{"id":2998,"date":"2020-01-19T18:03:55","date_gmt":"2020-01-19T17:03:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=2998"},"modified":"2020-12-21T14:57:41","modified_gmt":"2020-12-21T13:57:41","slug":"2020-dolomedes-fimbriatus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=2998","title":{"rendered":"2020 Dolomedes fimbriatus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2020<\/h1>\n

Raft spider<\/h3>\n

Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)<\/h4>\n
\"Dolomedes

Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

The raft spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), belongs to the nursery web family of spiders (Pisauridae). Worldwide this family has 356 species. In Europe seven species occur. The genus Dolomedes<\/em> is represented in Europe by two species: D. fimbriatus<\/em> and D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757).<\/p>\n

The raft spider has a Palearctic distribution. In Central Europe it mostly occurs in flatlands through to hills (up to 800 m above sea level), with records up to 1250 m above sea level in Austria.<\/p>\n

In some places the species can be found quite often. Due to the destruction of many of its preferred habitats (moorland and wetlands) it has become rarer, although it is not considered endangered. Due to climate change it is likely that in the future they will have to be placed in an endangered category.<\/p>\n

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With a body length of 15-22 mm in females and 10-13 mm in males, the raft spider is one of the largest native spiders. The body appears especially strong and stocky. The basic colouration is yellow-brown to blackish-brown (in juveniles greenish to olive) and the sides of the body usually have a pale stripe which extends all the way down along both sides of the cephalothorax and abdomen. These are, however, not always present.<\/p>\n

The raft spider overpowers its prey as a free-living hunter, without using a web. They prefer to live on the shores of still or (slowly) flowing bodies of water, in moorland, wet meadows, and riparian forests or waterlogged woodland (carrs). Here, the spider sits on the water surface near to plants and waits for (water) insects, tadpoles and small fish. D. fimbriatus<\/em> moves skillfully when hunting on the water surface. It lays its whole body on the water, but thanks to its thick coat of body hairs it can rely on surface tension and remain above the water. When in danger, or to catch prey, it can dive underwater. During diving an air bubble forms around the body, which bursts after the spider comes back up to the water surface and leaves an emergent dry spider<\/p>\n

Mating usually occurs in May or June. From the end of June egg laying takes place and afterwards a ca. 1 cm diameter cocoon (containing up to 1000 eggs) is constantly carried by the female using her mouthparts (and not attached to the spinnerets as in wolf spiders!). Shortly before hatching the cocoon is hung in vegetation near the water\u2019s edge, enclosed by silk threads and guarded. Later further egg laying can take place, however with a reduced number of eggs and smaller cocoon size. Development of the spiderlings apparently takes two years. They usually overwinter as subadults and moult to maturity in early May.<\/p>\n

Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>is present throughout almost the whole year, and can be found from at least March to October, especially females. It can be presumed, at least for those that live for more than one year, that the main activity period of males extends from May to August.<\/p>\n

In (Central) Europe there is another species, Dolomedes plantarius<\/em>, with a similar appearance (usually without the pale stripes) and size (male body length 10-16 mm, females 13-20 mm) and also a similar habitat, perhaps with a preference for larger lakes and moorland. It seems even more closely attached to water, and requires sunny open banks for reproduction. This species is principally encountered from April to August, female a little longer until September. Generally, this species is found only rarely. A definitive identification is, however, only possible from its genital characters.<\/p>\n

Why was the raft spider chosen as the European spider of the year?<\/strong><\/p>\n

As one of the largest native spiders found on the banks of lakes and rivers it is easily visible and also shows remarkable adaptations to this habitat, which is unfortunately increasingly threatened and in danger. The species is especially endangered by building work on banks, the removal of reed beds and water lilies, the drying out of moorland and the reduction in size of suitable wetland habitats.<\/p>\n

With the choice of the spider of the year, not only should an \u2018unpopular\u2019 group of animals be put into perspective, but reference should also be made to an endangered habitat. At the same time the scientists hope to obtain current data about its distribution. In this sense enjoy the spider of the year and help us with your locality information or a photo to document this species.<\/p>\n

The \u2018European spider of the year\u2019 is chosen by 83 arachnologists from 26 European countries. Coordination is by the Natural History Museum of Vienna, together with the Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

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Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURDATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

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Distribution<\/h4>\n

Great Britain –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki Arages – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0– (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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– Arachnologische Geselschaft 2019 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>\u2013\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a> (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2016 Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos Stuttgart. 429 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2019 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013 (link)<\/u><\/a> bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em>:\u00a0(link)<\/u><\/a>\u00a0 (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

– Foelix RF 2015 Biologie der Spinnen. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 430 pp.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Harms D, Dunlop JA & Sch\u00fctt K 2009 Neue Nachweise der Gerandeten Wasserspinne Dolomedes plantarius <\/em>in Brandenburg (Araneae: Pisauridae) \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 37: 1-8. doi: 10.5431\/aramit3701 <\/a><\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2016 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2017.06 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a> (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

– Leroy B, Paschetta M, Canard A, Bakkenes M, Isaia M & Ysnel F 2013 First assessment of effects of global change on threatened spiders: Potential impacts on Dolomedes plantarius<\/em> (Clerck) and its conservation plans \u2013 Biological Conversation 161: 155-163<\/p>\n

– Milano F, Pantini P, Cavalcante R & Isaia M 2018 Notes on the Italian distribution of Dolomedes plantarius (Clerck, 1757), species assessed for the IUCN Red List (Araneae: Pisauridae) \u2013 Fragmenta Entomologica 50(1): 69-74. doi: 10.4081\/fe.2018.285<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2019 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2018 \u2013 (link)<\/a> (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

– Nyffeler M, Vetter RS 2018 Black widow spiders, Latrodectus spp. (Araneae: Theridiidae), and other spiders feeding on mammals \u2013 Journal of Arachnology 46: 541-548<\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 pp.<\/p>\n

