{"id":2899,"date":"2019-01-03T14:57:21","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T13:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=2899"},"modified":"2020-02-23T10:56:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-23T09:56:41","slug":"2019-myrmarachne-formicaria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=2899","title":{"rendered":"2019 Myrmarachne formicaria"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2019<\/h1>\n

Ant mimic jumping spider<\/h3>\n

Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778)<\/h4>\n
\"Myrmarachne

Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

The ant mimic jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) belongs to the jumping spider family (Salticidae). Worldwide, this family has 6,089 species, 345 of which are found in Europe. The genus Myrmarachne<\/em> is represented by three species in Europe, whereby only this species is found in Central Europe.<\/p>\n

Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> is distributed across the Palearctic, occurring naturally in Europe and introduced into the USA. In Austria and Germany, for example, it is found widely in flat to hilly areas up to 800 meters above sea level, where it particularly favours warmer areas. In places it can occur quite frequently and is not generally regarded as endangered.<\/p>\n

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Unlike many other jumping spiders which have compact bodies (e.g. the zebra jumping spider), Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> has an elongate and delicate body about 5 to 6.5 mm long which resembles that of an ant. The basic colouration of the cephalothorax is orange\u2013brown with only the head area set off as darker. The elongate oval abdomen is yellow to orange\u2013brown, with black colouration in the last third. The abdomen is connected to the cephalothorax by a narrow waist, similar to the petiolus of an ant. The legs are yellow to orange in colour with black marks and longitudinal stripes on the sides. The first pair of legs is banded and has very dark and slightly thickened metatarsi which resemble an ant\u2019s antennae. Even the posterior eye pair is quite large, and in size and position similar to the eyes of an ant!<\/p>\n

Females have normally developed mouthparts, but those of males extend more or less horizontally forwards and are both flattened and elongate. In this way the sexes can be easily told apart. During mating, males advertise themselves to females with their massive jaws. At the same time these mouthparts are also used in ritual battles in which two males stand opposed to each other and threaten their rival with their widely opened jaws.<\/p>\n

Like all jumping spiders, the ant mimic jumping spider does not build a web for catching food, but waits for \u2013 or stalks \u2013 its prey. The spider lives primarily on the ground or in the leaf litter (i.e. an epigaen habitat) usually close the ants which they imitate such as Myrmica rubra<\/em> or species of Formica<\/em>. The spiders are found in various habitats, usually dry grassland or warm orchards, but can also be found in damp to wet localities such as moist meadows or reed banks.<\/p>\n

Ant mimic jumping spiders can be found throughout the year with their main phase activity phase from April to August. It likes to overwinter in the empty shells of (terrestrial) snails.<\/p>\n

The species imitates the appearance and movements of ants, but not in order to feed on them. The spider hunts small flies and midges, and also frequently plant pests such as aphids. The spiders profit more from the fact that ants, because of their aggressiveness, have relatively few enemies, thus the spiders are attacked less frequently by ichneumon or digger wasps, or birds. Ant mimicking jumping spiders are therefore a true example of protection mimicry.<\/p>\n

Movements of the ants are also mimicked: in the first instance in how they walk. Instead of the more \u2018typical\u2019 abrupt jumping spider style, an \u2018ant-like\u2019 movement of short running phases and wave-like movements can be seen, as if they were an ant following a pheromone trail. Second, the spider generally uses only three of its four pairs of legs for walking, during which the first pair of legs is held up in the air, similar to the antennae of an ant. Thanks to specific movements of the legs the characteristic headlamp-shaped massive median eyes of the spider are cleverly concealed.<\/p>\n

In Central Europe there are two other genera of jumping spiders resembling ants: Synageles<\/em> und Leptorchestes<\/em>. The ant spider Synageles venator<\/em> is only 3 to 4 mm long, while Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em> is of similar size to the ant mimic jumping spider, but does not have the eye area raised in comparison to the rest of the cephalothorax.<\/p>\n

Why was the ant mimic jumping spider chosen as European Spider of the Year? The main reason is of course its ant mimicry, which not only concerns its body shape but also its copying of walking patterns and behaviour. It is a wonderful way for the jumping spider to avoid predation.<\/p>\n

Through choosing the Spider of the Year we not only want to highlight a less popular group of animals, but also hope that scientists can contribute data about its current distribution. In this sense, enjoy the Spider of the Year and help us with your locality information or a photo to document this species.<\/p>\n

The European Spider of the Year is chosen by 83 arachnologists from 26 European countries. Coordination of the vote is from the Natural History Museum of Vienna, together with the \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology.<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURDATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution<\/h4>\n

Great Britain –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki Arages – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0– (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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– Arachnologische Geselschaft 2018 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em>\u2013\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0(10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2016 Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos Stuttgart. 429 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– Bradley RA, Cutler B & Hodge M 2006 The first records of Myrmarachne<\/em> formicaria<\/em> (Araneae, Salticidae) in the Americas. \u2013 The Journal of Arachnology 34: 483-484<\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2018 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a> bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em>:\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0 (10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

– Cushing PE 1997 Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: a review. \u2013 Florida Entomologist 80: 165-193<\/p>\n

– Foelix RF 2015 Biologie der Spinnen. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 430 pp.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2016 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2017.06 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a> (10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

– Hula V, Niedobov\u00e1 J & Ko\u0161uli\u010d O 2009 Overwintering of spiders in land-snail shells in South Moravia (Czech Republic). \u2013 Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae 94: 1-12<\/p>\n

– Nentwig W & Heimer S 1984 Salticidae \u2013 Springende Spinnen: Vorstellung einer Spinnenfamilie. \u2013 Biologie in unserer Zeit 14(1): 1-5<\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2018 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2018 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a> (10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 pp.<\/p>\n

– Steinberger K-H 2004 Zur Spinnenfauna der Parndorfer Platte, einer Trockenlandschaft im Osten \u00d6sterreichs (Burgenland) (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones). \u2013 Denisia 12: 419-440<\/p>\n

Szinet\u00e1r C, G\u00e1l Z & Eichardt J 1998 Spiders in snail shells in different Hungarian habitats. \u2013 Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica 12: 67-75<\/p>\n

