte bara l\u00e4ttf\u00e5ngade byten utan \u00e4ven besv\u00e4rliga byten som kan f\u00f6rsvara sig sj\u00e4lva. Myror och andra spindlar fastnar ofta i dess n\u00e4t och blir byten.\r\n\r\nUngar och vuxna honor av fettspindeln finner man \u00e5ret runt. Hanar brukar man dock mest finna i juni-oktober, vilket ocks\u00e5 \u00e4r den huvudsakliga parningss\u00e4songen. \u00c4ven p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren finns hanar och kan parning ske. Hanarna uppvaktar honorna genom att g\u00f6ra ljud med hj\u00e4lp av ett antal taggar som sitter som en h\u00e4stsko framtill p\u00e5 bakkroppen mot tv\u00e5 r\u00e4fflade cirklar baktill p\u00e5 framkroppen. Ljudet \u00e4r fullt h\u00f6rbart f\u00f6r andra fettspindlar. Det l\u00e4r inte vara h\u00f6rbart f\u00f6r oss, \u00e4ven om en del m\u00e4nniskor p\u00e5st\u00e5r att de har h\u00f6rt det. Det har beskrivits som ett klickande ljud. Ljudfrekvensen \u00e4r variabel, men ligger n\u00e4ra 1000 Hz. Med dessa ljud lockar hanen fram honan fr\u00e5n sitt g\u00f6msle. Han kan spela i timmar, vanligt \u00e4r i hela 6-8 timmar, innan han lyckats locka fram honan till parning. Vid parningen sitter de v\u00e4nda mot varandra i en vinkel och med buksidan upp\u00e5t. Hanen f\u00f6r in sitt ena parningsorgan, sin ena pedipalp, i honans epigyn. Parningen kan p\u00e5g\u00e5 i n\u00e5gon timma. D\u00e4refter bryter han, l\u00e4mnar henne, spelar ett tag och parar sig igen med den andra pedipalpen. Efter parningen l\u00e4mnar hanen honan. Honan visar ingen aggressivitet mot hanen utan l\u00e5ter honom avl\u00e4gsna sig. Honan l\u00e4gger efter en tid 100-150 ljusr\u00f6da \u00e4gg i en gulvit \u00e4ggkokong. Den h\u00e4ngs upp av honan i n\u00e4tet i n\u00e4rheten av d\u00e4r hon brukar vara.\r\n\r\nFettspindeln, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em>, kan m\u00f6jligen blandas ihop med andra arter i sl\u00e4ktet. Alla de \u00f6vriga arterna i sl\u00e4ktet Steatoda<\/em> \u00e4r mer s\u00e4llsynta i Sverige. Den ljusare Steatoda castanea<\/em>, kastanjespindeln, finns s\u00e4llsynt i de \u00f6stra delarna av Sverige. Den lever i liknande milj\u00f6er men kr\u00e4ver kraftigare uppv\u00e4rmning och hittas p\u00e5 st\u00e4llen som blir ordentligt uppv\u00e4rmda av solen. L\u00e4ngre \u00f6sterut blir den vanligare. Den st\u00f6rre och m\u00f6rkare Steatoda grossa<\/em>, husvaxspindeln, \u00e4r d\u00e4remot v\u00e4stlig och hittas ibland i byggnader p\u00e5 V\u00e4stkusten. Steatoda albomaculata<\/em>, fl\u00e4ckvaxspindeln, \u00e4r vackert m\u00f6nstrad med ljusa fl\u00e4ckar p\u00e5 bakkroppen. Den hittar man utomhus p\u00e5 sandiga eller steniga, torra och \u00f6ppna marker som har fl\u00e4ckar utan vegetation. Den vackra och f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandevis stora mediterreana arten Steatoda paykulliana<\/em> kommer ibland in i landet med frukt och annat, och hittas d\u00e5 oftast bland frukt i livsmedelsbutiker. Den kan inte \u00f6verleva i Sverige. Av den i Mellaneuropa inte helt ovanliga inomhusarten Steatoda triangulosa<\/em> finns i Sverige bara ett tillf\u00e4lligt fynd fr\u00e5n Palmhuset i G\u00f6teborg. Det \u00e4r en art som vi kan f\u00f6rv\u00e4nta oss kommer att invandra till Sverige.