– Wiki AraGes 2019 Wiki der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft e.V. \u2013 (link)<\/a> (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2018 World Spider Catalog, version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013(link)<\/a> (20.12.2019)<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
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--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>IT<\/span>NL<\/span>SE<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga e Vitit 2020<\/h4>\r\nMerimanga peshkatare - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMerimanga peshkatare, Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757), i p\u0451rket familjes s\u0451 merimangave rrjet\u0451 nd\u0451rtuese p\u0451r t\u0451 vegjlit (Pisauridae). N\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn, kjo familje ka 356 lloje, nga t\u00eb cilat shtat\u0451 jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Gjinia Dolomedes<\/em> p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet nga dy lloje n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb: D. fimbriatus<\/em> dhe D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757). D. fimbriatus<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Palearktikut. N\u00eb Evrop\u0451n Qendrore ajo ndodhet m\u0451 s\u0451 shumti n\u0451 fushat midis kodrave (deri n\u0451 800 m mbi nivelit e detit), por ka rekorde edhe n\u0451 1250 m si p\u00ebr shembull n\u0451 Austri. N\u0451 disa zona ky lloj mund t\u0451 haset shum\u0451 shpesh, por p\u0451r arsye t\u0451 shkat\u0451rrimit t\u0451 shum\u0451 prej habitateve t\u0451 saj (k\u0451neta dhe ligatina), ajo haset m\u0451 rrall\u0451, megjith\u0451se ajo nuk konsiderohet n\u0451 rrezik zhdukjeje. P\u0451r pasoj\u0451 t\u0451 ndryshimeve klimatike \u0451sht\u0451 e mundshme q\u0451 n\u0451 t\u0451 ardhmen merimanga peshkatare t\u0451 vendoset n\u0451 kategorin\u0451 e llojeve n\u0451 rrezik zhdukjeje.\r\n\r\nMe nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi trupore prej 15-22 mm tek femrat dhe 10-13 mm tek meshkujt, merimanga peshkatare \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga merimangat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha evropiane. Trupi duket ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht robust dhe i fort\u00eb. Ngjyra baz\u0451 \u00ebsht\u00eb e verdh\u00eb-kafe deri n\u00eb t\u00eb zez\u00eb-kafe (tek t\u0451 vegjlit e gjelb\u0451rt n\u0451 ulliri) dhe an\u00ebt e trupit zakonisht kan\u00eb nj\u00eb shirit t\u00eb zbeht\u00eb i cili shtrihet n\u0451 pjes\u0451n e poshtme n\u0451 t\u0451 dyja an\u0451t e trupit p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb cefalotoraksit dhe abdomenit. Sidoqoft\u00eb, k\u00ebto nuk jan\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme.\r\n\r\nGjuajtja e pres\u00eb<\/strong> \u0451sht\u0451 shum\u0451 interesante tek kjo merimang\u0451, e cila e gjuan pren\u00eb e saj si nj\u00eb gjahtare e lir\u0451, pa p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb rrjet\u0451. Ata preferojn\u00eb t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb brigjet me uj\u0451ra t\u00eb qet\u0451 ose t\u00eb ngadalsh\u00ebm, n\u00eb k\u0451neta, livadhe t\u00eb lag\u00ebshta, dhe pyje bregdetare ose pyje t\u00eb mbytura n\u0451 uj\u0451. K\u00ebtu, merimanga peshkatare ulet n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e ujit af\u00ebr bim\u00ebve dhe pret p\u0451r insektet (e ujit), larva t\u0451 amfib\u0451ve dhe peshq t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl. Merimanga l\u00ebviz me shkatht\u00ebsi kur gjuan n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e ujit. Ajo e shtrin t\u0451 gjith\u0451 trupin e saj mbi uj\u00eb, por fal\u00eb shtresave t\u00eb trasha t\u00eb qimeve t\u0451 trupit, ajo mund t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb tensionin sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor dhe t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj\u00eb mbi uj\u00eb. Kur \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik, ose kur kap pren\u0451, ajo mund t\u0451 zhytet n\u0451n uj\u0451. Gjat\u00eb zhytjes formohet nj\u00eb fllusk\u00eb ajri rreth trupit t\u0451 saj, e cila shp\u0451rthen pasi merimanga kthehet n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e ujit duke e l\u0451n\u0451 merimang\u0451n t\u0451r\u0451sisht t\u0451 that\u0451.\r\n\r\n\u00c7ift\u00ebzimi<\/strong> zakonisht ndodh n\u00eb maj ose qershor, dhe n\u0451 p\u0451rgjith\u0451si nga fundi i qershorit femrat prodhojn\u0451 vez\u0451t dhe m\u0451 pas formojn\u0451 nj\u0451 kokon me diamet\u0451r rreth 1cm (q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban deri n\u00eb 1000 vez\u00eb). N\u0451 ndryshim nga merimangat ujk, t\u0451cilat p\u0451rdorin spineretat e fundit t\u0451 abdomenit, femra e merimang\u0451s peshkatare e mbart kokonin me vez\u0451 gjat\u0451 gjith\u0451 koh\u0451s duke p\u00ebrdorur pjes\u0451t e saj t\u0451 goj\u0451s. Pak para \u00e7eljes s\u0451 t\u0451 vegj\u0451lve, femra e var kokonin me an\u0451 t\u0451 fijeve t\u0451 m\u00ebndafshta n\u0451 vegjetacionin n\u0451 af\u0451rsi t\u0451 skajit t\u00eb ujit, dhe e mbron at\u0451. Prodhimi i vez\u0451ve mund t\u0451 b\u0451het edhe m\u0451 von\u0451, por me nj\u0451 num\u0451r m\u0451 t\u0451 reduktuar t\u0451 tyre dhe si rezultat nj\u0451 kokon m\u0451 t\u0451 vog\u0451l. Zhvillimi i t\u0451 vegj\u0451lve ndodh pas dy vitesh. Zakonisht ata dim\u0451rojn\u0451 si subadult\u0451 dhe e nd\u0451rrojn\u0451 l\u0451kur\u0451n e tyre disa her\u0451 deri sa t\u0451 arrijn\u0451 faz\u0451n adulte n\u0451 fillim t\u0451 Majit. D. fimbriatus<\/em> mund t\u00eb gjendet gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit, dhe n\u0451 p\u0451rgjith\u0451si femrat gjenden nga marsi deri n\u0451 tetor, nd\u00ebrsa meshkujt nga maj deri n\u0451 gusht.\r\n\r\nN\u0451 Evrop\u00eb ndodhet nj\u0451 lloj tjet\u0451r, D. plantarius<\/em>, i ngjash\u00ebm n\u0451 pamje, madh\u0451si dhe habitat. Dallimet midis k\u0451tyre dy llojeve jan\u0451 t\u0451 vogla, ku shumica e individ\u0451ve t\u0451 D. plantarius<\/em> nuk i kan\u0451 shiritat e zbeht\u0451, p\u0451rmasat e tyre jan\u0451 leht\u0451sisht m\u0451 t\u0451 m\u0451dha (gjat\u0451sia e trupit t\u0451 mashkullit 10-16 mm, femr\u0451s 13-20 mm), si dhe habitati i tyre \u0451sht\u0451 m\u0451 shum\u0451 ujor pasi kan\u0451 nj\u0451 preferenc\u0451 p\u0451r liqenet dhe k\u0451netat m\u0451 t\u0451 m\u0451dha. D. plantarius<\/em> \u0451sht\u0451 e lidhur m\u0451 shum\u0451 me ujin, dhe k\u0451rkon brigje t\u0451 hapura e me diell p\u0451r riprodhim. Ky lloj haset kryesisht nga prilli n\u0451 gusht, femrat pak m\u0451 gjat\u0451 deri n\u0451 shtator. N\u0451 p\u0451rgjith\u0451si ky lloj \u0451sht\u0451 m\u0451 i rrall\u0451, sidoqoft\u0451, nj\u0451 identifikim p\u0451rfundimtar \u0451sht\u0451 i mundur vet\u0451m nga ekzaminimi i gjenitaleve.\r\n
Pse \u0451sht\u0451 zgjedhur merimanga peshkatare si Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit?<\/h5>\r\nSi nj\u0451 nga merimangat autoktone m\u0451 t\u0451 m\u0451dha t\u0451 brigjeve t\u0451 liqeneve dhe lumenjve ajo \u0451sht\u0451 leht\u0451sisht e dukshme dhe gjithashtu tregon p\u0451rshtatje t\u0451 jasht\u0451zakonshme me k\u0451t\u0451 habitat, i cili fatkeq\u0451sisht k\u0451rc\u0451nohet gjithnj\u0451 e m\u0451 shum\u0451 dhe \u0451sht\u0451 n\u0451 rrezik. Lloji \u0451sht\u0451 ve\u00e7an\u0451risht i rrezikuar nga puna n\u0451 nd\u0451rtimin e brigjeve, heqja e shtret\u0451rve t\u0451 kallamishteve dhe zambak\u0451ve t\u0451 ujit, tharja e k\u0451netave dhe zvog\u0451limi i madh\u0451sis\u0451 s\u0451 habitateve t\u0451 p\u0451rshtatshme t\u0451 ligatinave. Duke zgjedhur merimang\u00ebn e vitit, jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do ti kushtohet v\u00ebmendje nj\u00eb grupi pak t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve, por gjithashtu do t\u2019i referohet edhe nj\u0451 habitati t\u0451 rrezikuar.\r\n\r\nGjithashtu shkenctar\u00ebt mund t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna rreth shp\u00ebrndarjes aktuale t\u00eb tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, mund t\u00eb shijoni k\u00ebt\u00eb merimang\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2020 dhe t\u00eb na ofroni ndihm\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e vendndodhjes suaj ose me dokumentime fotografike t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji. Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur nga 83 araknolog\u00eb nga 26 shtete Evropiane. Kordinimi i votave \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar nga Muzeu i Historis\u00eb s\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs, s\u00eb bashku me \u2018ArachnologischeGesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) dhe Shoqat\u00ebn Evropiane t\u00eb Araknologjis\u00eb.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi\r\n\r\n \r\n
Kontakt n\u0451 Shqip\u0451ri<\/h5>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Muzeu i Shkencave t\u0451 Natyr\u0451s, Rr. Petro Nini Luarasi, Nd. 76-1, No. 2, 1010 Tiran\u00eb, Shqip\u0451ri. E-mail: blerina.vrenozi@fshn.edu.al<\/a><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u0421\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a (\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0440) - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0421\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 356 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 7, \u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Dolomedes<\/em> \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430: D. fimbriatus<\/em> and D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757).\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 (\u0434\u043e 800 \u043c.\u043d.\u0432.), \u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e 1250 \u043c.\u043d.\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0449\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430), \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044a\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d. \u041a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d.\r\n\r\n\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 15-22 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 10-13 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438. \u0422\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e. \u041e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0449 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438. \u0422\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u044a\u0436\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430 D. fimbriatus<\/em> \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0443\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0445.\r\n\r\n\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041c\u0430\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u042e\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1 \u0441\u043c (\u0441\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1000 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430). \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0438). \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u044e\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043a \u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u0435 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439.\r\n\r\nDolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u041e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438, \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442.\r\n\r\n\u0412 (\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430) \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434, Dolomedes plantarius<\/em>, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e, 10-16 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 13-20 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430. \u0421\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0434\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043e \u0421\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0438. \u0412 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435.\r\n\r\n \r\n
\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0421\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430?<\/h5>\r\n\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0449 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.\r\n\r\n\u0421 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439.\r\n\r\n\u201e\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u201c \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 83 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 26 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 & \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2020<\/h4>\r\nLov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n \r\n