– Wiki AraGes 2018 Wiki der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft e.V. \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2018 World Spider Catalog, version 19.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013(link)<\/a>\u00a0(10.12.2018)<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
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--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>IT<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga e Vitit 2019<\/h4>\r\nMerimanga milingon\u00eb \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nMerimanga milingon\u00eb, Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778), i p\u00ebrket familjes s\u00eb merimangave k\u00ebrcyese (Salticidae). N\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn, kjo familje ka 6,089 lloje, nga t\u00eb cilat 345 jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Gjinia Myrmarachne<\/em> p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet nga tre lloje n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, ku vet\u00ebm ky lloj gjendet n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Qendrore. M. formicaria<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Palearktikut, por s\u00eb fundmi i ka zgjeruar kufijt\u00eb e saj t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes deri n\u00eb USA, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb introduktuar nga njer\u00ebzit. N\u00eb Austri dhe Gjermani, p\u00ebr shembull, ajo gjendet gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb zonat e rrafsh\u00ebta dhe kodrinore deri n\u00eb 800 m mbi nivelin e detit, ku kryesisht preferon zonat e ngrohta. Ky lloj gjendet shpesh n\u00eb k\u00ebto zona dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb cil\u00ebsuar si n\u00eb rrezik zhdukjeje. Ashtu si t\u00eb gjitha merimangat k\u00ebrcyese, merimanga milingon\u00eb nuk nd\u00ebrton nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pren\u00eb e saj, por pret \u2013 ose e ndjek at\u00eb. Ato jetojn\u00eb kryesisht n\u00eb tok\u00eb ose n\u00eb mbetjet e gjetheve, zakonisht af\u00ebr milingonave q\u00eb ato imitojn\u00eb t\u00eb tilla si Myrmica rubra <\/em>ose Formica<\/em>. M. formicaria<\/em> gjenden n\u00eb habitate t\u00eb ndryshme, zakonisht n\u00eb l\u00ebndina t\u00eb thata ose pemishte t\u00eb ngrohta, por gjithashtu edhe n\u00eb vende t\u00eb lag\u00ebshta ose t\u00eb njoma. Ajo mund t\u00eb gjendet gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit, por faz\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb aktivitetit t\u00eb tyre e kan\u00eb nga Prilli deri n\u00eb Gusht, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb preferon t\u00eb dim\u00ebroj\u00eb n\u00eb guackat boshe t\u00eb molusk\u00ebve tok\u00ebsor\u00eb.\r\n\r\nNd\u00ebrtimi i jasht\u00ebm<\/strong>. Ndryshe nga merimangat e tjera k\u00ebrcyese q\u00eb kan\u00eb trup t\u00eb mbledhur, M. formicaria<\/em> ka trup t\u00eb zgjatur dhe delikat me gjat\u00ebsi rreth 5 deri n\u00eb 6.5 mm i cili i ngjan trupit t\u00eb nj\u00eb milingone. Ngjyrimi baz\u00eb i cefalotoraksit \u00ebsht\u00eb portokalli\u2013kafe me vet\u00ebm zon\u00ebn e kok\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebt. Abdomeni oval i zgjatur \u00ebsht\u00eb i verdh\u00eb n\u00eb portokalli-kafe, me ngjyrim t\u00eb zi n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e tret\u00eb fundore. Abdomeni \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me cefalotoraksin nga nj\u00eb bel i ngusht\u00eb, i ngjash\u00ebm m\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb milingonave. K\u00ebmb\u00ebt kan\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb n\u00eb portokalli me njolla t\u00eb zeza dhe vija gjat\u00ebsore an\u00ebsore. \u00c7ifti i par\u00eb i k\u00ebmb\u00ebve me njolla t\u00eb zeza dhe ka metatarse shum\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebta dhe pak t\u00eb trasha t\u00eb cilat ngjasojn\u00eb me antenat e milingonave. Madje edhe syt\u00eb posterior jan\u00eb qart\u00ebsisht t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me syt\u00eb e nj\u00eb milingone n\u00eb p\u00ebrmas\u00eb dhe n\u00eb pozicion. Femrat kan\u00eb zhvilluar normalisht pjes\u00ebt e goj\u00ebs, por tek meshkujt k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb zgjatura pak a shum\u00eb horizontalisht p\u00ebrpara dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb dyja t\u00eb sheshta dhe t\u00eb gjata. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb dyja sekset mund t\u00eb dallohen leht\u00ebsisht nga nj\u00ebri tjetri. Gjat\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit, meshkujt i reklamojn\u00eb femrave nofullat e tyre massive. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, k\u00ebto pjes\u00eb t\u00eb goj\u00ebs p\u00ebrdoren nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht n\u00eb ritualet e betejave n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat t\u00eb dy meshkujt q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb nj\u00ebri tjetrit dhe k\u00ebrc\u00ebnojn\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtarin e tyre me an\u00eb t\u00eb hapjes gjer\u00ebsisht t\u00eb nofullave.\r\n\r\nMimikria.<\/strong> Ky lloj imiton morfologjin\u00eb dhe l\u00ebvizjet e milingonave, por jo me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb ushqyerit me to. Merimanga gjuan miza t\u00eb vogla dhe shpesh edhe d\u00ebmtuesit e bim\u00ebve t\u00eb till\u00eb si afidet. Merimangat p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb prej faktit se milingonat p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb agresivitetit t\u00eb tyre, kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak armiq, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb merimangat sulmohen m\u00eb rrall\u00eb nga grer\u00ebzat g\u00ebrmuese ose ikneumonide, ose nga zogjt\u00eb. Merimangat k\u00ebrcyese imituese t\u00eb milingonave jan\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i mimikris\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebse. Gjithashtu, edhe l\u00ebvizjet e milingonave jan\u00eb imituar, kryesisht n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ato ecin. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb stilit \u2018tipik\u2019 k\u00ebrcyes t\u00eb merimangave, mund t\u00eb shihen l\u00ebvizje \u2018si milingon\u00eb\u2019 me faza t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebra vrapruese dhe l\u00ebvizje val\u00ebzuese, sikur t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb milingon\u00eb n\u00eb ndjekje t\u00eb gjurm\u00ebve t\u00eb feromonit. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, merimanga p\u00ebrdor vet\u00ebm tre nga kat\u00ebr \u00e7iftet e k\u00ebmb\u00ebve p\u00ebr ecje, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00e7ifti i par\u00eb i k\u00ebmb\u00ebve mbahet lart n\u00eb aj\u00ebr, me q\u00ebllim imitimin e antenave t\u00eb milingonave. Fal\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve specifike t\u00eb \u00e7iftit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve, merimanga fsheh syt\u00eb e saj t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj median\u00eb, karakteristik\u00eb t\u00eb Salticid\u00ebve. N\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Qendrore ndodhen dy gjini t\u00eb tjera merimangave k\u00ebrcyese t\u00eb ngjashme me milingonat: Synageles<\/em> dhe Leptorchestes<\/em>. Merimanga Synageles venator<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjat\u00eb 3 deri n\u00eb 4 mm, nd\u00ebrsa Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em> ka t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat p\u00ebrmasa me merimang\u00ebn milingon\u00eb, por nuk e ka zon\u00ebn e syve t\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb krahasim me pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb cefalotoraksit.\r\n\r\nPse ishte zgjedhur merimanga milingon\u00eb k\u00ebrcyese si Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit? Arsyeja kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht dukuria e mimikris\u00eb si milingon\u00eb, e cila jo vet\u00ebm lidhet me form\u00ebn e trupit t\u00eb saj por gjithashtu edhe me kopjimin e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes dhe sjelljes. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mrekullueshme e shmangies s\u00eb grabitqar\u00ebve. Duke zgjedhur merimang\u00ebn e vitit, jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do ti kushtohet v\u00ebmendje nj\u00eb pak t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve, por gjithashtu shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb shkenctar\u00ebt mund t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna rreth shp\u00ebrndarjes aktuale t\u00eb tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, mund t\u00eb shijoni k\u00ebt\u00eb merimang\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2019 dhe t\u00eb na ofroni ndihm\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e vendndodhjes suaj ose me dokumentime fotografike t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji. Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur nga 83 araknolog\u00eb nga 26 shtete Evropiane. Kordinimi i votave \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar nga Muzeu i Historis\u00eb s\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs, s\u00eb bashku me \u2018ArachnologischeGesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) dhe Shoqat\u00ebn Evropiane t\u00eb Araknologjis\u00eb.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u041c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 (Salticidae). \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 6,089 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, 345 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\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d.\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e (\u0437\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a), Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 5 \u0434\u043e 6.5 mm \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 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\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 - Synageles<\/em> \u0438 Leptorchestes<\/em>. Synageles venator<\/em> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e 3-4 \u043c\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em> \u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em>, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0445\u044a\u043b\u043c. (\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435: \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 Leptorchestes mutilloides, Synageles dalmaticus <\/em>\u0438 Synageles hilarulus.<\/em>)\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430? \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044f\u0433\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0430, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 83-\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 26 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0436\u043e\u0432 & \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2019<\/h4>\r\nSk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nSk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed do \u010deledi sk\u00e1kavkovit\u00fdch (Salticidae). Na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b je zn\u00e1mo 6089 druh\u016f sk\u00e1kavek, z toho v Evrop\u011b jich je zn\u00e1mo 345. Rod Myrmarachne<\/em> je v Evrop\u011b zastoupen t\u0159emi druhy, v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice pouze sk\u00e1kavkou mraven\u010d\u00ed.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed se vyskytuje v cel\u00e9 palearktick\u00e9 oblasti v\u010detn\u011b Evropy. Byla tak\u00e9 zavle\u010dena do USA. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice se vyskytuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch oblastech s teplej\u0161\u00edm klimatem. Kv\u016fli vazb\u011b na mizej\u00edc\u00ed typy mok\u0159ad\u016f byla za\u0159azena mezi ohro\u017een\u00e9 druhy (anglick\u00fd IUCN ekvivalent tohoto stupn\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed je vulnerable).\r\n\r\nNa rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny na\u0161ich sk\u00e1kavek m\u00e1 sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e9 prot\u00e1hl\u00e9 t\u011blo (u samc\u016f dlouh\u00e9 6\u20138 mm, u samic 5\u20136 mm) zna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011blo mravence. Hlavov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st hlavohrudi je zdvi\u017een\u00e1, \u010dern\u00e1, hrudn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je rezav\u00e1. Podlouhl\u00fd zade\u010dek je vp\u0159edu rezav\u00fd, za\u0161krcen\u00fd, zadn\u00ed polovina je \u010dern\u00e1. Na hlavohru\u010f je napojen \u00fazk\u00fdm pasem, podobn\u011b jako je tomu u t\u011bla mravenc\u016f. Nohy jsou \u017elut\u00e9 a\u017e rezav\u00e9, s \u010dern\u00fdmi skvrnami po stran\u00e1ch. Metatarz\u00e1ln\u00ed a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i stehenn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edn\u00edho p\u00e1ru nohou je \u010dern\u00fd, p\u0159edn\u00ed nohy t\u00edm p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed tykadla mravenc\u016f. Dokonce zadn\u00ed o\u010di p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed svoj\u00ed velikost\u00ed a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm o\u010di mravenc\u016f.\r\n\r\nSk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed nenapodobuje mravence pouze tvarem a zbarven\u00edm t\u011bla, ale tak\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi pohyby. M\u00edsto toho, aby se pohybovala trhav\u00fdmi pohyby typick\u00fdmi pro sk\u00e1kavky, p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u011b pob\u00edh\u00e1 a vln\u00ed se p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jako pob\u00edhaj\u00ed mravenci sleduj\u00edc\u00ed feromony vyzna\u010den\u00e9 cesti\u010dky. Nav\u00edc sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed chod\u00ed pouze po zadn\u00edch t\u0159ech p\u00e1rech nohou, prvn\u00edm p\u00e1rem napodobuje m\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tykadel mravenc\u016f. D\u00edky t\u011bmto pohyb\u016fm jsou tak\u00e9 zakryt\u00e9 n\u00e1padn\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00ed o\u010di, kter\u00e9 u sk\u00e1kavek vypadaj\u00ed jako reflektory.\r\n\r\nSk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed nenapodobuje mravence proto, aby se k nim mohla p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit a lovit je jako to d\u011blaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad pavouci mrav\u010d\u00edci (agresivn\u00ed mimikry). Jej\u00ed ko\u0159ist\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed mal\u00e9 mouchy \u010di m\u0161ice. Napodobov\u00e1n\u00ed mravenc\u016f j\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed k ochran\u011b. Kv\u016fli agresivit\u011b se mravenc\u016fm vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i, pavouci jim podobn\u00ed nejsou tak \u010dasto napad\u00e1ni lum\u010d\u00edky, hrabalkami \u010di pt\u00e1ky. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o typick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad ochrann\u00fdch mimikry.\r\n\r\nChelicery samic maj\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar, ale chelicery samc\u016f jsou prot\u00e1hl\u00e9, shora zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9, m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed dop\u0159edu. D\u00edky tomuto znaku se u sk\u00e1kavky mraven\u010d\u00ed snadno rozeznaj\u00ed pohlav\u00ed. Takto modifikovan\u00e9 chelicery pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed samci b\u011bhem n\u00e1mluv pro upout\u00e1n\u00ed pozornosti samice a pro odstra\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch rival\u016f. D\u011bje se tak b\u011bhem ritualizovan\u00fdch poty\u010dek, p\u0159i nich\u017e stoj\u00ed samci proti sob\u011b s \u0161iroce rozev\u0159en\u00fdmi chelicerami.