\r\n\r\nFettspindeln \u00e4r inte giftig f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskan \u00e4ven om de \u00e4r sl\u00e4kt med svarta \u00e4nkan, medelhavs\u00e4nkan och andra klotspindlar i sl\u00e4ktet Latrodectus<\/em>. Tyv\u00e4rr tror ibland en del m\u00e4nniskor, b\u00e5de i Sverige och i andra l\u00e4nder, att de hittat en \u201d\u00e4nka\u201d av sl\u00e4ktet Latrodectus<\/em> n\u00e4r de hittat en fettspindel.\r\n\r\nVarf\u00f6r valdes fettspindeln till \u00e5rets europeiska spindel? Den valdes d\u00e4rf\u00f6r att den \u00e4r en art som m\u00e5nga tr\u00e4ffar p\u00e5 d\u00e5 den \u00e4r vanlig inomhus och p\u00e5 utsidan av f\u00f6nster. Den \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 en art som man ganska l\u00e4tt l\u00e4r sig k\u00e4nna igen. Den har ocks\u00e5 flera intressanta beteenden som hanarnas uppvaktningsspelande och f\u00e5ngstn\u00e4ten. Trots att fettspindeln \u00e4r relativt v\u00e4l unders\u00f6kt finns mer att l\u00e4ra \u00e4n vad vi vet om dess liv och beteenden.\r\n\r\nGenom att v\u00e4lja \u00c5rets spindel<\/em> s\u00e5 hoppas vi p\u00e5 att f\u00e5 positiv uppm\u00e4rksamhet f\u00f6r en grupp som inte \u00e4r s\u00e5 popul\u00e4r hos alla. Vi hoppas ocks\u00e5 att f\u00e5 ny information om fettspindeln, bl.a. om dess utbredning, men bl.a. ocks\u00e5 om beteenden och bytesval. Rapportera g\u00e4rna in fynd p\u00e5 Artportalen (www.artportalen.se<\/a>).\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets europeiska spindel v\u00e4ljs ut av 83 araknologer fr\u00e5n 26 europeiska l\u00e4nder. Detta koordineras av Wiens Naturhistoriska museum tillsammans med Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) och European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Lars J. Jonsson\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Pajek leta 2018<\/h4>\r\nDvopik\u010dasti krogli\u010dar \u2013\u00a0Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nDvopik\u010dasti krogli\u010dar Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) pripada dru\u017eini krogli\u010darjev (Theridiidae). Po svetu poznamo 2.487 vrst pajkov, ki pripadajo tej dru\u017eini, od tega jih 228 \u017eivi v Evropi. Rodu Steatoda<\/em> v Evropi pripada 13 vrst.\r\n\r\nDvopik\u010dastega krogli\u010darja najdemo v vsem dr\u017eavah Evrope. Pojavlja se predvsem v ni\u017einskih predelih in ni\u017ejem hribovju do pribl. 800 m n. v. Izjemoma se pojavlja tudi v visokogorju, kjer znana najdi\u0161\u010da v Alpah segajo vse do 2000 m n. v.\r\n\r\nTo vrsto pogosto opazimo v ali ob \u010dlove\u0161kih prebivali\u0161\u010dih, kjer za gradnjo mre\u017e uporabi npr. okenske police in ograje, kot nezahtevna vrsta pa pre\u017eivi tudi v precej suhih sobah. V angle\u0161\u010dini vrsto imenujejo \u00bbrabbit hutch spider\u00ab saj tam zaj\u010dniki predstavljajo pogost habitat. V naravi jo najdemo v grmovju, pod drevesnim lubjem, v razpokah skal in pod kamenjem. Mestoma je vrsta zelo pogosta in ne velja za ogro\u017eeno.