Mok\u0159ady host\u00ed podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st biodiverzity \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st druh\u016f, v\u00e1zan\u00fdch na tyto biotopy, se v\u0161ak z d\u0159\u00edve v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch pr\u016fvodc\u016f na\u0161\u00ed krajiny st\u00e1v\u00e1 polo\u017ekami na \u010derven\u00fdch seznamech a tam postupn\u011b \u0161plh\u00e1 do kategori\u00ed nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00edch. Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nen\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed aridizace st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy, n\u00fdbr\u017e eutrofizace na\u0161\u00ed krajiny. Zat\u00edmco oligotrofn\u00ed a mezotrofn\u00ed mok\u0159ady kyp\u00ed \u017eivotem, v eutrofn\u00edch p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 obvykle \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b druh\u016f. Eutrofizaci zp\u016fsobuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm intenzifikace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch hnojiv obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch dus\u00edk a fosfor, a spalov\u00e1n\u00ed fosiln\u00edch paliv. P\u0159i n\u011bm se do atmosf\u00e9ry dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed oxidy dus\u00edku, kter\u00e9 eutrofizuj\u00ed i m\u00edsta, kam se nedostane zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 kontaminace.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Lov\u010d\u00edci u n\u00e1s<\/h5>\r\nNep\u0159ehl\u00e9dnuteln\u00fdmi pr\u016fvodci \u017eivinami m\u00e1lo kontaminovan\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f jsou velc\u00ed a n\u00e1padn\u011b zbarven\u00ed pavouci rodu Dolomedes<\/em>, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed (Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)) a lov\u010d\u00edk mok\u0159adn\u00ed (Dolomedes plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)). Tito pavouci byli zvoleni Evropsk\u00fdmi pavouky roku 2020. Na jejich volb\u011b se pod\u00edlelo 83 arachnolog\u016f z\u00a026 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. \u010cele\u010f lov\u010d\u00edci (Pisauridae) je druhov\u011b chud\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sestersk\u00e1 skupina sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1ci (Lycosidae); dosud jich je zn\u00e1mo 356 druh\u016f, v\u00a0Evrop\u011b pak pouze sedm. V\u00a0\u010cesku jsou zastoupeni t\u0159emi druhy. Vedle dvou druh\u016f rodu Dolomedes<\/em> se po cel\u00e9m na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed vyskytuje lov\u010d\u00edk hajn\u00ed (Pisaura mirabilis<\/em>). Jedn\u00e1 se o hojn\u00fd druh bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vazby k\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016fm, nad\u00e1le se budeme v\u011bnovat pouze z\u00e1stupc\u016fm rodu Dolomedes<\/em>.\r\n
Morfologie<\/h5>\r\nLov\u010d\u00edci jsou v\u00a0lec\u010dems podobn\u00ed sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016fm - sv\u00e9 sestersk\u00e9 skupin\u011b. Podobn\u00e9 maj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a velikost sv\u00fdch osmi o\u010d\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b maj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i men\u0161\u00ed o\u010di, velk\u00e9 zadn\u00ed o\u010di jsou na temeni hlavy u sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 do obd\u00e9ln\u00edku, u lov\u010d\u00edk\u016f ale do lichob\u011b\u017en\u00edku, roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho se sm\u011brem dozadu.\r\n\r\nLov\u010d\u00edci rodu Dolomedes<\/em> jsou hned po sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1kovi tatarsk\u00e9m (Lycosa singoriensis<\/em>) na\u0161imi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi pavouky. Samice jsou u nich v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e samci, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e lov\u010d\u00edk mok\u0159adn\u00ed (d\u00e9lka t\u011bla bez nohou u samic 13\u201325 mm, u samc\u016f 10\u201316 mm) m\u016f\u017ee dor\u016fstat v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f ne\u017e lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed (samice 13\u201322 mm, samci 9\u201314 mm). Tito pavouci maj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 robustn\u00ed nohy. B\u00fdvaj\u00ed rezav\u00ed, hn\u011bd\u00ed a\u017e sametov\u011b \u010dern\u00ed, b\u011bhem ontogeneze \u010dasto tmavnou. Lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed m\u00e1 obvykle, lov\u010d\u00edk mok\u0159adn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b na boc\u00edch hlavohrudi a zade\u010dku b\u00edl\u00e9 a\u017e \u017elutav\u00e9 pruhy. Po stran\u00e1ch sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed srde\u010dn\u00ed skvrny na h\u0159betu zade\u010dku b\u00fdvaj\u00ed u obou druh\u016f jeden a\u017e dva p\u00e1ry pod\u00e9ln\u00fdch pruh\u016f b\u00edl\u00fdch te\u010dek.\r\n
Lov ko\u0159isti<\/h5>\r\nLov\u010d\u00edci pat\u0159\u00ed mezi pavouky, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159estali stav\u011bt s\u00edt\u011b k\u00a0lovu ko\u0159isti. Jejich p\u0159edkov\u00e9 v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0evolu\u010dn\u011b relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159eli; lov\u010d\u00edci po nich st\u00e1le maj\u00ed na konc\u00edch chodidel prost\u0159edn\u00ed dr\u00e1pek, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k\u00a0pohybu na vl\u00e1knech. Podobn\u011b je tomu u bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f, u nich\u017e v\u0161ak fylogeneticky baz\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny je\u0161t\u011b lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b konstruuj\u00ed. Opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed od stavby lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b souvis\u00ed s\u00a0jej\u00ed energetickou n\u00e1ro\u010dnost\u00ed. Pavouci, kte\u0159\u00ed se nau\u010dili chytat ko\u0159ist bez n\u00ed, u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed \u010das i materi\u00e1l.\r\n\r\nDosp\u011bl\u00ed lov\u010d\u00edci rodu Dolomedes<\/em> \u010d\u00edhaj\u00ed na svoj\u00ed ko\u0159ist pobl\u00ed\u017e rostlin na vodn\u00ed hladin\u011b. Ta jim skrze vln\u011bn\u00ed zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 informace o pohybu ko\u0159isti stejn\u011b jako s\u00ed\u0165 u jin\u00fdch pavouk\u016f. Ke ko\u0159isti spadl\u00e9 na hladinu dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jako brusla\u0159ky s\u00a0nohama rozta\u017een\u00fdma do \u0161iroka dobruslit po vodn\u00ed blance. St\u00e1t na vod\u011b a surfovat na n\u00ed, ani\u017e by se sebem\u00e9n\u011b namo\u010dili, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed t\u011bmto lov\u010d\u00edk\u016fm hydrofobn\u00ed chlupy na nohou. Probl\u00e9m jim ne\u010din\u00ed ani potopit se pro ko\u0159ist pod hladinu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebezpe\u010d\u00ed se dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed do vody ukr\u00fdt i p\u0159ed pred\u00e1torem \u010di arachnologem. P\u0159i potopen\u00ed si pod hladinu zat\u00e1hnou st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u011b se lesknouc\u00ed vrstvi\u010dku vzduchu obklopuj\u00edc\u00ed jejich t\u011blo porostl\u00e9 hust\u00fdm porostem hydrofobn\u00edch chlup\u016f. Ta jim umo\u017e\u0148uje d\u00fdchat atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd kysl\u00edk i pod vodou. To maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00a0vodouchem st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fdm a s\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdmi sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1ky rodu Pirata<\/em>. Jejich ko\u0159ist\u00ed se obvykle st\u00e1vaj\u00ed vodn\u00ed, ve vod\u011b se vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed nebo na vodn\u00ed hladinu spadnuv\u0161\u00ed \u010dlenovci. D\u00edky \u00factyhodn\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm jsou ale, jako jedin\u00ed na\u0161i pavouci, schopn\u00ed ulovit i obratlovce, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pulce \u010di mlad\u00e9 rybky.\r\n
\u017divotn\u00ed cyklus<\/h5>\r\nLov\u010d\u00edci rodu Dolomedes<\/em> se u n\u00e1s p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0kv\u011btnu \u010di \u010dervnu. Same\u010dek vyleze na h\u0159bet samice a st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b samici zav\u00e1d\u00ed sv\u016fj kopula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n na prav\u00e9m a lev\u00e9m makadle shora do jej\u00edho kopula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu na b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed stran\u011b zade\u010dku. Na konci \u010dervna kladou oplozen\u00e9 samice vaj\u00ed\u010dka. A\u017e tis\u00edc vaj\u00ed\u010dek uzav\u00edraj\u00ed do 1 cm velk\u00e9ho b\u011blav\u00e9ho a\u017e \u0161ed\u00e9ho kulovit\u00e9ho kokonu, kter\u00fd samice na rozd\u00edl od sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f nenos\u00ed p\u0159ip\u0159eden\u00fd na snovac\u00edch bradavk\u00e1ch, ale dr\u017e\u00ed ho chelicerami a pedipalpy pod hlavohrud\u00ed. U sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f si nech\u00e1 samice ml\u00e1\u010fata vyl\u00edhl\u00e1 z\u00a0kokonu vyl\u00e9zt na zade\u010dek a nos\u00ed je. Ne tak samice lov\u010d\u00edk\u016f. Ta kokon t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed l\u00edhnut\u00edm zav\u011bs\u00ed na vrcholky vegetace u vody a vytvo\u0159\u00ed okolo n\u011bho kupolovitou trojrozm\u011brnou sple\u0165 vl\u00e1ken, jak\u00fdsi d\u011btsk\u00fd pokoj\u00ed\u010dek. Kokon a vyl\u00edhl\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata hl\u00edd\u00e1 a\u017e do jejich dal\u0161\u00edho svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed, teprve prvn\u00ed nymf\u00e1ln\u00ed instar se rozl\u00e9z\u00e1 do sv\u011bta. Samice m\u016f\u017ee za sv\u016fj \u017eivot vyprodukovat v\u00edce kokon\u016f, n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak men\u0161\u00ed a obsahuj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b vaj\u00ed\u010dek. Po pohl\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00ed sn\u016f\u0161ky hyne. Osamostatn\u011bn\u00e9 nymfy ne\u017eij\u00ed na vodn\u00ed hladin\u011b jako dosp\u011blci, ale pohybuj\u00ed se po porostu. Ml\u00e1\u010fata lov\u010d\u00edka vodn\u00edho najdeme \u010dasto na mok\u0159adn\u00edch k\u0159ovin\u00e1ch. Aby na vegetaci nebyla n\u00e1padn\u00e1 pro pred\u00e1tory, jsou na rozd\u00edl od dosp\u011blc\u016f zbarven\u00e1 do \u017elutozelena. Oproti tomu ml\u00e1\u010fata lov\u010d\u00edka mok\u0159adn\u00edho se zdr\u017euj\u00ed ve sta\u0159in\u011b v\u00a0litor\u00e1ln\u00edch porostech, proto je jejich kryptick\u00e9 zbarven\u00ed do hn\u011bda. Prvn\u00edm rokem ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed jako mlad\u00e9 nymfy, druh\u00fdm pak jako subadultn\u00ed jedinci \u2013 posledn\u00ed juveniln\u00ed instar p\u0159ed dosp\u011bn\u00edm. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku kv\u011btna n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho roku dosp\u011bj\u00ed a dvoulet\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus se m\u016f\u017ee opakovat. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed samci p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed do srpna, samice n\u011bkdy a\u017e do z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.\r\n