\r\n\r\nStejn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch sk\u00e1kavek i sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed nestav\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b k lap\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti, na svoji ko\u0159ist \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 nebo j\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee i aktivn\u011b vyhled\u00e1vat. Sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed \u017eije na povrchu zem\u011b, v detritu \u010di v tr\u00e1v\u011b, \u010dasto na m\u00edstech s bohat\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem mravenc\u016f, kter\u00e9 napodobuje, jako je Myrmica rubra<\/em> nebo druhy rodu Formica<\/em>. \u00dakryty si buduje z list\u016f sto\u010den\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed vl\u00e1ken. Vyskytuje se jednak na such\u00fdch biotopech jako jsou stepn\u00ed tr\u00e1vn\u00edky \u010di slunn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed okraje, ale tak\u00e9 na mok\u0159adech v\u010detn\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk \u010di litor\u00e1l\u016f rybn\u00edk\u016f. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci mohou b\u00fdt nalezeni b\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho roku, nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak mezi dubnem a srpnem. Pro p\u0159ezimov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed \u010dasto pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 ulity pl\u017e\u016f.\r\n\r\nVedle sk\u00e1kavky mraven\u010d\u00ed se v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice vyskytuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i druhy sk\u00e1kavek v\u011brn\u011b napodobuj\u00edc\u00ed mravence. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 z nich ale nem\u00e1 zdvi\u017eenou hlavovou \u010d\u00e1st hlavohrudi, jak je tomu u sk\u00e1kavky mraven\u010d\u00ed. Nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich je sk\u00e1kavka \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e1 (Synageles venator<\/em>), kter\u00e1 se roztrou\u0161en\u011b vyskytuje na cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Sk\u00e1kavka prot\u00e1hl\u00e1 (Synageles hilarulus<\/em>) se vyskytuje na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, vz\u00e1\u010dn\u011b byla zaznamen\u00e1na na step\u00edch na K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsku. Sk\u00e1kavka \u00fatl\u00e1 (Synageles subcingulatus<\/em>) je doposud zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pouze z B\u00edl\u00fdch Karpat. Pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e1 sk\u00e1kavka mravencovit\u00e1 (Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em>) se vyskytuje v nejteplej\u0161\u00edch oblastech republiky \u2013 jak na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b tak ve st\u0159edn\u00edch a severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch.\r\n\r\nEvropsk\u00fd pavouk roku je vyb\u00edr\u00e1n 83 arachnology z 26 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Pro\u010d byla pro leto\u0161n\u00ed rok zvolena sk\u00e1kavka mraven\u010d\u00ed? V prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm dokonal\u00fdm mraven\u010d\u00edm mimikry, kter\u00e9 nezahrnuj\u00ed pouze morfologii pavouka, ale i jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 strategie chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed pred\u00e1tory. Vedle popularizace pavouk\u016f by m\u011bla tato volba slou\u017eit k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce informac\u00ed o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed tohoto na\u0161eho pozoruhodn\u00e9ho a ohro\u017een\u00e9ho drhu. Proto bychom cht\u011bli \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e po\u017e\u00e1dat o informace o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed dolo\u017een\u00e9 fotografi\u00ed. \u00dadaje zas\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu rezac(a)vurv.cz.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Milan\u00a0Rezac<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Die Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2019<\/h4>\r\nDie Ameisenspringspinne \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nDie Ameisenspringspinne, Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Springspinnen (Salticidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie z\u00e4hlt weltweit 6.089, und in Europa 345 Arten. Die Gattung Myrmarachne<\/em> ist in Europa mit 3 Arten vertreten, in Mitteleuropa sowie in \u00d6sterreich kommt nur diese eine Art vor.\r\n\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria<\/em> ist pal\u00e4arktisch verbreitet, wobei sie in ganz Europa nat\u00fcrlich vorkommt, w\u00e4hrend sie in die USA eingeschleppt worden ist. In \u00d6sterreich und Deutschland ist die Art in der planar-kollin H\u00f6henstufe (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he) fl\u00e4chendeckend verbreitet, wo sie vor allem in w\u00e4rmebeg\u00fcnstigten Gebieten auftritt. Sie kann stellenweise sogar sehr h\u00e4ufig angetroffen werden, und gilt in \u00d6sterreich als nicht gef\u00e4hrdet.\r\n\r\nIm Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Springspinnen und deren gedrungenem K\u00f6rper (wie z.B. der Zebraspringspinne) hat Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> einen l\u00e4nglich-zarten K\u00f6rper mit einer L\u00e4nge von 5-6,5 mm, der dem einer Ameise \u00e4hnelt. Die Grundf\u00e4rbung des Vorderleibs ist orangebraun, nur der Kopfbereich ist dunkel abgesetzt; der l\u00e4nglich-ovale Hinterleib, der gelblich bis orangebraun, und im hinteren Drittel schw\u00e4rzlich gef\u00e4rbt ist, ist mit dem Vorderleib \u00fcber eine schmale Struktur verbunden, die an den Petiolus einer Ameise erinnert. Die Beine sind gelblich bis orange gef\u00e4rbt, und weisen seitlich schwarze Flecken und L\u00e4ngsstreifen auf. Das erste Beinpaar ist geb\u00e4ndert und hat sehr dunkle Metatarsi, ist auch etwas dicker, und erinnert dabei an die Antennen von Ameisen. Selbst das hintere Augenpaar ist relativ gro\u00df, wodurch es in Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und Position dem einer Ameise \u00e4hnelt!\r\n\r\nW\u00e4hrend die Chelizeren der Weibchen normal ausgebildet sind, stehen die der M\u00e4nnchen fast waagerecht nach vorne, und sind zudem stark verl\u00e4ngert und flach, wodurch die Geschlechter auch gut zu unterscheiden sind. Die M\u00e4nnchen werben mithilfe ihrer \u00fcbergro\u00dfen Chelizeren w\u00e4hrend der Paarungszeit um die Weibchen. Gleichzeitig werden diese aber auch bei intensiven Kommentk\u00e4mpfen eingesetzt, wenn sich zwei M\u00e4nnchen mit weit gespreizten Chelizeren gegen\u00fcberstehen und bedrohen.\r\n\r\nWie alle Springspinnen baut auch die Ameisenspringspinne kein (Fang-)Netz, sondern lauert ihrer Beute auf oder schleicht sich an die Beutetiere heran. Sie ist haupts\u00e4chlich auf der Erdoberfl\u00e4che und in der Bodenstreu (epig\u00e4isch) zu beobachten, meist in der N\u00e4he der von ihr imitierten Ameisen (wie z.B. Myrmica rubra <\/em>oder Formica<\/em>-Arten). Sie lebt in sehr unterschiedlichen Lebensr\u00e4umen, vornehmlich in Trockenrasen oder in warmen Streuobstwiesen, kann aber durchaus auch in feuchten bzw. nassen Standorten wie Nasswiesen oder feuchten Schilfwiesen angetroffen werden.\r\n\r\nAmeisenspringspinnen sind ganzj\u00e4hrig anzutreffen, ihre Hauptaktivit\u00e4tszeit erstreckt sich von April bis August. Die Art \u00fcberwintert gerne in leeren (Land-)Schneckenschalen.\r\n\r\nDie Art imitiert in Aussehen und Bewegung Ameisen, aber nicht um sich von ihnen zu ern\u00e4hren. Denn die Spinnen selbst jagen kleine M\u00fccken und Fliegen, h\u00e4ufig auch pflanzensaugende Insekten (z.B. Blattl\u00e4use). Sie profitieren vielmehr davon, dass Ameisen wegen ihrer Aggressivit\u00e4t wenig Feinde haben, und somit auch weniger von Schlupf- oder Grabwespen und V\u00f6gel attackiert werden, d.h. es handelt sich im Fall der Ameisenspringspinne um eine echte Schutz-Mimikry.\r\n\r\nAuch in der Bewegung werden die Ameisen nachgeahmt: zum einen beim Laufstil selbst, wo anstelle des \u201etypischen\u201c ruckartigen Springspinnen-Stils ein \u201eameisenartiger\u201c Laufstil mit kurzen Laufphasen und wellenartigen Bewegungen zu erkennen ist, so als ob eine Ameise einer Pheromonspur folgen w\u00fcrde; zum anderen benutzt die Ameisenspringspinne lediglich 3 der 4 Beinpaare zum Laufen, wobei das beim Laufen nicht genutzte erste Beinpaar \u2013 gleich den Antennen der Ameisen \u2013 erhoben getragen wird. Durch entsprechende Bewegungen der Beine werden \u00fcberdies die f\u00fcr Springspinnen charakteristischen scheinwerferartig vergr\u00f6\u00dferten vorderen Mittelaugen beim Laufen geschickt verdeckt.\r\n\r\nIn Mitteleuropa kommen zwei weitere Gattungen mit ameisennachahmenden Springspinnenarten vor: Synageles<\/em><\/a> und Leptorchestes<\/em><\/a>, wie z.B. die Ameisenspinne Synageles venator<\/em>, die \u00fcberhaupt nur 3-4mm gro\u00df ist oder Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em>, die zwar \u00e4hnlich gro\u00df ist wie die Ameisenspringspinne, aber deren Augenregion gegen\u00fcber dem \u00fcbrigen Prosoma nicht auff\u00e4llig erh\u00f6ht ist.\r\n\r\nWarum wurde die Ameisenspringspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt?\r\n\r\nDer Hauptgrund ist nat\u00fcrlich die Ameisenmimikry, die sich nicht nur rein \u00e4u\u00dferlich im K\u00f6rperbau, sondern auch im Nachahmen von Bewegungsmustern und Verhaltensweisen zeigt. Eine wunderbare Anpassung dieser Springspinne, um Fressfeinden zu entgehen.\r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine wenig beliebte Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: erfreuen Sie sich an der Spinne des Jahres und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung oder ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 83 Arachnologen aus 26 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop 2019<\/h4>\r\nMyre-efterlignende springedderkop \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nDen myre-efterlignende springedderkop Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) h\u00f8rer til familien af springedderkopper (Salticidae). Ialt er der kendt 6.089 arter af denne familie, hvoraf 345 findes i Europa. Sl\u00e6gten Myrmarachne<\/em> er representeret ved tre arter i Europa, men kun denne ene art findes i Central- og Nordeuropa. Arten forekommer i flere omgivende lande som Storbritannien, Tyskland, Sverige og Norge, men er f\u00f8rst i 2017 fundet i Danmark \u2013 ved Busene p\u00e5 M\u00f8n.\r\n\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria<\/em> er udbredt over det pal\u00e6arktiske omr\u00e5de. Den forekommer oprindeligt i Europa og er introduceret til USA. I \u00d8strig og Tyskland, for eksempel, er den vidt udbredt i lavlandet og i bjergegne op til 800 meter over havniveau. Her ses den mest p\u00e5 varme skr\u00e5ninger. Lokalt kan den v\u00e6re ganske hyppig, og den opfattes generelt ikke som truet.\r\n\r\nI mods\u00e6tning til mange andre springedderkopper som har en kraftig kompakt krop (fx zebraedderkoppen), har Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> en aflang og spinkel krop, ca. 5 - 6.5 mm lang, der meget ligner kroppen af en myre. Forkroppen er orange-brun i grundfarven med noget m\u00f8rkere hoved. Den aflange ovale bagkrop er gul til orange-brun og med sort bagende. Bagkroppen er forbundet med forkroppen ved en tynd stilk svarende til petiolus hos en myre. Benene er gule eller orange med sorte pletter og l\u00e6ngdeg\u00e5ende striber. Det forreste benpar har tv\u00e6rg\u00e5ende m\u00f8rke b\u00e5nd, is\u00e6r er metatarsus (det n\u00e6styderste led) m\u00f8rkt og noget fortykket, s\u00e5 det kommer til at ligne en myres f\u00f8lehorn. Det bageste par \u00f8jne, som hos springedderkopper normalt er ganske sm\u00e5, er her us\u00e6dvanlig store, s\u00e5 de b\u00e5de mht st\u00f8rrelse og position ligner en myres \u00f8jne!\r\n\r\nHunnerne har normalt udviklede munddele, men hos hannerne er disse kraftigt forl\u00e6ngede fremad og affladede. Herved kan man let skelne k\u00f8nnene fra hinanden. Under parringsspillet fremviser hannen sine store k\u00e6ber for hunnen. K\u00e6berne bruges ogs\u00e5 under rituelle kampe hannerne imellem: to hanner st\u00e5r da truende over for hinanden med vidt \u00e5bne k\u00e6ber.\r\n\r\nSom andre springedderkopper laver den myre-efterlignende ikke noget fangstnet. I stedet lister den sig ind p\u00e5 sit bytte. Den lever mest p\u00e5 jordoverfladen eller blandt vissent l\u00f8v, som regel i n\u00e6rheden af en af de myrearter den efterligner, fx Myrmica rubra<\/em> eller en af Formica<\/em>-arterne. Den findes i forskellige habitattyper som t\u00f8rre gr\u00e6senge eller varme frugtplantager; den kan dog ogs\u00e5 finde p\u00e5 fugtigere biotoper s\u00e5 som fugtige enge og i tagr\u00f8r.\r\n\r\nDen myre-efterlignende springedderkop kan ses \u00e5ret rundt, men er mest aktiv i perioden april \u2013 august. Den ynder at overvintre i tome snegleskaller.\r\n\r\nEdderkoppen imiterer b\u00e5de udseende og bev\u00e6gelser hos myrerne, men de spiser ikke myrer. Den jager sm\u00e5 fluer og myg og hyppigt ogs\u00e5 planteskadedyr som bladlus. Edderkoppen kan bev\u00e6ge sig uforstyrret mellem myrerne og har gavn af myrernes aggressivitet, som ogs\u00e5 holder edderkoppens fjender p\u00e5 afstand. Den har s\u00e5ledes relativt f\u00e5 fjender og angribes mindre end andre edderkopper af snyltehvepse, vejhvepse og fugle. Den myre-efterlignende springedderkop er s\u00e5ledes et \u00e6gte eksempel p\u00e5 beskyttelses-mimicry.\r\n\r\nMyrernes bev\u00e6gelse efterlignes p\u00e5 forskellig vis i den m\u00e5de edderkoppen g\u00e5r. I stedet for at benytte den typiske \u201crykvise\u201d bev\u00e6gelsesm\u00e5de for springedderkopper, bev\u00e6ger den sig mere myre-lignende med l\u00e6ngere l\u00f8befaser, ofte med sidev\u00e6rts b\u00f8lger som om den f\u00f8lger myrernes duftspor. Desuden benyttes kun tre af de fire benpar til gangen, idet det f\u00f8rste benpar holdes l\u00f8ftet og afs\u00f8ger underlaget, ligesom en myre benytter sine f\u00f8lehorn. Samtidig holdes edderkoppens store fremadrettede \u00f8jne skjult.\r\n\r\nI Europa findes to andre sl\u00e6gter af springedderkopper som efterligner myrer: Synageles<\/em> og Leptorchestes<\/em>. Myre-edderkoppen Synageles venator<\/em> er kun 3 - 4 mm long, den findes i Danmark, s\u00e6rlig i den hvide klit langs Vestkysten. Leptorchestes berolinensis<\/em> er af samme st\u00f8rrelse som M. formicaria<\/em>.\r\n\r\nHvorfor er den myre-efterlignende springedderkop valgt til \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa 2019? Den illustrerer et interessant biologisk f\u00e6nomen i kraft af den myre-efterligning, som omfatter b\u00e5de udseende og bev\u00e6gelsesm\u00e5de. Det er en sp\u00e6ndende m\u00e5de for et dyr at mindske risikoen fra de naturlige fjender.\r\n\r\nVed at v\u00e6lge \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa \u00f8nsker vi ikke blot at s\u00e6tte lys p\u00e5 en mindre popul\u00e6r dyregruppe, men h\u00e5ber ogs\u00e5 at kunne \u00f8ge kendskabet til artens udbredelse. S\u00e5 derfor: nyd denne sp\u00e6ndende art hvis du tager p\u00e5 ferie i Centraleuropa og hj\u00e6lp os med informationer om dens forekomst (lokalitet og meget gerne foto).\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa v\u00e6lges af 83 arachnologer fra 26 forskellige europ\u00e6iske lande. Koordineringen af stemmerne sker ved det Naturhistoriske Museum i Wien, i samarbejde med \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) og European Society of Arachnology.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & S\u00f8ren Toft<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o 2019<\/h4>\r\nAra\u00f1a-hormiga saltadora europea \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n