\r\n\r\nTelesna dol\u017eina pri samicah zna\u0161a 4,5-7 mm, pri samcih pa 4-5,5 mm. Celo telo, predvsem to velja za splo\u0161\u010den zadek, izgleda oljnato svetle\u010de. V nem\u0161\u010dini vrsto zato imenujejo \u00bboljnati pajek\u00ab (nem. \u00bbFettspinne\u00ab). Osnovna barva glavoprsja je temno rjava do \u010drna, zadek je svetlo rjave barve, ki ob robovih prehaja v temno rjavo do \u010drno. Vzdol\u017e zadka po sredini poteka bolj ali manj nejasna svetla \u010drta, pre\u010dno po sprednjem delu zadka pa svetel pas. Na zadku obi\u010dajno opazimo \u0161tiri temne pike \u2013 to so to\u010dke, kamor se na notranji strani telesa pripenjajo mi\u0161ice. Noge so rde\u010de rjave s temnej\u0161imi obro\u010dki.\r\n\r\nDvopik\u010dasti pajek gradi tridimenzionalne mre\u017ee z bolj ali manj gosto vodoravno ploskvijo, iz katere se v vse smeri raztezajo posamezne niti. Lovilne niti so usmerjene navpi\u010dno navzdol in so pri tleh opremljene z lepilom. Hode\u010d plen se ob stiku z lepljivo nitjo nanjo zalepi, nit se ob tem odtrga od tal, plen pa obvisi v zraku, medtem ko pajek hiti ponj. Dvopik\u010dasti pajek v glavnem lovi \u017eu\u017eelke, v\u010dasih pa tudi druge pajke, npr. hi\u0161ne pajke rodu Tegenaria<\/em>.\r\n\r\nSamice dvopik\u010dastega pajka najdemo tekom celega leta, samce pa v paritveni sezoni med junijem in oktobrom. Med parjenjem samec oddaja cvr\u010danju podobne zvoke, s katerimi samico zvabi iz zato\u010di\u0161\u010da. Te zvoke ustvari z drgnjenjem ostrega roba na zadku ob listast \u00bbstridulacijski organ\u00ab na glavoprsju. Samica zgradi bel kokon, ki vsebuje 50-100 roza obarvanih jajc, in ga obesi v sredo tridimenzionalne mre\u017ee.\r\n\r\nZakaj smo vrsto Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> izbrali za evropskega pajka leta?\r\n\r\nNa eni strani zato, ker gre za pogosto vrsto, ki jo pogosto opazimo v \u010dlove\u0161kih bivali\u0161\u010dih in je hkrati zlahka prepoznavna. Po drugi strani zato, ker je predstavnik krogli\u010darjev, zanimive skupine pajkov, ki ji pripadajo tudi \u010drne vdove. Cvr\u010danju podobni svatbeni napevi so prav tako posebnost te vrste.\r\n\r\nZ izbiro pajka leta upamo na ve\u010djo prepoznavnost in razumevanje sicer v javnosti manj priljubljene skupine \u017eivali, hkrati pa si \u017eelimo novih podatkov o trenutni raz\u0161irjenosti vrste. V tem kontekstu vam \u017eelimo, da u\u017eivate v izborih pajka leta in nam pomagate z lokalnimi najdbami in fotografijami.\r\n\r\nEvropskega pajka leta izbira 83 arahnologov iz 26 evropskih dr\u017eav. Izbor koordinirajo Prirodoslovni muzej na Dunaju, nem\u0161ko arahnolo\u0161ko dru\u0161tvo \u00bbArachnologische Gesellschaft\u00ab in evropsko arahnolo\u0161ko dru\u0161tvo \u00bbthe European Society of Arachnology\u00ab.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2018
\nRabbit Hutch Spider
\nSteatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

The Rabbit Hutch Spider, Steatoda bipunctata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), belongs to the cobweb spider family (= comb-footed spiders, Theridiidae). Worldwide, this family has 2,487 species of which 228 live in Europe.<\/p>\n

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