Biotopy<\/h5>\r\nLov\u010d\u00edky rodu Dolomedes<\/em> u n\u00e1s nalezneme v\u00a0oslun\u011bn\u00fdch litor\u00e1ln\u00edch porostech u stojat\u00fdch nebo pomalu tekouc\u00edch vod. Vegetace je na takov\u00fdch m\u00edstech obvykle tvo\u0159ena vysok\u00fdmi ost\u0159icemi. Tyto biotopy se dnes nach\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u rybn\u00edk\u016f, p\u0159ed regulac\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch tok\u016f byly \u010dast\u00e9 u slep\u00fdch a mrtv\u00fdch ramen. N\u011bkdy v\u0161ak lov\u010d\u00edk\u016fm sta\u010d\u00ed opravdu mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ra\u0161elini\u0161\u0165 \u010di mokr\u00fdch luk. V\u017edy se jedn\u00e1 o mezotrofn\u00ed \u010di oligotrofn\u00ed mok\u0159ady; eutrofizace, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody a zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vegetace, vede k\u00a0jejich vymizen\u00ed. Lov\u010d\u00edci rodu Dolomedes<\/em> jsou schopn\u00ed osidlovat i n\u00e1hradn\u00ed biotopy vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad mok\u0159ady vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed v opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch p\u00edskovn\u00e1ch \u010di na vyt\u011b\u017een\u00fdch ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u00edch. T\u011b\u017ebou je odhalen substr\u00e1t, kter\u00fd dosud nen\u00ed zasa\u017een eutrofizac\u00ed, mok\u0159ady vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed na dnech proto b\u00fdvaj\u00ed oligotrofn\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 edafick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky spolehliv\u011b indikuj\u00ed mechy ra\u0161elin\u00edky (Sphagnum<\/em> spp.), kter\u00e9 se \u010dasto uplat\u0148uj\u00ed na sukcesi t\u011bchto n\u00e1hradn\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0drobn\u00fdch lesn\u00edch p\u00edskovn\u00e1ch na T\u0159ebo\u0148sku.\r\n\r\nLov\u010d\u00edk mok\u0159adn\u00ed je u n\u00e1s v\u00e1zan\u00fd pouze na mok\u0159ady v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch, na horsk\u00fdch ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u00edch ho na rozd\u00edl od lov\u010d\u00edka vodn\u00edho nenajdeme. Je v\u00edce v\u00e1z\u00e1n na spl\u00fdvavou vodn\u00ed vegetaci; na sou\u0161 nevystupuje tak \u010dasto jako lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed. Na \u010ceskobud\u011bjovicku byl opakovan\u011b pozorov\u00e1n na b\u0159ez\u00edch \u0159ek. Dnes se u n\u00e1s vyskytuje na pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b v\u00edce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch biotopech ne\u017e lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed, ale to patrn\u011b nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o jeho v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed toleranci, sp\u00ed\u0161e je to d\u00e1no jeho omezen\u00edm na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed polohy, kter\u00e9 jsou dnes zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00edce zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9.\r\n
Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed<\/h5>\r\nOba druhy na\u0161ich lov\u010d\u00edk\u016f rodu Dolomedes<\/em> se vyskytuj\u00ed ve velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti palearktick\u00e9 oblasti, chyb\u011bj\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u00a0jej\u00edch nejteplej\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech v\u010detn\u011b severn\u00ed Afriky. T\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm v\u00fdskytu lov\u010d\u00edka vodn\u00edho jsou u n\u00e1s n\u00ed\u017einy a st\u0159edn\u00ed polohy, sp\u00ed\u0161e vz\u00e1cn\u011b se vyskytuje i v\u00a0hor\u00e1ch. V\u00a0Rakousku vystupuje a\u017e do nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161ek 1250 m n. m. V\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch kv\u016fli v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed polutanty vym\u00edr\u00e1, perspektivu m\u00e1 proto sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0hor\u00e1ch (\u0160umava, \u010cesk\u00fd les, Orlick\u00e9 hory, \u010ceskomoravsk\u00e1 vrchovina). V\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch se doposud udr\u017eel pouze v\u00a0ne\u00farodn\u00fdch p\u00eds\u010dit\u00fdch oblastech s konfigurac\u00ed ter\u00e9nu neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed (T\u0159ebo\u0148sko, Dokesko, Koko\u0159\u00ednsko). V\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0intenzivn\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm se udr\u017eel pouze uvnit\u0159 v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch lesn\u00edch \u010di lu\u010dn\u00edch komplex\u016f, kter\u00e9 takov\u00fdm jejich lokalit\u00e1m slou\u017e\u00ed jako izola\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1smo proti agrochemik\u00e1li\u00edm (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tka Na Placht\u011b v\u00a0t\u0159ebechovick\u00fdch les\u00edch u Hradce Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace Ka\u010den\u00ed louka v CHKO Litovelsk\u00e9 Pomorav\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace SOOS na Chebsku). Proces vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch byl d\u00edky \u010dasn\u00e9mu arachnologick\u00e9mu pr\u016fzkumu, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmu ji\u017e od 19. stolet\u00ed, podchycen nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0okol\u00ed Prahy. Nejprve lov\u010d\u00edk vodn\u00ed vyhynul patrn\u011b na lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0Praze, v\u010detn\u011b \u0160\u00e1reck\u00e9ho \u00fadol\u00ed, pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 na \u00fazem\u00ed CHKO \u010cesk\u00fd kras, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vyhynul i v\u00a0CHKO K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsko. Zde dodnes p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed posledn\u00ed slab\u00e9 populace v\u00a0horn\u00edm \u00faseku potoka Kl\u00ed\u010dava na severn\u00edm okraji CHKO.\r\n\r\nLov\u010d\u00edk mok\u0159adn\u00ed byl u n\u00e1s dlouhou dobu zn\u00e1m pouze z\u00a0litor\u00e1l\u016f rybn\u00edk\u016f na T\u0159ebo\u0148sku, Dokesku a D\u011b\u010d\u00ednsku. V\u00a0relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b byl objeven u \u0159ek na \u010ceskobud\u011bjovicku a i v\u00a0zoologicky tradi\u010dn\u011b dob\u0159e prozkouman\u00fdch oblastech ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v Podyj\u00ed a na B\u0159eclavsku. Je tedy mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee tento vz\u00e1cn\u00fd teplomiln\u00fd druh u n\u00e1s sice vlivem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ztr\u00e1c\u00ed biotopy, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 mu glob\u00e1ln\u00ed oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje kolonizovat nov\u00e9 lokality.\r\n
Ochrana<\/h5>\r\nProto\u017ee lov\u010d\u00edci p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze na nezne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch mok\u0159adech, jsou d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu atraktivn\u00edmu vzhledu a t\u011bsn\u00e9 vazb\u011b na tyto biotopy ide\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlajkov\u00fdmi druhy t\u011bchto ohro\u017een\u00fdch biotop\u016f. Litor\u00e1ln\u00ed porosty, kter\u00e9 jsou jejich domovem, je nutn\u00e9 chr\u00e1nit proti p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 likvidaci p\u0159i in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch krajiny. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by bylo vhodn\u00e9 lokality chr\u00e1nit regulac\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a pesticid\u016f v dostate\u010dn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9m ochrann\u00e9m p\u00e1smu. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o sv\u011btlomiln\u00e9 druhy, nav\u00edc v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na otev\u0159enou vodn\u00ed hladinu, je pot\u0159eba na b\u0159ehov\u00fdch porostech s\u00a0jejich v\u00fdskytem blokovat sukcesi, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b odstra\u0148ovat vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u0159eviny, mozaikovit\u011b vysek\u00e1vat bylinnou litor\u00e1ln\u00ed vegetaci a obnovovat zazem\u0148ovan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed plochy. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 biotopy lov\u010d\u00edk\u016f rodu Dolomedes<\/em> \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b chr\u00e1nit, je nutn\u00e9 zmapovat jejich aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. \u00dadaje o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (lokalizace ide\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00a0podob\u011b GPS sou\u0159adnic, datum a autor pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dolo\u017eeno fotografi\u00ed) mohou \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i zas\u00edlat na adresu rothova.hel(a)gmail.com<\/a> nebo rezac(a)vurv.cz<\/a>.\r\n\r\n \r\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d & Helena Rothov\u00e1<\/span><\/p>\r\nTakto z\u00edskan\u00e1 data budou pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b vyhodnocov\u00e1na a zve\u0159ejn\u011bna na internetov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch BioLib (https:\/\/www.biolib.cz\/cz\/taxonmap\/id216\/<\/a> a https:\/\/www.biolib.cz\/cz\/taxonmap\/id217<\/a>) a \u010cesk\u00e9 arachnologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti (https:\/\/www.arachnology.cz\/druh\/dolomedes-fimbriatus-216.html<\/a> a https:\/\/www.arachnology.cz\/druh\/dolomedes-plantarius-217.html).<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Spinne des Jahres 2020<\/h4>\r\nGerandete Jagdspinne - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