La ara\u00f1a-hormiga saltadora europea Myrmarachne formicaria<\/i> (De Geer, 1778) pertenece a la familia Salticidae. Esta familia engloba 6.089 especies en el mundo, 345 de las cuales se pueden encontrar en Europa. El g\u00e9nero Myrmarachne<\/i> est\u00e1 representado por tres especies en Europa, donde solo esta especie se extiende m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del \u00e1mbito Mediterr\u00e1neo: desde Europa Occidental hasta Escandinavia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Myrmarachne formicaria<\/i> se distribuye a lo largo del Pale\u00e1rtico, por lo que en Europa est\u00e1 presente de manera natural, pero tambi\u00e9n se introdujo en EE.UU. Se puede encontrar tanto en zonas llanas como montuosas, hasta los 800 m sobre el nivel del mar (como se ha constatado en Alemania y Austria), donde se ve favorecida especialmente en las zonas m\u00e1s c\u00e1lidas. En ciertos lugares puede aparecer con bastante frecuencia y en general no se la considera\u00a0 <\/span>amenazada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Al contrario que muchas otras ara\u00f1as saltadoras, que tienen cuerpos compactos (e.g. el alguacilillo o ara\u00f1a cebra Salticus scenicus<\/i>),\u00a0 <\/span>Myrmarachne formicaria<\/i> tiene un cuerpo alargado y delicado de alrededor de 5 a 6,5 mm de longitud, que recuerda al de una hormiga. La coloraci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica del prosoma es naranja-pardo con \u00fanicamente el \u00e1rea cef\u00e1lica destacada en oscuro. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