Information<\/h5>\r\nDie Gerandete Jagdspinne, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Jagdspinnen (Pisauridae). Diese Spinnenfamilie z\u00e4hlt weltweit 356 Arten. In Europa kommen 7 Arten vor. Die Gattung Dolomedes<\/em> ist in Europa mit 2 Arten vertreten: D. fimbriatus <\/em>und D. plantarius <\/em>(Clerck, 1757).\r\n\r\nDie Gerandete Jagdspinne ist pal\u00e4arktisch verbreitet. In Mitteleuropa ist die Art meist in der planar-kollinen H\u00f6henstufe (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he) vertreten, in \u00d6sterreich gibt es Fundmeldungen bis 1250m Seeh\u00f6he.\r\n\r\nSie kann stellenweise sogar sehr h\u00e4ufig angetroffen werden. Durch die Zerst\u00f6rung vieler ihrer bevorzugten Lebensr\u00e4ume (Moore und Feuchtgebiete) ist sie seltener geworden, gilt aber noch nicht als gef\u00e4hrdet. Aufgrund des Klimawandels ist allerdings zu erwarten, dass sie k\u00fcnftig doch in eine Gef\u00e4hrdungskategorie eingestuft werden wird.\r\n\r\nMit K\u00f6rperl\u00e4ngen von 15-22 mm bei Weibchen bzw. 10-13 mm bei M\u00e4nnchen ist die Gerandete Jagdspinne eine der gr\u00f6\u00dften heimischen Spinnen. Der K\u00f6rper wirkt ausgesprochen untersetzt und kr\u00e4ftig. Die Grundf\u00e4rbung ist gelbbraun bis schwarzbraun (bei Jungtieren gr\u00fcnlich bis oliv) und die K\u00f6rperseiten haben meist helle Randstreifen (daher der deutsche Name), die sich \u00fcber die ganze L\u00e4ngsseite des Vorder- und Hinterk\u00f6rpers ziehen. Diese m\u00fcssen allerdings nicht immer ausgebildet sein.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Die Gerandete Jagdspinne \u00fcberw\u00e4ltigt ihre Beutetiere frei jagend ohne Fangnetz.<\/h5>\r\nSie lebt vorzugsweise an Ufern stehender und (langsam) flie\u00dfender Gew\u00e4sser, in Sumpfgebieten, in Mooren, auch auf Feuchtwiesen und in Au- bzw. Bruchw\u00e4ldern. Dort lauert sie auf der Wasseroberfl\u00e4che in der N\u00e4he von Pflanzen auf (Wasser-)Insekten, Kaulquappen und kleine Fische. D. fimbriatus<\/em> bewegt sich bei der Jagd geschickt auf der Wasseroberfl\u00e4che. Sie liegt mit dem ganzen K\u00f6rper im Wasser, kann aber dank ihrer dichten K\u00f6rperbehaarung die Oberfl\u00e4chenspannung des Wassers nutzen und \u00fcber Wasser bleiben. Bei Gefahr oder um Beute zu machen, kann sie auch abtauchen. Dabei bildet sich eine Luftblase um ihren K\u00f6rper, die nach dem Auftauchen platzt und eine trockene Spinne aus dem Wasser entl\u00e4sst.\r\n\r\nDie Paarung erfolgt meist im Mai oder Juni. Ab Ende Juni erfolgt die Eiablage und danach wird der ca. 1 cm gro\u00dfe Kokon (mit bis zu 1000 Eiern) vom Weibchen st\u00e4ndig mitgetragen, und zwar mit den Giftklauen (und nicht wie bei Wolfspinnen an den Spinnwarzen befestigt!). Kurz vor dem Schl\u00fcpfen wird der Kokon in der Ufervegetation aufgeh\u00e4ngt, mit einem Gespinst umgeben und bewacht. Sp\u00e4ter k\u00f6nnen weitere Eiablagen folgen, bei denen aber die Eizahl und Gr\u00f6\u00dfe von Kokon zu Kokon abnehmen. Die Entwicklung der Jungspinnen ist offenbar zweij\u00e4hrig. Sie \u00fcberwintern meist subadult und h\u00e4uten sich Anfang Mai zum letzten Mal.\r\n\r\nDolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> ist fast ganzj\u00e4hrig, zumindest von M\u00e4rz bis Oktober anzutreffen, vor allem die Weibchen. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass zumindest diese mehrj\u00e4hrig leben, die Hauptaktivit\u00e4tszeit der M\u00e4nnchen erstreckt sich von Mai bis August.\r\n\r\nIn (Mittel-)Europa kommt eine weitere Art vor, n\u00e4mlich Dolomedes plantarius<\/em> mit \u00e4hnlichem Habitus (meist ohne helle Seitenstreifen) und Gr\u00f6\u00dfe (K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge M\u00e4nnchen 10-16 mm, Weibchen 13-20 mm) sowie einem \u00e4hnlichen Lebensraum, eventuell mit einer Bevorzugung von gr\u00f6\u00dferen See- und Moorgebieten. Sie scheint noch st\u00e4rker an das Wasser gebunden zu sein und ben\u00f6tigt besonnte und offene Uferfl\u00e4chen zur Fortpflanzung. Diese Art ist verst\u00e4rkt von April bis August anzutreffen, die Weibchen noch ein bisschen l\u00e4nger bis September. Generell wird diese Art aber selten gefunden. Eine sichere Unterscheidung ist allerdings nur nach Geschlechtsmerkmalen m\u00f6glich.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Warum wurde die Gerandete Jagdspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt?<\/h5>\r\nAls eine der gr\u00f6\u00dften heimischen Spinnen an Gew\u00e4sserufern ist sie gut sichtbar und zeigt zudem eine bemerkenswerte Anpassung an ihren Lebensraum, der leider immer mehr bedroht und gef\u00e4hrdet ist. Diese Art ist vor allem durch den Verbau von Ufern, die Beseitigung von R\u00f6hricht- und Schwimmblattvegetation, das Austrocknen von Mooren und die Verkleinerung entsprechender Wasserlebensr\u00e4ume gef\u00e4hrdet.\r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine \u201ewenig beliebte\u201c Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt und auf einen bedrohten Lebensraum hingewiesen werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: erfreuen Sie sich an der Spinne des Jahres und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung oder ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 83 Arachnologen aus 26 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2020<\/h4>\r\nStor rovedderkop - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDen store rovedderkop, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), tilh\u00f8rer familien af rovedderkopper (Pisauridae), af hvilke der verden over er kendt 356 arter. I Europa forekommer syv arter. Sl\u00e6gten Dolomedes<\/em> er i Europa og Danmark repr\u00e6senteret ved to arter: D. fimbriatus<\/em> og D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757). D. fimbriatus<\/em> er kendt fra det meste af Danmark, undtagen Vestjylland og Thy.\r\n\r\nDen store rovedderkop har en pal\u00e6arktisk udbredelse. I Central-Europa forekommer den mest i lavlandet op til 800 m over havets overflade; rekorden er fra \u00d8strig med 1250 m o.h.o. Nogle steder kan arten v\u00e6re ganske hyppig. Generelt er den dog blevet sj\u00e6ldnere, da dens foretrukne habitater (t\u00f8rvemoser og mindre skovs\u00f8er) er t\u00f8rret ud eller groet til. D. fimbriatus<\/em> bliver dog endnu ikke anset for truet (r\u00f8dliste 2019: kategori LC = livskraftige populationer). Muligvis kan klimaforandringerne i fremtiden g\u00f8re dem mere truede.\r\n\r\nMed en kropsl\u00e6ngde p\u00e5 15-22 mm hos hunner og 10-13 mm hos hanner er den store rovedderkop blandt de st\u00f8rste hjemmeh\u00f8rende arter af edderkopper. Kroppen er kraftig og kompakt. Grundfarven er gulbrun til sortbrun (ungerne gr\u00f8nlige med r\u00f8dbrun tegning p\u00e5 dorsalsiden). Langs begge kroppens sider l\u00f8ber en lys stribe hele vejen fra forrest p\u00e5 hovedet til bagest p\u00e5 bagkroppen. Disse kan dog i sj\u00e6ldne tilf\u00e6lde mangle.\r\n\r\nDen store rovedderkop har intet fangstnet men overmander sit byte ved et pludseligt angreb. Den bor langs kanten af stillest\u00e5ende (eller langsomt flydende) ferskvande, mest sm\u00e5s\u00f8er og moser, gerne omgivet af skov. Her sidder den ofte p\u00e5 lur med bagbenene p\u00e5 bredden eller p\u00e5 en plante og med forbenene hvilende p\u00e5 vandoverfladen og venter p\u00e5 vandinsekter, haletudser eller sm\u00e5 fisk. Hele kroppen hviler p\u00e5 vandoverfladen takket v\u00e6re vandets overfladesp\u00e6nding og et tykt lag h\u00e5r p\u00e5 undersiden. Den bev\u00e6ger sig adr\u00e6t p\u00e5 vandoverfladen og kan ogs\u00e5 dykke ned i vandet, fx for at fange et bytte eller slippe fra en fjende. Under dykningen dannes en luftboble omkring kroppen, s\u00e5 edderkoppen er t\u00f8r, n\u00e5r den igen kommer op til overfladen.\r\n\r\nParringen foreg\u00e5r i maj-juni. Fra slutningen af juni kan man se hunner, som b\u00e6rer p\u00e5 den store (ca. 1 cm i diameter) \u00e6gs\u00e6k med op til 1000 \u00e6g. Hunnen b\u00e6rer \u00e6gs\u00e6kken i munddelene (ikke h\u00e6ftet til spindevorterne som hos jagtedderkopperne!). Kort f\u00f8r ungerne forlader \u00e6gs\u00e6kken, h\u00e6nges denne op i et s\u00e5kaldt ammespind, som dannes i s\u00f8bredsvegetationen. Her vogter hun de nykl\u00e6kkede unger i en periode, inden de spredes i omgivelserne. Hunnen kan evt. senere lave endnu en \u00e6gs\u00e6k, men den vil s\u00e5 v\u00e6re mindre og med f\u00e6rre \u00e6g. Ungeudviklingen tager to \u00e5r: ungerne overvintrer f\u00f8rste gang i et tidligt stadie og anden gang som subadulte, dvs de har kun et enkelt hudskifte tilbage, inden de bliver voksne tidligt i maj m\u00e5ned. Unge individer kan derfor findes i hele den aktive periode (fra marts\/april til oktober\/november), voksne hunner fra maj til august\/september, mens voksne hanner kun ses i maj til juni\/juli.\r\n\r\nI Mellemeuropa (samt nogle f\u00e5 steder i Danmark, specielt Nord\u00f8st-Sj\u00e6lland) findes endnu en art, Dolomedes plantarius<\/em>, som ligner D. fimbriatus<\/em> af udseende (dog ofte uden de lyse striber langs siderne) og st\u00f8rrelse (hanner 10-16 mm, hunner 13-20 mm). Den forekommer ogs\u00e5 i samme typer habitat, men synes dog at foretr\u00e6kke lidt st\u00f8rre s\u00f8er og moser. Den f\u00e6rdes endnu mere p\u00e5 vandfladerne og kr\u00e6ver \u00e5bne solbeskinnede bredder for at kunne formere sig. Voksne hunner af arten forekommer fra april til september, men er overalt sj\u00e6lden. De to arter kan kun skelnes med sikkerhed ved at se p\u00e5 k\u00f8nsorganerne i mikroskop. D. plantarius<\/em> anses for truet i Danmark (r\u00f8dliste 2019: kategori VU = s\u00e5rbar).\r\n\r\n \r\n
Hvorfor er den store rovedderkop valgt til \u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa?<\/h5>\r\nDen store rovedderkop er en \u201dikonisk\u201d art ikke blot p\u00e5 grund af sin st\u00f8rrelse (Danmarks st\u00f8rste hjemmeh\u00f8rende edderkop) og markante udseende, men ogs\u00e5 i kraft af dens bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdige tilpasninger til livet p\u00e5 vandoverfladerne. Dens habitat er i stigende grad truet af udt\u00f8rring og \u201cudvikling\u201d af v\u00e5domr\u00e5der. I Danmark er den v\u00e6sentligste trussel nok den stigende tilgroning af moser.\r\n\r\nMed udn\u00e6vnelsen af \u00c5rets Edderkop \u00f8nsker vi ikke blot at kaste lys p\u00e5 en interessant men ikke s\u00e6rlig \u201cpopul\u00e6r\u201d dyregruppe, men ogs\u00e5 at g\u00f8re opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5 truslerne mod dyrenes naturlige levesteder. Vi vil ogs\u00e5 gerne opmuntre alle til at bidrage til kendskabet til arternes udbredelse; man kan indsende fotos og anden information (lokalitet, dato, antal, k\u00f8n mv) til Naturbasen (www.fugleognatur.dk<\/a>). Vi \u00f8nsker alle held med at opleve den store rovedderkop i 2020!\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets Edderkop i Europa v\u00e6lges af 83 arachnologer fra 26 europ\u00e6iske lande. Valget koordineres af Naturhistorisk Museum i Wien i samarbejde med det tyske Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) og European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & S\u00f8ren Toft<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2020<\/h4>\r\nRantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki, Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757) kuuluu kiitoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Pisauridae). Maailmanlaajuisesti t\u00e4ss\u00e4 heimossa on 356 lajia, ja Euroopassa esiintyy seitsem\u00e4n lajia. Rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien suvussa, Dolomedes,<\/em> on Euroopassa ja Suomessa kaksi lajia: D. fimbriatus<\/em> ja D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757).\r\n\r\nRantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kill\u00e4 on palearktinen levinneisyyskuva, sit\u00e4 esiintyy Euroopassa ja Aasiassa. Keski-Euroopassa se el\u00e4\u00e4 yleens\u00e4 alankomailla 800 m korkeuteeen merenpinnasta, It\u00e4vallassa sit\u00e4 on tavattu my\u00f6s vuoristoissa aina 1250 m korkeuteen asti. Laji on meill\u00e4 yleinen ja helposti havaittava. Koska sen suosimia elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6j\u00e4 (soita ja kosteikkoja) on runsaasti, ei meill\u00e4 ole havaittu lajin v\u00e4henemist\u00e4 kuten on paikoin etel\u00e4mp\u00e4n\u00e4 Euroopassa tapahtunut. Siell\u00e4 rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin pel\u00e4t\u00e4\u00e4n muttuvan tulevaisuudessa jopa uhanalaiseksi lajiksi, ihmistoiminnan ja ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi. Suomessa laji on elinvoimainen ja levinnyt koko maahan tunturialueita lukuunottamatta.\r\n\r\nNaaraan ruumiin pituus on 15-22 mm ja koiraan 10-13 mm; rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki onkin yksi suurikokoisimmista lajeistamme. Sen ruumiinrakenne on tanakka ja se n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 hyvin voimakkaalta. V\u00e4rilt\u00e4\u00e4n laji vaihtelee kellanruskeasta mustanruskeaan (nuoret yksil\u00f6t ovat oliivinvihreit\u00e4), tavallisesti ruumiin sivuilla on vaaleat (joskus kirkkaan keltaiset) juovat, jotka ulottuvat kyljill\u00e4 koko matkan eturuumiin k\u00e4rjest\u00e4 takaruumiin k\u00e4rkeen. N\u00e4m\u00e4 juovat voivat puuttuakin.\r\n\r\nRantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki saalistaa ilman pyyntiverkkoa, se on vapaasti liikkuva mets\u00e4st\u00e4j\u00e4. Laji suosii elinpaikkoinaan erilaisia rantoja, soita, kosteita niittyj\u00e4 ja soistuneita metsi\u00e4. Se \u201cistuu\u201d veden pinnalla kasvillisuuden l\u00e4hell\u00e4 ja odottaa saaliikseen (vesi)hy\u00f6nteisi\u00e4, sammakoiden nuijap\u00e4it\u00e4 ja pieni\u00e4 kalanpoikasia. Rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki liikkuu saalistaessaan taitavasti veden pinnalla. Sen koko ruumis painuu vedenpintaa vasten, mutta tihe\u00e4n karvapeitteens\u00e4 ansiosta se pysyy veden pinnalla pintaj\u00e4nnityksen turvin. Vaaran uhatessa tai saalistaessaan h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki voi sukeltaa ja uida. Sukelluksen aikana ruumiin ymp\u00e4rille muodostuu ilmakupla, joka hajoaa sen noustua yl\u00f6s veden pinnalle ja n\u00e4in h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki s\u00e4ilyy kuivana.\r\n\r\nParittelu tapahtuu alkukes\u00e4ll\u00e4. Kes\u00e4kuun lopulta alkaen naaras munii ja tekee sitten seitist\u00e4\u00e4n halkaisijaltaan noin 1 cm kokoisen munakotelon (jossa voi olla jopa 1000 munaa). Naaras kuljettaa munakoteloa suuosissaan (ei siis kehruunystyihin kiinnitettyn\u00e4 kuten juoksuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit). Hieman ennen munien kuoriutumista munakotelo kiinnitet\u00e4\u00e4n kasvillisuuteen l\u00e4hell\u00e4 vett\u00e4. Munakotelo suojataan seittirihmoilla, ja sit\u00e4 vartioidaan. My\u00f6hemmin voi tapahtua uusi muninta, kuitenkin silloin munien m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 on v\u00e4h\u00e4isempi ja munakotelo pienempi. Rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien poikasten kehittyminen aikuisiksi kest\u00e4\u00e4 yleens\u00e4 kaksi vuotta. Ne talvehtivat tavallisesti subadultteina ja aikuistuvat touko-kes\u00e4kuussa. Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>voi esiinty\u00e4 aikuisena l\u00e4hes kautta vuoden, niit\u00e4 l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 ainakin huhtikuusta lokakuuhun, varsinkin naarasyksil\u00f6it\u00e4. Koiraiden aktiivisuuskausi on toukokuusta elokuuhun.\r\n\r\nMeill\u00e4 tavataan toistakin lajia, isorantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u00e4 Dolomedes plantarius. <\/em>Se on saman n\u00e4k\u00f6inen (mutta usein ilman vaaleita sivujuovia); kooltaan ja elinpaikkavaatimuksiltaan my\u00f6s samankaltainen kuin D. fimbriatus<\/em>. Se n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 tosin suosivan laajempia vesist\u00f6j\u00e4, meill\u00e4 on runsaasti havaintoja suurien j\u00e4rvien rannoilta. Laji lienee sitoutunut rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u00e4 tiiviimmin veteen, ja se vaatii aurinkoisia rantahabitaatteja lis\u00e4\u00e4ntymispaikoikseen. Isorantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u00e4 on tavattu aikuisena kes\u00e4kautena, ja se on melko harvinainen ja paikallinen laji. Sit\u00e4 l\u00f6ytyy meill\u00e4 Etel\u00e4-Suomesta, erityisesti j\u00e4rvialueilta. N\u00e4iden kahden rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajin m\u00e4\u00e4ritt\u00e4minen vaatii sukuelinten tutkimista.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Miksi rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki valittiin vuoden eurooppalaiseksi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi?<\/h5>\r\nSe on yhten\u00e4 suurikoisimmista h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keist\u00e4mme helposti havaittavissa j\u00e4rvien ja jokien rannoilla ja soilla, ja sill\u00e4 on merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 sopeutumia elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ihins\u00e4, jotka Keski-Euroopassa ovat vaarantumassa. Syin\u00e4 siihen ovat erityisesti rantojen rakentaminen, j\u00e4rviruon ja vesikasvien poistaminen sek\u00e4 soiden ja muiden kosteikkojen kuivaaminen. Meill\u00e4 Suomessa tilanne on paljon parempi.\r\n\r\nVuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnalla tuodaan esille t\u00e4m\u00e4 \u201cep\u00e4suosittu\u201d el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4 ja kiinnitet\u00e4\u00e4n huomiota elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n haavoittuvuuteen. Samalla toivotaan saatavan uutta tietoa rantah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajien levinneisyydest\u00e4. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 mieless\u00e4 nauti vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin seuraamisesta; sen voit dokumentoida kuvaamalla.\r\n\r\nEuroopalaisen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin on valinnut 83 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien tutkijaa) 26 Euroopan maasta. Koordinaattorina on toiminut Wienin Luonnonhistoriallinen museo sek\u00e4 yhdistykset \u201cArachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes)\u201d ja \u201cEuropean Society of Arachnology (ESA)\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Araign\u00e9e de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2020<\/h4>\r\nAraign\u00e9e radeau - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e radeau, Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757), appartient \u00e0 la famille des araign\u00e9es \u00e0 toile pouponni\u00e8re (Pisauridae). Dans le monde, cette famille compte 353 esp\u00e8ces avec 7 pr\u00e9sentes en Europe dont 2 dans le genre Dolomedes<\/em>: D. fimbriatus<\/em> et D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757).\r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e radeau a une distribution pal\u00e9arctique. En Europe centrale, elle se rencontre principalement des plaines aux collines (jusqu'\u00e0 800m d'altitude), avec des records jusqu'\u00e0 1250m d'altitude en Autriche, pouvant \u00eatre abondante dans certains milieux. Suite \u00e0 la destruction de bon nombre de ses habitats pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels (landes et zones humides), elle est devenue plus rare, bien qu\u2018elle ne soit pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme menac\u00e9e. En raison du changement climatique, il est probable qu'\u00e0 l'avenir, elle soit plac\u00e9e dans la cat\u00e9gorie des esp\u00e8ces en voie de disparition.\r\n\r\nAvec une longueur de corps de 15-22 mm chez les femelles et de 10-13 mm chez les m\u00e2les, l'araign\u00e9e radeau est l'une des plus grandes esp\u00e8ces europ\u00e9ennes. Le corps, d\u2019allure assez trapue, pr\u00e9sente une coloration de base de brun jaune \u00e0 brun noir\u00e2tre (chez les juv\u00e9niles de verd\u00e2tre \u00e0 olive) avec g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement deux bandes p\u00e2les s\u2019\u00e9tendant sur les bords du c\u00e9phalothorax et de l'abdomen (bien que pas toujours pr\u00e9sentes).\r\n\r\nCette dolom\u00e8de affectionne les rives de plans d'eau stagnante ou s'\u00e9coulant lentement, dans des landes, des prairies humides ou encore des for\u00eats gorg\u00e9es d'eau. Elle capture ses proies sans utiliser de toile, pr\u00e8s des plantes, \u00e0 l\u2018aff\u00fbt d\u2018insectes aquatiques, de t\u00eatards ou de petits poissons. Pour chasser D. fimbriatus<\/em> se d\u00e9place habilement \u00e0 la surface de l'eau, restant en tension superficielle au-dessus gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses \u00e9paisses couches de soies ; celles qui sont situ\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 des pattes en particulier la renseignent sur les mouvements des proies sous l\u2019eau. Lorsqu'elle en a ressenti une, elle plonge pour l\u2019attraper, comportement qu\u2019elle peut aussi adopter en cas de danger. Pendant la plong\u00e9e, une bulle d'air se forme autour du corps, qui dispara\u00eet quand l\u2018araign\u00e9e remonte en surface laissant ainsi un individu \u00e9mergent d\u2019aspect sec.\r\n\r\nL'accouplement a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement lieu en mai ou juin, la p\u00e9riode de ponte d\u00e9butant vers la fin du mois de juin. Les oeufs sont contenus dans un cocon de soie blanch\u00e2tre d\u2018environ 1cm de diam\u00e8tre (contenant jusqu'\u00e0 1000 \u0153ufs), cocon qui est constamment port\u00e9 par la femelle \u00e0 l'aide de ses pi\u00e8ces buccales (et non attach\u00e9 aux fili\u00e8res comme chez les araign\u00e9es-loups!). Peu avant l'\u00e9closion, le cocon est suspendu dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation pr\u00e8s du bord de l'eau, entour\u00e9 de fils de soie formant une sorte de d\u00f4me appel\u00e9 toile pouponni\u00e8re, et gard\u00e9 par la femelle contre les pr\u00e9dateurs \u00e9ventuels. Plus tardivement dans la saison estivale, une nouvelle ponte peut avoir lieu, mais avec un nombre plus r\u00e9duit d'\u0153ufs. Le d\u00e9veloppement de ces araign\u00e9es dure apparemment deux ans. Ils hivernent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en tant que subadultes et muent ensuite jusqu'\u00e0 la maturit\u00e9 sexuelle d\u00e9but mai. Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> est pr\u00e9sent presque toute l'ann\u00e9e et peut \u00eatre observ\u00e9 assez facilement de mars \u00e0 octobre, en particulier les femelles; la p\u00e9riode d'activit\u00e9 principale des m\u00e2les s'\u00e9tendrait de mai \u00e0 ao\u00fbt, au moins pour ceux qui vivent plus d'un an.\r\n\r\nEn Europe (centrale), il existe une autre esp\u00e8ce, Dolomedes plantarius,<\/em> d'aspect (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sans rayures p\u00e2les), de taille (longueur du corps des m\u00e2les 10-16 mm \/ femelles 13-20 mm) et \u00e9galement d\u2018habitat similaires, avec n\u00e9anmoins une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les grands lacs et les landes. Cette esp\u00e8ce semble encore plus \u00e9troitement attach\u00e9e \u00e0 l'eau et recherche des rives ouvertes ensoleill\u00e9es pour sa reproduction. D. plantarius<\/em> est principalement rencontr\u00e9e d'avril \u00e0 ao\u00fbt, les femelles visibles jusqu'en septembre. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, cette esp\u00e8ce ne se trouve que rarement. Une identification d\u00e9finitive n'est cependant possible qu'\u00e0 partir des caract\u00e8res g\u00e9nitaux.\r\n\r\nPourquoi ce choix de l'araign\u00e9e radeau comme araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e? Tout d\u2019abord, cette esp\u00e8ce est l'une des plus grandes araign\u00e9es europ\u00e9ennes, facilement visible sur les rives des lacs et des rivi\u00e8res; de plus elle montre \u00e9galement des adaptations remarquables \u00e0 cet habitat, qui est malheureusement de plus en plus perturb\u00e9. L'esp\u00e8ce est particuli\u00e8rement menac\u00e9e par les travaux de construction sur les berges, l'\u00e9limination des roseli\u00e8res et des n\u00e9nuphars, l'ass\u00e8chement des landes et la r\u00e9duction de la taille des milieux humides appropri\u00e9s.\r\n\r\nDonc le choix de cette araign\u00e9e pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2020, permet non seulement de continuer l\u2019acquisition de connaissances sur un groupe zoologique \u00abimpopulaire\u00bb, mais \u00e9galement de faire r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des habitats menac\u00e9s. Dans le m\u00eame temps, les scientifiques esp\u00e8rent obtenir des donn\u00e9es actuelles sur sa distribution. En ce sens, profitez de cette d\u00e9couverte de l'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e et aidez-nous avec vos informations de localit\u00e9s ou avec une photo pour documenter cette esp\u00e8ce.\r\n\r\nL\u2019araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019ann\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie par 83 arachnologues de 26 pays europ\u00e9ens. La coordination est assur\u00e9e par le Mus\u00e9e d'histoire naturelle de Vienne, en collaboration avec l'Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne d'arachnologie (ESA).\r\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Christine Rollard<\/span><\/p><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ragno dell\u2019anno 2020<\/h4>\r\nDolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