El abdomen oval y alargado es de amarillo a naranja-pardo, con coloraci\u00f3n negra en el \u00faltimo tercio. El abdomen se conecta con el prosoma por una cintura estrecha, similar al pedicelo de una hormiga. Las patas son de color amarillo a naranja con marcas negras y franjas longitudinales a los lados. El primer par de patas est\u00e1 recorrido por una franja y tiene metatarsos muy oscuros y suavemente engrosados que recuerdan a las antenas de una hormiga. Incluso los pares de ojos posteriores son bastante grandes, y \u00a1similares en tama\u00f1o y posici\u00f3n a los ojos de una hormiga!<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las hembras presentan un normal desarrollo de las partes bucales, pero las de los machos se extienden m\u00e1s o menos horizontalmente hacia adelante y son aplanadas y alargadas. De este modo, pueden distinguirse f\u00e1cilmente ambos sexos. Durante el apareamiento, los machos se anuncian a s\u00ed mismos ante las hembras con sus enormes quel\u00edceros. Al mismo tiempo, estas partes bucales son tambi\u00e9n empleadas en luchas rituales en las que dos machos se mantienen opuestos uno al otro y amenazan a su rival con sus quel\u00edceros totalmente abiertos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Como todas las ara\u00f1as saltadoras, esta ara\u00f1a mim\u00e9tica no construye una tela para capturar comida, sino que espera o acecha a sus presas. La ara\u00f1a vive sobre todo en el suelo, o en la hojarasca (i.e. h\u00e1bitat epigeo), normalmente cerca de las hormigas que imita como Myrmica rubra<\/i> o especies de Formica<\/i>. Las ara\u00f1as se localizan en varios h\u00e1bitats, normalmente prados secos o huertas c\u00e1lidas, pero tambi\u00e9n puede encontrarse en lugares encharcados o h\u00famedos como prados h\u00famedos o bancos de juncos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las ara\u00f1as-hormiga saltadoras europeas pueden encontrarse a lo largo de todo el a\u00f1o con su per\u00edodo de mayor actividad de abril a agosto. Les gusta invernar en conchas vac\u00edas de caracoles terrestres.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La especie es una ara\u00f1a mim\u00e9tica con las hormigas o mirmecomorfa, es decir, imita su apariencia y movimiento, pero no para alimentarse de ellas. Por el contrario, caza peque\u00f1as moscas y quiron\u00f3midos, y tambi\u00e9n plagas vegetales como \u00e1fidos (pulgones). Estas\u00a0 <\/span>ara\u00f1as se benefician del hecho de que las hormigas tienen relativamente pocos enemigos, dada su agresividad. De ese modo, las ara\u00f1as sufren los ataques de avispas cavadoras, icneum\u00f3nidas y p\u00e1jaros, menos frecuentemente que sus cong\u00e9neres. Las ara\u00f1as-hormiga saltadoras son as\u00ed un verdadero ejemplo de mimetismo de protecci\u00f3n (batesiano). No hay que olvidar que no son las \u00fanicas mirmecomorfas, pues al menos en el \u00e1rea mediterr\u00e1nea europea, en no pocos insectos, y en varias familias de ara\u00f1as se produce este fen\u00f3meno: el g\u00e9nero Micaria<\/i> de las Gnaphosidae, la familia Phrurolithidae, el g\u00e9nero Zodarion<\/i> de las Zodariidae y un solo g\u00e9nero de Theridiidae. Adem\u00e1s, algunos machos de Linyphiidae guardan cierto parecido, como en Microlinyphia<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Las ara\u00f1as-hormiga saltadoras tambi\u00e9n imitan los movimientos de las hormigas: en primer lugar en su modo de andar. En vez de del estilo abrupto \u201ct\u00edpico\u201d de las ara\u00f1as saltadoras, podr\u00e1n verse unos movimientos de hormiga con fases de carrera corta y ondulante, como si fuese una hormiga siguiendo un rastro de feromonas. En segundo lugar, la ara\u00f1a generalmente utiliza solo tres de sus pares de patas para caminar, sosteniendo el primer par en el aire, asemej\u00e1ndose a las antenas de una hormiga. Gracias a movimientos espec\u00edficos de las patas anteriores, consigue sabiamente ocultar sus enormes ojos medios con forma de foco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