Generalit\u00e0<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nIl ragno pesacatore, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), appartiene alla famiglia dei Pisauridi, che al mondo comprende 356 specie, di cui 7 in Europa.Il genere Dolomedes in Europa \u00e8 rappresentato da due specie: D. fimbriatus<\/em> e D. plantarius<\/em> (Clerck, 1757).\r\n\r\nIl ragno pescatore ha distribuzione paleartica. In Europa si ritrova principalmente in ambienti umidi planiziali e collinari, con alcuni isolati ritrovamenti in Austria intorno ai 1200 metri.\r\n\r\nLa specie pu\u00f2 essere localmente abbondante ma, a causa delle forti modifiche a cui sono soggetti gli ambienti che occupa \u00e8 diventato progressivamente pi\u00f9 raro, sebbene attualmente non sia considerato in pericolo di estinzione. Di certo i cambiamenti climatici e gli effetti che questi avranno sul suo habitat elettivo rappresentano due possibili fattori di minaccia per la persistenza delle popolazioni nel prossimo futuro.\r\n\r\nCon una lunghezza del corpo di 15-22 mm nelle femmine e 10-13 mm nei maschi, il ragno pescatore \u00e8 uno dei pi\u00f9 grandi ragni europei. Il corpo appare particolarmente robusto e tozzo. La colorazione di base va dal giallo-marrone al marrone-nerastro (nei giovani assume toni verdastri) e i lati del corpo presentano una striscia pallida che generalmente si estende lungo entrambi i lati del cefalotorace e si prolunga nell'addome. Tuttavia queste bande chiare non sono sempre presenti.\r\n\r\nIl ragno pescatore caccia le sue prede tendendo agguati, senza usare la ragnatela. L\u2019habitat elettivo \u00e8 rappresentato dalle sponde dei corpi idrici d\u2019acqua ferma o lenta, brughiere, prati umidi, foreste ripariali o boschi umidi come gli acero tiglio frassineti e i carpineti. D. fimbriatus<\/em> \u00e8 in grado di muoversi abilmente sulla superficie dell'acqua, grazie allo spesso strato di setole idrofobiche presenti sul corpo. Sfruttando la tensione superficiale infatti il ragno si posiziona sull\u2019acqua, nascosto tra la vegetazione in attesa di insetti, girini o anche piccoli pesci. Lo stesso strato di setole idrofobiche gli permette inoltre di immergersi completamente sott'acqua, ad esempio quando si sente in pericolo o quando deve catturare una preda. Durante l'immersione si forma una bolla d'aria intorno al corpo, che svanisce quando torna in superficie e lascia il ragno completamente asciutto.\r\n\r\nL'accoppiamento avviene di solito a maggio o giugno e in genere dalla fine di giugno ha luogo la deposizione delle uova. Successivamente la femmina tesse un bozzolo di circa 1 cm di diametro (contenente fino a 1000 uova) che trasporter\u00e0 con s\u00e9 in tutti i suoi spostamenti, fino alla schiusa. A differenza dei ragni lupo, che attaccano il bozzolo alle filiere, nel caso del ragno pescatore il bozzolo viene trasportato attaccato ai cheliceri. Poco prima della schiusa, il bozzolo viene appeso nella vegetazione vicino al bordo dell'acqua, riparato da un fitto intrico di fili di seta e custodito con attenzione dalla femmina. In seguito possono avvenire altre deposizioni con un numero ridotto di uova e dimensioni del bozzolo pi\u00f9 piccole. Lo sviluppo dei ragni fino allo stadio adulto richiede apparentemente due anni. Di solito i giovani svernano come subadulti e si avvicinano alla maturit\u00e0 in primavera.\r\n\r\nDolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> \u00e8 presente per quasi tutto l'anno. In genere le femmine sono pi\u00f9 facilmente osservabili da marzo a ottobre. Il periodo di attivit\u00e0 dei maschi si estende grosso modo da maggio fino ad agosto.\r\n\r\nIn Europa esiste un\u2019altra specie di ragno pescatore, Dolomedes plantarius<\/em>, con un aspetto, dimensioni e habitat molto simili. Le differenze sono sottili, la maggior parte degli individui non presentano le strisce lungo i fianchi del corpo, le dimensioni sono leggermente maggiori (maschi 10-16 mm, femmine 13-20 mm) e l\u2019habitat di elezione \u00e8 pi\u00f9 prettamente acquatico, rappresentato ad esempio dai canneti al bordo dei grandi laghi., D. plantarius <\/em>\u00e8 legato pi\u00f9 strettamente all'acqua rispetto a D. fimbriatus<\/em>, e ha bisogno di rive soleggiate e aperte per la riproduzione. Questa specie si ritrova principalmente da aprile ad agosto, e la femmina anche fino a settembre. In genere, questa specie \u00e8 molto pi\u00f9 rara della precedente. Purtroppo le differenze tra le due specie sono troppo sottili per identificarle direttamente in campo, come spesso accade per i ragni, l'identificazione definitiva \u00e8 possibile soltanto dall\u2019esame dei caratteri genitali.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Perch\u00e9 il ragno pescatore \u00e8 stato scelto come ragno europeo dell'anno?<\/h5>\r\nCi sono diversi motivi per cui abbiamo scelto questa specie come ragno dell\u2019anno. Innanzitutto si tratta di un ragno facilmente osservabile in natura, date le dimensioni e l\u2019habitat facilmente accessibile. Inoltre, questa specie richiama l\u2019attenzione sulla difficile condizione in cui versano gli habitat umidi, sempre pi\u00f9 minacciati dalle attivit\u00e0 umane, inclusi i cambiamenti climatici. In particolare i ragni pescatori sono minacciati dai lavori di costruzione sulle rive, dalla rimozione dei canneti e delle ninfee, dall\u2019inaridimento delle brughiere e dei prati umidi e, pi\u00f9 in generale dall\u2019alterazione delle zone umide.\r\n\r\nCon questa scelta ci proponiamo quindi, non solo di rendere meno impopolare un gruppo di artropodi estremamente affascinante come i ragni, ma cerchiamo di sensibilizzare il pubblico verso il tema della conservazione delle aree umide, che svolgono importantissime funzioni ecosistemiche e albergano comunit\u00e0 biologiche ricchissime in termini di specie.\r\n\r\nIl \"ragno europeo dell'anno\" \u00e8 stato scelto da 83 aracnologi di 26 paesi europei. Il coordinamento \u00e8 a cura del Museo di storia naturale di Vienna, insieme all'Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) e alla European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marco Isaia<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europese spin van het jaar 2020<\/h4>\r\nDe Gerande oeverspin - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Gerande oeverspin, Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em>, behoort tot de familie van de kraamwebspinnen (Pisauridae), die wereldwijd 356 soorten telt. In Europa leven 7 soorten, waaronder twee oeverspinnen van het geslacht Dolomedes<\/em>: de Gerande oeverspin (D. fimbriatus)<\/em> en de Grote oeverspin (D. plantarius)<\/em>.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Bedreigde soort<\/h5>\r\nDe Gerande oeverspin heeft een zogenaamd Palearctische verspreiding (Europa, Noord-Azi\u00eb en Noord-Afrika). In Centraal Europa wordt ze meestal gevonden van de laagvlaktes tot in heuvelachtig gebied (tot 800 m boven zeeniveau). In Oostenrijk werd ze echter aangetroffen tot op 1250 m boven zeeniveau.\r\n\r\nOp sommige plaatsen kan ze redelijk algemeen zijn, maar doorgaans is ze eerder zeldzaam geworden door de vernietiging van veel van haar voorkeurhabitats (natte heide en moerasgebied). In Belgi\u00eb is het \u00e9\u00e9n van de vier wettelijk beschermde spinnensoorten, naast de Waterspin, de Tijgerspin en de Gewone mijnspin. In de Vlaamse Rode Lijst staat de spin genoteerd als \"critisch wegens verdwijnen biotopen, op de rand van uitsterven<\/em>\".\r\n\r\nIn het kader van de Vlaamse meetnetten die beleidsrelevante soorten opvolgen (in opdracht van Europa), is een zogenaamde \"inhaalslag\" voor deze soort opgenomen. Dat betekent dat men probeert een zicht te krijgen op de re\u00eble verspreiding van de soort in Vlaanderen. Er zijn al eerste indicaties dat de soort bij ons te lijden heeft onder een toenemende verdroging van habitats onder invloed van de klimaatverandering.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Jagende joekel<\/h5>\r\nMet een lichaamslengte van 15-22 mm bij vrouwtjes en 10-16 mm bij mannetjes, is de Gerande oeverspin \u00e9\u00e9n van onze grootste spinnensoorten. Ze heeft een stevig postuur. Ze heeft een geel-bruine tot zwartbruine basiskleur (bij jongen groenig tot olijfkleurig) en aan beide zijden van het lichaam loopt meestal een beige tot gele lengtestreep die zowel over het kopborstuk, als over het achterlijf loopt. In het veld word ze wel eens verward met bepaalde piraten-soorten, maar die behoren tot de familie van de wolfspinnen.\r\n\r\nDe Gerande oeverspin staat bekend als een actieve jager, die dus geen web gebruikt om prooi te vangen, maar jonge exemplaren maken wel een kleine webachtige constructie, vaak op bladeren van kruidachtige planten, die niet noodzakelijk altijd in de directe omgeving van water groeien. Als de spinnen groter worden, verhuizen ze naar de waterkant van stilstaande of traag stromende waterpartijen in natte heidegebieden, vochtige graslanden, oever- of broekbossen. Ze maken dan niet langer een web. Om te jagen, zit de Gerande oeverspin op het wateroppervlak bij de oevervegetatie en kijkt uit naar insecten die in het water beland zijn er daar dan liggen te spartelen. Die trillingen registreert ze met haar pootuiteinden, eigenlijk zoals webwevende spinnen de trillingen in hun web opmerken. Ze loopt dan vlot over het water naar de prooi en grijpt die vast. De Gerande oeverspin gebruikt het wateroppervlak dus eigenlijk als een web!\r\n\r\n \r\n