En Europa Occidental hay otros dos g\u00e9neros de ara\u00f1as saltadoras que se parecen a hormigas: Synageles<\/i> y Leptorchestes<\/i>. La ara\u00f1a hormiga Synageles venator<\/i> es claramente menor en tama\u00f1o, tiene tan solo de 3 a 4 mm de largo y es de las m\u00e1s grandes de las cuatro especies de Synageles<\/i> presentes en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica (S. albotrimaculatus <\/i>no llega a los 2 mm). Sin embargo, al menos las hembras de las 3 especies de Leptorchestes<\/i> presentes en la Pen\u00ednsula son de tama\u00f1o similar a la ara\u00f1a-hormiga saltadora, pero no presentan el \u00e1rea ocular elevada en comparaci\u00f3n al resto del prosoma (L. berolinensis, L. peresi<\/i> y L. mutilloides<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se eligi\u00f3 la ara\u00f1a-hormiga saltadora como Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o? La raz\u00f3n principal es, por supuesto, su mimetismo con las hormigas, que no solamente afecta a su forma corporal, sino tambi\u00e9n copia los patrones de desplazamiento y\u00a0 <\/span>comportamiento. Es una asombrosa manera de evitar la depredaci\u00f3n para esta ara\u00f1a saltadora.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Mediante la elecci\u00f3n de la Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o, no solamente queremos resaltar un grupo menos popular de animales, sino tambi\u00e9n esperamos que los cient\u00edficos puedan aportar datos sobre su distribuci\u00f3n actual. En este sentido, disfruta la Ara\u00f1a del A\u00f1o y ay\u00fadanos con informaci\u00f3n de tu localidad o una foto para documentar esta especie. Ser\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n de inter\u00e9s que incluyas informaci\u00f3n o fotograf\u00edas de las hormigas que conviven con ella.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

La Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o se escoge por 83 aracn\u00f3logos de 26 pa\u00edses europeos. La coordinaci\u00f3n de la votaci\u00f3n se lleva a cabo por el Museo de Historia Natural de Viena, junto a la sociedad \u201cArachnologische Gesellschaft\u201d (AraGes) y la Sociedad Europea de Aracnolog\u00eda (ESA).<\/span><\/p>\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Pablo Carballo<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2019<\/h4>\r\nMuurahaista j\u00e4ljittelev\u00e4 hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nMuurahaista j\u00e4ljittelev\u00e4 Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) kuuluu hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Salticidae). Maailmanlaajuisesti t\u00e4h\u00e4n heimoon kuuluu yli 6100 lajia, ja se on lajirikkain h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiheimo. Euroopassa tavataan noin 350 hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajia. Suvussa Myrmarachne<\/em> on Euroopassa kolme lajia, mutta vain yksi niist\u00e4 esiintyy Keski- ja Pohjois-Euroopassa. Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> on levinnyt luontaisesti kautta Palearktisen alueen, mutta puuttuu sen pohjoisimmista osista. Lis\u00e4ksi se on kulkeutunut ihmisen mukana Pohjois-Amerikkaan. Meill\u00e4 lajia tavataan Suomenlahden, Saaristomeren ja Selk\u00e4meren rannikkovy\u00f6hykkeell\u00e4 ja lounaissaaristossa, mukaan lukien Ahvenanmaa, pohjoisessa se esiintyy Vaasan korkeudelle asti. Se voi olla paikoitellen melko runsaslukuinen, esimerkiksi rantaniityill\u00e4 ja rantakivikoissa. Laji ei ole miss\u00e4\u00e4n uhanalainen.\r\nambien<\/a>\r\nMonien hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien ruumiinrakenne on tanakka, kuten seeprahyppij\u00e4ll\u00e4. Sit\u00e4 vastoin Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em>on sirorakenteinen; sill\u00e4 on solakka ruumis pituudeltaan 5-6.5 mm, ja se muistuttaa muurahaista. Eturuumiin perusv\u00e4ri on oranssinruskea, ja p\u00e4\u00e4n alue silmien ymp\u00e4rill\u00e4 on tumma. My\u00f6s ovaalinmuotoinen takaruumis on oranssinruskea, ja sen takimmainen kolmannes on musta. Taka- ja eturuumis liittyv\u00e4t toisiinsa kapealla vy\u00f6t\u00e4r\u00f6ll\u00e4, joka on samankaltainen kuin muurahaisen petiolus. Jalat ovat keltaiset tai oranssit, ja niiss\u00e4 on mustia kuviointeja ja sivuilla pituusjuovat. Etumaiset raajoissa on tummia vy\u00f6hykkeit\u00e4, ja niiss\u00e4 on hyvin tumma ja hieman paksuuntunut metatarsus, joten ne muistuttavat muurahaisten tuntosarvia. Takimmaisen silm\u00e4parin silm\u00e4t ovat melko suuret, ja niiden koko ja sijainti muistuttaa muurahaisen silmi\u00e4! Naaraiden suuosat ovat normaalisti kehittyneet, mutta koiraiden kelikerit, leuat, ulottuvat l\u00e4hes vaakatasossa eteenp\u00e4in ja ovat sek\u00e4 litistyneet ett\u00e4 pidentyneet. N\u00e4in ollen eri sukupuolet on helppo tunnistaa. Parittelun yhteydess\u00e4 koiraat mainostavat itse\u00e4\u00e4n naaraille massiivisten leukojensa avulla. Samoin niit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n rituaalinomaisissa taisteluissa, joissa kaksi koirasta on vastakkain ja uhkailee kilpailijaansa leve\u00e4lle avatuin leuoin.\r\nklonopin<\/a>\r\nKaikkien hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien tapaan Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 saaliinsa ilman pyyntiverkkoa, sen sijaan se odottaa vaanien saalistaan. Laji el\u00e4\u00e4 maan pinnalla tai lehtikarikkeessa; yleens\u00e4 l\u00e4hell\u00e4 muurahaisia, joita se j\u00e4ljittelee; n\u00e4it\u00e4 ovat viholais- (Myrmica)<\/em> tai punamuurahaislajit (Formica<\/em>). Meill\u00e4 lajia tavataan etenkin l\u00e4hell\u00e4 merenrantaa, kuten niityill\u00e4 ja ruokovalleissa; Keski-Euroopassa se el\u00e4\u00e4 monenlaisissa elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6iss\u00e4, usein l\u00e4mpiss\u00e4 ja kuivissa paikoissa. Lajia voi tavata kautta vuoden, aktiivisuuskausi ulottuu toukokuusta syyskuuhun. Se talvehtii mielell\u00e4\u00e4n tyhjiss\u00e4 maakotiloiden kuorissa.\r\ncialis<\/a>\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria <\/em>j\u00e4ljittelee ulkon\u00e4\u00f6lt\u00e4\u00e4n ja liikkeilt\u00e4\u00e4n muurahaisia, mutta ei saalistaakseen niit\u00e4. Se pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 ravinnokseen pieni\u00e4 k\u00e4rp\u00e4si\u00e4 ja s\u00e4\u00e4skim\u00e4isi\u00e4 kaksisiipisi\u00e4, ja yleisesti my\u00f6s kasvien tuholaisia, kuten kirvoja. Muurahaisten j\u00e4jittelyn hy\u00f6ty on siin\u00e4, ett\u00e4 muurahaisilla on agressiivisuutensa takia suhteellisen v\u00e4h\u00e4n vihollisia. Siksi esimerkiksi loispisti\u00e4iset, tiepisti\u00e4iset ja linnut ahdistavat n\u00e4it\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4 harvoin. M. formicaria <\/em>on siis hyv\u00e4 esimerkki suojelevasta mimikryst\u00e4.\r\n\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria <\/em>j\u00e4ljittelee muurahaista my\u00f6s liikkeiss\u00e4\u00e4n ja muussa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisess\u00e4\u00e4n, etenkin liikkuessaan. Hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keille tyypillisen katkonaisen, hyppiv\u00e4n, liikkumisen sijaan se juoksee lyhyin pyr\u00e4hdyksin kuten muurahaiset, ja sen voi n\u00e4hd\u00e4 tekev\u00e4n aaltomaisia liikkeit\u00e4 kuten ferominij\u00e4lke\u00e4 seuraava muurahainen. Lis\u00e4ksi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 kulkiessan vain kolmea nelj\u00e4st\u00e4 jalkaparistaan, ja ensimm\u00e4inen jalkapari on kohotettuna ilmaan n\u00e4ytt\u00e4en muurahaisen tuntosarvilta. Raajojen erikoiset liikkeet k\u00e4tkev\u00e4t taitavasti hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kille tyypilliset suurikoiset \u201cajovalojen kaltaiset\u201d keskisilm\u00e4t. Suomessa tavataan toinenkin muurahaista muistuttava hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilaji, Synageles venator. <\/em>Se on kooltaan selv\u00e4sti pienempi, ruumis on vain 3-4 mm pituinen. Keski-Euroopassa on muutama muukin muurahaista j\u00e4ljttelev\u00e4 hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilaji.\r\n\r\nMiksi Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em>on valittu Euroopan vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi? P\u00e4\u00e4syyn\u00e4 on luonnollisesti sen muurahaisten j\u00e4ljittely, joka ei koske vain ruumiin muotoa vaan my\u00f6s liikkumistavan ja muun k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen kopiointia. Se on lajille hieno keino v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 saalistusta. Valitsemalla vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin haluamme tuoda valokeilaan t\u00e4m\u00e4n v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n tunnetun ja hieman ep\u00e4suosittun el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4n, ja toivomme my\u00f6s ker\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4mme uutta tietoa vuoden lajin nykyisest\u00e4 levinneisyydest\u00e4, erityisesti yleis\u00f6lt\u00e4 saatavien kuvien avulla (yhteystiedot: S. Koponen, el\u00e4inmuseo, Turun yliopisto; sepkopo(at)utu.fi). Eurooppalaisen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valitsi 83 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien tutkijaa) 26:sta Euroopan maasta. \u00c4\u00e4nestyksen koordinoi Wienin Luonnonhistoriallinen museo yhdess\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkitutkijoiden seurojen \u2018Arachnologische Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) ja \u2018European Society of Arachnology\u2019 kanssa.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ragno dell\u2019anno 2019<\/h4>\r\nRagno formica \u2013 Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nIl ragno formica Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) appartiene alla famiglia dei Salticidae. A livello mondiale questa famiglia conta 6,089 specie, 345 delle quali sono presenti in Europa. Il genere Myrmarachne<\/em> \u00e8 rappresentato da 3 specie in Europa, di cui soltanto M. formicaria<\/em> \u00e8 nota per l\u2019Italia.\r\n\r\nSi tratta di una specie Paleartica, che recentemente ha esteso il suo areale agli Stati Uniti per introduzione mediata dall\u2019uomo. In Italia la specie si ritrova in zone di pianura e di mezza montagna fino ai 100 metri di quota circa. La specie non \u00e8 soggetta a misure di protezione.\r\n\r\nA differenza di altri Salticidi, che in genere hanno il corpo compatto e tozzo (si pensi al ragno zebrato Salticus zebraneus<\/em>) Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> presenta un corpo esile ed allungato, lungo circa 6 mm che ricorda marcatamente il corpo di una formica. La colorazione di base del cefalotorace \u00e8 bruna tendente all\u2019arancio, con la zona oculare pi\u00f9 scura, quasi nera. L\u2019addome \u00e8 allungato tendente al giallo scuro prossimalmente e al bruno nero nella parte distale. L\u2019addome \u00e8 connesso al cefalotorace da un pedicello molto sottile, che ricorda molto la vita stretta delle formiche. Le zampe sono giallastre-aranciate con delle striature nere sui fianchi. Il primo paio di zampe presenta delle bande nere ed il metatarso \u00e8 ispessito e scuro, a ricordare fortemente l\u2019antenna di una formica. Anche la parte oculare \u00e8 allargata nella sua mediale del cefalotorace, e conferisce al ragno anche in questa parte del corpo un aspetto da formica!\r\n\r\nLe femmine hanno le parti boccali normalmente sviluppate, mentre quelle del maschio si estendono orizzontalmente verso l\u2019avanti e sono allungate e appiattite. I due sessi sono quindi molto ben riconoscibili l\u2019uno dall\u2019altro. Durante la ricerca del partner, i maschi esibiscono i loro massicci cheliceri alle femmine. Allo stesso modo, quando i maschi si fronteggiano nelle battaglie rituali mostrano i cheliceri divaricati ai propri rivali.\r\n\r\nCome in altri Saliticidi, questi ragni non costruiscono la tela per cacciare le prede, ma le tendono degli agguati, saltando loro direttamente addosso. M. formicaria<\/em> vive tipicamente negli strati superficiali della lettiera, in genere in prossimit\u00e0 dei formicai delle formiche che imitano, in genere specie di Myrmica <\/em>o di Formica<\/em>. Si ritrovano in habitat diversi, in prati aridi o anche in vicinanza di aree umide, come paludi, prati umidi e canneti.\r\n\r\nI ragni formica si ritrovano tutto l\u2019anno, con fasi attive principalmente in tarda primavera e inizio estate. Durante l\u2019inverno non \u00e8 inusuale trovarli a svernare nella conchiglia dei molluschi terrestri.\r\n\r\nLa specie non imita le formiche per ingannarle e nutrirsene. Il ragno si nutre infatti di piccoli moscerini e afidi. Per questa specie, il vantaggio di assomigliare ad una formica viene dal fatto che in questo modo riduce il rischio di predazione da parte di altre specie, che in genere percepiscono le formiche come animali aggressivi e pericolosi da cui stare alla larga. In questo modo il ragno riduce l\u2019attacco da parte di imenotteri parassitoidi o dagli uccelli. Questo tipo di mimetismo ha dunque per M. formicaria <\/em>una funzione primariamente protettiva.\r\n\r\nAnche i movimenti delle formiche sono imitati da questa specie: in prima battuta il ragno imita la loro camminata. Al posto della tipica andatura da ragno, questa specie impiega movimenti pi\u00f9 simili a quelli delle formiche, caratterizzati da piccole corse e movimenti sinuosi, quasi ad imitare le formiche quando seguono i feromoni nell\u2019aria. Inoltre, per spostarsi questa specie utilizza solo tre delle quattro paia di zampe a disposizione, mentre il primo paio viene tenuto in alto ad imitare le antenne delle formiche. Grazie a questi movimenti del primo paio di zampe, il ragno nasconde inoltre i suoi grandi occhi mediani anteriori, tipici dei Salticidi.\r\n\r\nIn Europa ci sono altri generi di Salticidi che imitano le formiche, Synageles<\/em> e Leptorchestes<\/em>. In particolare, i Synageles <\/em>sono ragni di piccole dimensioni (solo 3-4 mm) mentre i Leptorchestes <\/em>sono di dimensioni simili a Myrmarachne, <\/em>ma non presentano l\u2019area oculare rialzata.\r\n\r\nPerch\u00e8 abbiamo scelto Myrmarachne formicaria <\/em>come ragno dell\u2019anno? La ragione principale riguarda il suo particolare mimetismo (mirmecomorfismo), che non riguarda soltanto caratteristiche fisiche, ma anche comportamentali, come ad esempio l\u2019imitazione della camminata. E\u2019 un modo veramente originale per diminuire il rischio di essere predati!\r\n\r\nL\u2019iniziativa del Ragno dell\u2019Anno ha come scopo quello di avvicinare il pubblico ad un gruppo impopolare di animali e di fornire dati interessanti agli studiosi sulla distribuzione delle specie europee. In questo contesto, potete divertirvi a scoprire il Ragno dell\u2019Anno e inviarci fotografie corredate da dati sulla posizione utili a documentare la distribuzione di questa specie in Europa.\r\n\r\nIl ragno dell\u2019anno \u00e8 scelto ogni anno da 83 aracnologi di 26 paesi diversi. Il coordinamento del progetto \u00e8 curato dal Museo di Storia Naturale di Vienna insieme ad \u2018Arachnologischen Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) e la Societ\u00e0 Europea di Aracnologia (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marco Isaia<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2019<\/h4>\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria <\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\nZwyci\u0119zc\u0105 tegorocznego plebiscytu jest mr\u00f3wkokszta\u0142tny gatunek Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778). Reprezentuje rodzin\u0119 skakunowatych (Salticidae) - najliczniejsz\u0105 w\u015br\u00f3d paj\u0105k\u00f3w, bo obejmuj\u0105cej 6100 znanych gatunk\u00f3w. W Europie jest ich 345, a w Polsce 62.\r\n\r\nRodzaj Myrmarachne<\/em> znany jest ze wszystkich kontynent\u00f3w, z wyj\u0105tkiem Antarktydy (tam paj\u0105k\u00f3w brak zupe\u0142nie) i liczy ponad 230 gatunk\u00f3w.\r\n\r\nArea\u0142 wyst\u0119powania Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> obejmuje Palearktyk\u0119 oraz USA \u2013 gdzie zosta\u0142 introdukowany. W Europie \u015arodkowej znany jest z teren\u00f3w nizinnych i podg\u00f3rskich - do wysoko\u015bci 800 metr\u00f3w n.p.m. Preferuje siedliska otwarte i nas\u0142onecznione; r\u00f3\u017cnego typu ciep\u0142e murawy, suche \u0142\u0105ki, tereny z rzadka poro\u015bni\u0119te krzewami. Spotykany bywa nawet w przydomowych ogrodach. \u017byje na powierzchni gruntu i \u015bci\u00f3\u0142ki. Doniesienia z Finlandii m\u00f3wi\u0105 o nadmorskich pla\u017cach, gdzie buduje oprz\u0119dy w\u015br\u00f3d drobnych kamieni. W Polsce wyst\u0119puje do\u015b\u0107 rzadko i notowany jest z rozproszonych stanowisk, g\u0142\u00f3wnie we wschodniej i po\u0142udniowej cz\u0119\u015bci kraju.\r\n\r\nDieta M. formicaria<\/em> obejmuje przede wszystkim mszyce i drobne much\u00f3wki, w tym meszki. Do g\u0142\u00f3wnych wrog\u00f3w naszego laureata nale\u017c\u0105 osy, rozmaite gatunki owadziarek i ptaki.\r\n\r\nDoros\u0142e osobniki spotyka si\u0119 od kwietnia do wrze\u015bnia, na miesi\u0105ce zimowe paj\u0105ki sp\u0119dzaj\u0105 w oprz\u0119dach w \u015bci\u00f3\u0142ce, w\u015br\u00f3d kamieni albo w pustych muszlach l\u0105dowych \u015blimak\u00f3w.\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\nBudowa cia\u0142a<\/strong>\r\n\r\nW odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od innych, skakun\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 z regu\u0142y zwart\u0105 i kr\u0119p\u0105 sylwetk\u0119, cia\u0142o Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> jest wyd\u0142u\u017cone i delikatne, przypominaj\u0105ce pokrojem mr\u00f3wki. Mierzy ok. 6,5 mm i jest barwy \u017c\u00f3\u0142tej, pomara\u0144czowej i ciemnobr\u0105zowej, ciemniejsze w cz\u0119\u015bci g\u0142owowej i na ko\u0144cu odw\u0142oka. Obie tagmy maj\u0105 charakterystyczne przew\u0119\u017cenia i s\u0105 zespolone cienkim i d\u0142ugim \u0142\u0105cznikiem. Nogi s\u0105 delikatne, w odcieniu \u017c\u00f3\u0142tym, pomara\u0144czowym i br\u0105zowym. Szcz\u0119koczu\u0142ki samc\u00f3w s\u0105 masywne i wysuni\u0119te do przodu.\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\nMimikra<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNa\u015bladownictwo innych organizm\u00f3w jest w\u015br\u00f3d paj\u0105k\u00f3w do\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119ste, a na\u015bladowanym modelem mog\u0105 by\u0107 mr\u00f3wki, osy, muchy, modliszki, chrz\u0105szcze albo zaleszczotki.\r\n\r\nMr\u00f3wkokszta\u0142tne skakuny nale\u017c\u0105 do kilkunastu, cz\u0119sto niespokrewnionych rodzaj\u00f3w. W Polsce, opr\u00f3cz M. formicaria mamy jeszcze Synageles venator <\/em>(Lucas, 1836), Synageles hilarulus <\/em>(C. L. Koch, 1846) i Leptorchestes berolinensis <\/em>(C. L. Koch, 1846).\r\n\r\nPokr\u00f3j i barwa cia\u0142a mr\u00f3wkokszta\u0142tnych paj\u0105k\u00f3w dostosowane s\u0105 do konkretnych gatunk\u00f3w mr\u00f3wek. W przypadku M. formicaria<\/em> s\u0105 nimi Myrmica rubra<\/em> i gatunki z rodzaju Formica<\/em>. Wraz ze wzrostem rozmiar\u00f3w cia\u0142a i zmianami ubarwienia paj\u0105ka w kolejnych etapach cyklu \u017cyciowego, na\u015bladowany model mo\u017ce si\u0119 zmienia\u0107.\r\n\r\nW licznych przypadkach mimikra jest niemal idealna. Przew\u0119\u017cenie g\u0142owotu\u0142owia i odw\u0142oka oraz poprzeczne barwne pasy idealnie na\u015bladuj\u0105 mr\u00f3wczy model. Szcz\u0119koczu\u0142ki \u2013 szczeg\u00f3lnie u samc\u00f3w - s\u0105 masywne, wysuni\u0119te do przodu \u201eudaj\u0105\u201c \u017cuwaczki, nogog\u0142aszczki na\u015bladuj\u0105 g\u0142aszczki szcz\u0119kowe, cienkie i delikatne nogi pierwszej pary s\u0105 uniesione do g\u00f3ry i poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 niczym czu\u0142ki, za\u015b k\u0105dzio\u0142ki prz\u0119dne przypominaj\u0105 \u017c\u0105d\u0142o. Istotnym dope\u0142nieniem jest \u201enerwowy\u201c spos\u00f3b poruszania si\u0119 i cz\u0119sta zmiana kierunk\u00f3w \u2013 jak u mr\u00f3wek poszukuj\u0105cych \u015blad\u00f3w zapachowych. Wreszcie, wiele gatunk\u00f3w emituje specyficzne mr\u00f3wcze feromony, kt\u00f3re dodatkowo kamufluj\u0105 paj\u0105ka. Ma to szczeg\u00f3lne znaczenia dla tych gatunk\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re \u017cyj\u0105 w mrowiskach i poluj\u0105 na mr\u00f3wcze larwy. W przypadku M. formicaria<\/em> chodzi g\u0142\u00f3wnie o \u201epsychologiczny\u201c efekt odstraszania, wszak mr\u00f3wczej diety u nich nie stwierdzono.\r\n\r\nNiekt\u00f3re gatunki z rodzaju Myrmarachne<\/em> wykazuj\u0105 ciekawe zachowania godowe. Na przyk\u0142ad samce tocz\u0105 szermiercze pojedynki przy pomocy bardzo wyd\u0142u\u017conych szcz\u0119koczu\u0142k\u00f3w, a zwyci\u0119zcy zyskuj\u0105 wzgl\u0119dy samic \u2013 zupe\u0142nie jak posiadacze wielkich poro\u017cy u jeleniowatych albo barwnych pi\u00f3r u rajskich ptak\u00f3w czy pawi.\r\n\r\nWyb\u00f3r M. formicaria<\/em> Europejskim Paj\u0105kiem Roku 2019 wynika\u0142 z kilku powod\u00f3w. Po pierwsze gatunek jest dobrym przyk\u0142adem mr\u00f3wczej mimikry. Po drugie - \u015bwietnie nadaje si\u0119 do promocji paj\u0105k\u00f3w, a skakun\u00f3w w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci. Po trzecie \u2013 jest \u0142atwo rozpoznawalny, a to daje szanse na uzyskanie danych o jego biologii i rozmieszczeniu.\r\n\r\nW tegorocznym g\u0142osowaniu wzi\u0119\u0142o udzia\u0142 83 arachnolog\u00f3w z 26 europejskich kraj\u00f3w.\r\n\r\nKoordynatorami projektu s\u0105: Natural History Museum of Vienna, Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) i European Society of Arachnology.\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marek M. \u017babka\r\n\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\nWybrane pozycje literatury<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAllan RA, Capon RJ, Brown WV, Elgar MA 2002 Mimicry of host cuticular hydrocarbons by salticid spider Cosmophasis bitaeniata<\/em> that prey on larvae of tree ants Oecophylla smaragdina\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/em>Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28: 835\u2013848.\r\n\r\nCeccarelli FS 2008 Behavioral mimicry in Myrmarachne species<\/em> (Araneae, Salticidae) from North Queensland, Australia \u2013 Journal of Arachnology 36: 344\u2013351.\r\n\r\nElgar MA, Allan RA 2006 Chemical mimicry of the ant Oecophylla smaragdina<\/em> by the myrmecophilous spider Cosmophasis bitaeniata<\/em>: Is it colony-specific?\u00a0\u2013 Journal of Ethology 24: 239\u2013246.\r\n\r\nFoelix R 2011 Biology of Spiders.\r\n\r\nHerberstein E 2011 Spider Behaviour: Flexibility And Versatility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\r\n\r\n\u017babka M 2013 Paj\u0119czy \u015bwiat. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets spindel 2019<\/strong>\r\n\r\nStackmyrehoppspindeln - Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDen myrliknande hoppspindeln Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) tillh\u00f6r spindelfamiljen hoppspindlar (Salticidae). Det finns 6 089 olika arter av hoppspindlar. Av dessa finns 345 i Europe. I sl\u00e4ktet Myrmarachne<\/em> finns tre arter i Europe, varav endast en i Mellan- och Nordeuropa.\r\n\r\nStackmyrehoppspindeln Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> har en vid utbredning. Den finns ursprungligt i st\u00f6rre delen av Europa, \u00f6sterut till Ostasien och den \u00e4r p\u00e5 senare tid inkommen till USA. I Sverige \u00e4r den n\u00e4stan helt begr\u00e4nsad till de delar av \u00f6stra Sverige som har kustn\u00e4ra bergh\u00e4llar som blir kraftigt uppv\u00e4rmda, norrut till Norrland. I Mellaneuropa finns den p\u00e5 l\u00e5glandet och kullar upp till 800 meter \u00f6ver havet. Den f\u00f6redrar kraftigt uppv\u00e4rmda marker. Spindeln \u00e4r s\u00f6derut funnen i m\u00e5nga olika milj\u00f6er som torr gr\u00e4smark och varma tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar, men kan ocks\u00e5 hittas i fuktiga eller v\u00e5ta lokaler som fukt\u00e4ngar och vassb\u00e4lten. D\u00e4r den finns kan den vara vanlig. Dess populationer \u00e4r stabila och den \u00e4r inte hotad.\r\n\r\nDe flesta hoppspindlar har korta, kompakta kroppar, men stackmyrehoppspindeln har en l\u00e5ngsmal och elegant kropp som liknar en stackmyra. L\u00e4ngden p\u00e5 kroppen \u00e4r 5-6,5 mm. Grundf\u00e4rgen hos framkroppen \u00e4r p\u00e5 br\u00f6stdelen orangebrun och med huvudet m\u00f6rkare. Den ovalt avl\u00e5nga bakkroppen \u00e4r gul-orange, med svart f\u00e4rg p\u00e5 den bakre tredjedelen. Bakkroppen sitter ihop med framkroppen med en smal midja, som liknar midjan hos en myra. Benen \u00e4r gula till orange och med svarta markeringar samt l\u00e4ngsg\u00e5ende strimmor p\u00e5 sidorna. F\u00f6rsta benparet \u00e4r bandat och har mycket m\u00f6rka och n\u00e5got f\u00f6rtjockade metatarser (segmentet n\u00e4rmast f\u00f6tterna) som liknar en myras antenner. \u00c4ven de bakre \u00f6gonparet \u00e4r f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandevis stora och p\u00e5minner i storlek och position \u00f6gonen hos myror.\r\n\r\nHonor har normalt stora k\u00e4kar, liknande de hos andra hoppspindlar, men de hos hanarna \u00e4r stora, platta och avl\u00e5nga, och sticker mer eller mindre rakt ut. K\u00f6nen \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed l\u00e4tta att skilja fr\u00e5n varandra. Vid parning visar hanarna upp sina massiva k\u00e4kar f\u00f6r honorna. Hanarna anv\u00e4nder dessa enorma k\u00e4kar i rituella kamper d\u00e4r tv\u00e5 hanar st\u00e5r mitt emot varandra och hotar rivalen med vitt \u00f6ppnade k\u00e4kar.\r\n\r\nPrecis som alla andra hoppspindlar g\u00f6r inte stackmyrehoppspindeln n\u00e5got f\u00e5ngstn\u00e4t. De sitter p\u00e5 lur eller smyger mot och hoppar till slut p\u00e5 sina byten. Arten lever oftast p\u00e5 marken eller bland gamla l\u00f6v, inte s\u00e4llan n\u00e4ra myror som den liknar, som ettermyror Myrmica <\/em>och stackmyror av sl\u00e4ktet Formica<\/em>.\r\n\r\nMyrmarachne formicaria<\/em> \u00e4r spindeln som ser ut som, g\u00e5r och r\u00f6r sig som en stackmyra. Arten imiterar stackmyror i utseendet och r\u00f6relser, men det g\u00f6r de inte f\u00f6r att \u00e4ta av dem. Spindeln jagar insekter som flugor och myggor, men \u00e4ven v\u00e4xtsugare som bladl\u00f6ss. F\u00f6rdelen f\u00f6r spindeln med likheten \u00e4r att den gynnas d\u00e5 myror har relativt f\u00e5 fiender. Att likna en myra kan vara f\u00f6rdelaktigt d\u00e5 myror \u00e4r d\u00e5liga bytesdjur. De \u00e4r besv\u00e4rliga, kan bitas, sticka, spruta myrsyra och ofta \u00e4r de m\u00e5nga tillsammans. Ser man en \u00e4r d\u00e4r ofta fler i n\u00e4rheten som kan hj\u00e4lpa den. Allts\u00e5 \u00e4r stackmyrespindeln mindre ofta attackerad av parasit- eller v\u00e4gsteklar och av f\u00e5glar. Arten \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed ett bra exempel p\u00e5 skyddande likhet, s.k. Bates mimikry, d\u00e4r en ofarlig art imiterar en som \u00e4r duktig p\u00e5 att f\u00f6rsvara sig.\r\n\r\nHoppspindlar brukar g\u00e4rna hoppa och hoppa l\u00e5ngt, d\u00e4rav deras namn. Stackmyrehoppspindeln tillh\u00f6r de f\u00e5 undantagen. Den springer omkring utan att hoppa. Stackmyrehoppspindeln h\u00e4rmar myrors r\u00f6relser, i f\u00f6rsta hand hur de g\u00e5r. Ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r det mer hoppspindeltypiska abrupta hoppandet s\u00e5 r\u00f6r spindeln sig i korta snabba ruscher och med v\u00e5glika benr\u00f6relser, liknande dem en myra som f\u00f6ljer ett feromonpudrat myrsp\u00e5r. Den ser ut att springa p\u00e5 sex ben och att ha frambenen upplyfta s\u00e5 att de liknar antenner. S\u00e5 har det ocks\u00e5 beskrivits i litteratur ett antal g\u00e5nger. Nyligen spelades deras springande in med en kamera som tar en massa bilder per sekund. De visade sig d\u00e5 att frambenen liksom de andra benen anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r de springer, men att de h\u00e5lls upp vid korta stopp under springandet. Detta g\u00f6r att de ser ut som om spindeln har antenner och inte anv\u00e4nder frambenen. Det lurar nog inte bara m\u00e4nniskor utan \u00e4ven f\u00e5glar och andra m\u00f6jliga predatorer. Tack vare de s\u00e4rskilda r\u00f6relser som spindeln g\u00f6r med benen s\u00e5 d\u00f6ljs de kraftiga mittersta fr\u00e4mre \u00f6gonen effektivt.\r\n\r\nN\u00e5gra andra spindlar liknar ocks\u00e5 myror mycket. En del \u00e4r t.o.m. sv\u00e5ra att skilja fr\u00e5n myror. De ser ut som myror och r\u00f6r sig som myror. I alla fall f\u00f6r oss m\u00e4nniskor. Till dessa h\u00f6r n\u00e5gra hoppspindlar och plattbukspindlar. I landet har vi ytterligare tre hoppspindlar som \u00e4r extra myrlika de n\u00e5got mindre, 3-4 mm l\u00e5nga, smalmyrespindeln Synageles venator<\/em> och torvmyrespindeln S. hilarulus<\/em>. Vi har ocks\u00e5 ett sl\u00e4kte av plattbukspindlar, sl\u00e4ktet Micaria<\/em> med tio arter i Sverige och fl\u00e4ckig flinkspindel Phrurolithus festivus<\/em> som l\u00e4tt f\u00f6rv\u00e4xlas med myror. En hel del andra spindlar som tillh\u00f6r andra spindelfamiljer liknar myror men i mindre grad.\r\n\r\nVad gjorde att stackmyrehoppspindeln valdes till \u00e5rets spindel? Huvudsk\u00e4let \u00e4r f\u00f6rst\u00e5s dess skyddande likhet med en myra, b\u00e5de till utseende, beteende och r\u00f6relsem\u00f6nster. Det \u00e4r ett underbart s\u00e4tt att undvika predation.\r\n\r\nGenom att v\u00e4lja \u00c5rets spindel<\/em> s\u00e5 hoppas vi p\u00e5 att f\u00e5 positiv uppm\u00e4rksamhet f\u00f6r en grupp som inte \u00e4r s\u00e5 popul\u00e4r hos alla. Vi hoppas ocks\u00e5 att f\u00e5 ny information om spindeln, som dess utbredning, men ocks\u00e5 om beteenden, bytesval m.m. Rapportera g\u00e4rna in fynd p\u00e5 Artportalen (www.artportalen.se<\/a>).\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets europeiska spindel v\u00e4ljs ut av 83 araknologer fr\u00e5n 26 europeiska l\u00e4nder. Detta koordineras av Wiens Naturhistoriska museum tillsammans med Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) och European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Lars J. Jonsson\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2019
\nAnt mimic jumping spider
\nMyrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

The ant mimic jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria<\/em> (De Geer, 1778) belongs to the jumping spider family (Salticidae). Worldwide, this family has 6,089 species,<\/p>\n

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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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