Als Jezus over het water<\/h5>\r\nDat \"waterlopen\" kan ze dankzij speciale waterafstotende haartjes, waardoor de oppervlaktespanning van het wateroppervlak haar drijvende houdt. De Gerande oeverspin jaagt echter ook op diertjes die zich onder water bevinden, zoals kikkervisjes, kleine salamanders en kleine vissen. Daarmee is het \u00e9\u00e9n van de enige Belgische spinnen die regelmatig een gewervelde prooi vangt.\r\n\r\nZe moet dus kunnen duiken om zo'n waterdiertje te vangen, maar ook bij gevaar duikt ze bliksemsnel onder water. De waterafstotende haartjes over haar gehele lichaam, zorgen er dan voor dat er een luchtfilm rond de spin blijft hangen, waardoor ze ook onder water een tijdlang kan blijven ademen. Wanneer ze terug aan de oppervlakte komt, is de spin dan wonderlijk droog gebleven.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Zorgzame moeder<\/h5>\r\nDe paring vindt doorgaans plaats in mei of juni. Vanaf eind juni legt het vrouwtje haar eieren in een ronde eicocon van ca. 1 cm diameter. Die kan wel tot 1000 eitjes bevatten en wordt door de spin de hele tijd meegedragen in haar monddelen en dus niet bevestigd achteraan het achterlijf zoals bij wolfspinnen. Als het vrouwtje voelt dat de eitjes gaan uitkomen, spint ze het zogenaamde kraamweb, waarin ze de eicocon ophangt. De jongen blijven nog een tijd samen in dit kraamweb, terwijl het vrouwtje aan de buitenzijde de wacht houdt. De ontwikkeling van jong tot volwassen dier, neemt een tweetal jaar in beslag. De spin overwintert in subvolwassen toestand en vervelt dan begin mei een laatste keer, waarna ze volwassen is.\r\n\r\nGedurende het hele jaar zijn exemplaren van de Gerande oeverspin aanwezig en minstens van maart tot oktober zijn ze waar te nemen, vooral de vrouwtjes. Vermoedelijk loopt de belangrijkste activiteitsperiode van de mannetjes van mei tot augustus.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Grote oeverspin<\/h5>\r\nIn Belgi\u00eb leeft een tweede soort oeverspin, de Grote oeverspin, die erg op de Gerande oeverspin lijkt, maar vaak de lichte zijstrepen mist. Op sommige plaatsen worden beide soorten samen aangetroffen, maar de Grote oeverspin verkiest eerder laagveenhabitats met grotere waterpartijen. Deze soort wordt het meest gezien van april tot augustus en de vrouwtjes iets langer, tot september. De Grote oeverspin is echter een stuk zeldzamer en voor Belgi\u00eb zijn maar twee vindplaatsen bekend. Om de twee soorten met zekerheid van mekaar te kunnen onderscheiden, is stereomicroscopisch onderzoek van de geslachtsstructuren nodig.\r\n\r\n \r\n
Waarom is de Gerande oeverspin verkozen tot Europese spin van het jaar?<\/h5>\r\nNiet alleen is de Gerande oeverspin \u00e9\u00e9n van onze grootste inheemse spinnen en is ze daardoor goed op te merken door de mens, ze heeft daarnaast een interessante levenswijze: ze weeft in vroege stadia een web, dat ze dan later \u2018verleert\u2019, kan \u2018Jezusgewijs\u2019 over water lopen, zorgt erg goed voor haar jongen en vangt al duikend zelfs gewervelde dieren als prooi. De spin is uitzonderlijk goed aangepast aan haar waterrijke leefgebied, dat helaas hoe langer hoe meer onder druk staat. Bijzonder schadelijk zijn daarbij werken aan rivieroevers, het verwijderen van rietvelden en waterlelies, het uitdrogen van natte heide en de afnemende oppervlakte aan geschikte moerassige zones.\r\n\r\nMet deze keuze van de Europese spin van het jaar, willen we niet alleen een \u2018onpopulaire\u2019 diergroep promoten, maar ook aandacht vragen voor een bedreigde habitat. Tegelijk hopen we dat een breder publiek deze soort zal melden, zodat onderzoekers nieuwe gegevens ontvangen over de huidige verspreiding van de Gerande oeverspin.\r\n\r\nGa dus gerust eens op zoek naar deze intrigerende soort en meldt eventuele waargenomen exemplaren door ze te fotograferen en in te voeren op de meldingssite van Natuurpunt: www.waarnemingen.be<\/a>.\r\n\r\nDe Europese Spin van het Jaar wordt verkozen door 83 arachnologen uit 26 Europese landen. De co\u00f6rdinatie gebeurt door het Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, samen met het \u2018Arachnologisches Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) en de European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Koen Van Keer<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets spindel 2020<\/h4>\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln - Dolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), h\u00f6r till v\u00e5rdn\u00e4tsspindlarna (Pisauridae). I V\u00e4rlden finns 356 arter av v\u00e5rdn\u00e4tspindlar, i Europa bara sju. I sl\u00e4ktet Dolomedes<\/em> finns i Europa tv\u00e5 arter: k\u00e4rrspindeln D. fimbriatus<\/em> och skr\u00e4ddarspindeln D. plantarius<\/em> b\u00e5da beskrivna av svensken Carl Clerck 1757.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln \u00e4r utbredd i st\u00f6rre delen av Europa, saknas bara i fj\u00e4llen och de allra sydligaste delarna. Den finns ocks\u00e5 i norra Asien. Den \u00e4r en av f\u00e5 spindlar som \u00e4r rapporterad fr\u00e5n alla svenska landskap.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln kan lokalt vara vanlig, s\u00e4rskilt d\u00e4r det \u00e4r gott om v\u00e5tmarker. Arten har minskat i stora delar av Europa d\u00e5 m\u00e5nga v\u00e5tmarker har f\u00f6rst\u00f6rts f\u00f6r att ge plats \u00e5t odlingar och samh\u00e4llen. Ett varmare klimat missgynnar k\u00e4rrspindeln som \u00e4r anpassad till ett klimat med kalla vintrar.\r\n\r\nSom vuxna har honorna av k\u00e4rrspindeln en kroppsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 12-22 mm, hanarna 10-16 mm, vilket g\u00f6r den till Nordeuropas n\u00e4st st\u00f6rsta spindel. Hanarna har oftast en betydligt mindre bakkropp en honorna. Kroppen \u00e4r kraftig och stark. F\u00e4rgen \u00e4r ljusbrun till svartbrun med p\u00e5 kroppssidorna ljusa l\u00e4ngsband, gula eller vita, p\u00e5 b\u00e5de fram- och bakkropp. I Sverige finns alltid sidobanden. Hos unga individer \u00e4r f\u00e4rgen ocks\u00e5 mer eller mindre gr\u00f6naktig, s\u00e4rskilt p\u00e5 benen.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln f\u00f6redrar att leva i v\u00e5tmarker, g\u00e4rna p\u00e5 str\u00e4nder stilla eller l\u00e5ngsamt str\u00f6mmande vatten, i myrar, p\u00e5 v\u00e5ta \u00e4ngar och i skogsk\u00e4rr. H\u00e4r sitter spindeln med frambenen p\u00e5 vattenytan i kontakt med v\u00e4xter och v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 bytesdjur, oftast vatteninsekter, men ibland t.o.m. grodyngel eller sm\u00e5 fiskar. D\u00e4r sitter den och v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 att ett l\u00e4mpligt bytesdjur ska n\u00e4rma sig och attackerar sen snabbt och med kraft bytet. Kraften hos k\u00e4karna \u00e4r imponerande. N\u00e5got f\u00e5ngstn\u00e4t g\u00f6r inte k\u00e4rrspindeln. Den r\u00f6r sig skickligt n\u00e4r den jagar p\u00e5 vattenytan. Hela kroppen kan ligga p\u00e5 vattnet tack vare den kraftiga beh\u00e5ringen kan den lita p\u00e5 att ytsp\u00e4nningen h\u00e5ller och att den f\u00f6rblir ovanf\u00f6r vattenytan. Om k\u00e4rrspindeln k\u00e4nner sig hotad s\u00e5 kan den snabbt dyka ner under vattenytan och stanna d\u00e4r en l\u00e5ng tid. N\u00e4r den \u00e4r under vatten bildas runt bakkroppen en luftbubbla som f\u00f6rsvinner n\u00e4r den \u00e5terkommer till ytan.\r\n\r\nParning sker fr\u00e5n slutet av maj till b\u00f6rjan av juli. Under juli l\u00e4gger honan \u00e4gg i en stor rund \u00e4ggkokong (se bild) som oftast inneh\u00e5ller ca 200-600 \u00e4gg, men kan inneh\u00e5lla upp till drygt 1000 \u00e4gg. \u00c4ggkokongen b\u00e4r honan i k\u00e4karna. Strax innan ungarna kl\u00e4cks ur \u00e4ggen h\u00e4nger honan upp kokongen i h\u00f6gre vegetation n\u00e4ra \u00f6ppet vatten. D\u00e4r g\u00f6r honan ett l\u00f6st t\u00e4ltliknande n\u00e4t runt om \u00e4ggkokongen som hon sen vaktar s\u00e5 l\u00e4nge som ungarna \u00e4r kvar. Honan kan l\u00e4gga fler \u00e4ggkokonger, men d\u00e5 har senare \u00e4ggkokonger f\u00e4rre \u00e4gg. Utvecklingen fr\u00e5n nykl\u00e4ckta ungar till vuxen tar tv\u00e5 \u00e5r, i norr tre. De \u00f6vervintrar som juveniler eller sista g\u00e5ngen som subadulta (n\u00e4stan vuxna) och \u00f6msar sista g\u00e5ngen p\u00e5 senv\u00e5ren-f\u00f6rsommaren.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4rrspindeln Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>kan hittas \u00e5ret runt. Vuxna honor hittas under sommaren och f\u00f6rsvinner p\u00e5 sensommaren eller tidigt p\u00e5 h\u00f6sten. Ofta klarar de inte att \u00f6verleva efter att de lagt \u00e4gg och vaktat ungarna. I Sverige blir de 2-3 \u00e5r, medan l\u00e4ngre s\u00f6derut s\u00e5 blir de ofta vuxna redan f\u00f6rsta \u00e5ret.\r\n\r\nI Europa finns ytterliggare en art i sl\u00e4ktet Dolomedes<\/em>, n\u00e4mligen skr\u00e4ddarspindeln, Dolomedes plantarius<\/em>. De tv\u00e5 arterna i sl\u00e4ktet Dolomedes<\/em> liknar varandra, men skr\u00e4ddarspindeln har smalare ljusa sidoband eller saknar dessa helt. Om de har sidoband eller inte best\u00e4ms av en gen d\u00e4r att ha sidoband \u00e4r dominant mot att inte ha dessa. S\u00e4krast best\u00e4ms de genom att titta p\u00e5 parningsorganen i f\u00f6rstoring. D\u00e4r finns fler skillnader mellan de tv\u00e5 arterna, flera som vi inte \u00e4r riktigt s\u00e4kra p\u00e5 \u00e4nnu. St\u00f6rst av de b\u00e5da arterna och den st\u00f6rsta spindeln i Norden \u00e4r skr\u00e4ddarspindeln som blir i genomsnitt n\u00e5gon mm st\u00f6rre. Storleken hos vuxna individer av b\u00e5da arterna varierar mycket. Honorna har en kroppsl\u00e4ngd av 13-23 mm, med enstaka individer \u00e4nnu st\u00f6rre, medan hanarna normalt \u00e4r mindre, 10-17 mm.\r\n\r\nSkr\u00e4ddarspindeln lever i liknande milj\u00f6er som k\u00e4rrspindeln men f\u00f6redrar mer solbelysta str\u00e4nder av sj\u00f6ar och st\u00f6rre vattendrag. Den \u00e4r mer beroende av \u00f6ppet vatten. Till skillnad mot k\u00e4rrspindeln s\u00e5 \u00e4r aldrig de juvenila l\u00e5ngt fr\u00e5n \u00f6ppet vatten. Vuxna honor p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas under samma tider som k\u00e4rrspindeln, under sommaren och tidigt p\u00e5 h\u00f6sten, medan hanarna f\u00f6rsvinner redan i juli. I de flesta l\u00e4nder \u00e4r den v\u00e4ldigt s\u00e4llsynt, med f\u00e5 fynd per land, men i Sverige \u00e4r den inte s\u00e5 ovanlig. H\u00e4r finns den mest i s\u00f6dra delen av Sverige, s\u00e4llsynt norrut l\u00e4ngs kusten till Medelpad. Ungef\u00e4r 10% av alla rapporter av spindlar i sl\u00e4ktet Dolomedes<\/em> i Sverige \u00e4r av skr\u00e4ddarspindeln. Skr\u00e4ddarspindeln har en mindre och mer sydlig utbredning, fr\u00e5n Sydeuropa och norrut till s\u00f6dra Nordeuropa. Den saknas \u00f6ster om Uralbergen.\r\n\r\nVad gjorde att k\u00e4rrspindeln valdes till \u00e5rets spindel? K\u00e4rrspindeln \u00e4r en stor, kraftfull och vacker spindel. Den lever i n\u00e4rheten av vatten, i v\u00e5tmarker och p\u00e5 str\u00e4nder, i milj\u00f6er som minskar, inte minst i n\u00e4rheten av samh\u00e4llen.\r\n\r\nGenom att v\u00e4lja \u00c5rets spindel<\/em> s\u00e5 hoppas vi p\u00e5 att f\u00e5 positiv uppm\u00e4rksamhet f\u00f6r en grupp som inte \u00e4r s\u00e5 popul\u00e4r hos alla. Vi hoppas ocks\u00e5 att f\u00e5 ny information om k\u00e4rr- och skr\u00e4ddarspindeln, bl.a. om deras utbredning, men ocks\u00e5 om bl.a. habitatval, beteenden och bytesval. Rapportera g\u00e4rna in fynd p\u00e5 Artportalen (www.artportalen.se<\/a>).\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets europeiska spindel valdes av 83 aracknologer fr\u00e5n 26 l\u00e4nder i Europa. Sammanst\u00e4llningen och bearbetningen \u00e4r gjord genom Wiens naturhistoriska museum tillsammans med Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) och European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Lars Jonsson<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2020
\nRaft spider
\nDolomedes fimbriatus<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

The raft spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus <\/em>(Clerck, 1757), belongs to the nursery web family of spiders (Pisauridae). Worldwide this family has 356 species. In Europe seven species occur.<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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