{"id":3455,"date":"2023-01-16T11:54:08","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T10:54:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=3455"},"modified":"2023-02-13T11:24:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T10:24:09","slug":"2023-cheiracanthium-punctorium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=3455","title":{"rendered":"2023 Cheiracanthium punctorium"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2023<\/h1>\n

Nurse\u2019s thorn finger<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789)<\/h4>\n
\"\"

Cheiracanthium punctorium (photo: Hubert H\u00f6fer).<\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Nurse\u2019s thorn finger, Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), belongs to the family Cheiracanthiidae. This spider family has 363 species worldwide, of which 35 are known from Europe. In the genus Cheiracanthium <\/em>(yellow sac spiders) there are 10 species in Austria, 12 in Germany and 7 in Switzerland<\/p>\n

Distribution, habitat and endangered status <\/strong><\/p>\n

Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>is distributed across the Palearctic from Europe to Central Asia. In Central Europe the species occurs predominantly in planes and foothills at altitudes up to 800 m above sea level. There are, however, records at higher altitudes up to 1000 m. The species lives mostly in the herb and shrub layers of warm, open habitats, but also in wet areas of rarely used meadows. In Austria the species is not considered endangered, but in several German states it is placed on the Red List.<\/p>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Description<\/strong><\/p>\n

The body length of female Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>is around 10\u201315 mm, males are a little smaller at 7.5\u201312 mm. The cephalothorax is greenish-brown und can sometimes also be completely orange to red. The very robust and long mouthparts have a red basal part and the fang presents itself as a sharp, black, needle-like structure. The pale yellow\u2013green abdomen often has a dark cardiac mark which can reach to the middle of the abdomen, but can also be completely absent.<\/p>\n

The yellowish legs bear dark tips. The first pair of legs is elongate, which can be used to differentiate the genus Cheiracanthium <\/em>from, e.g., sac spiders of the genus Clubiona.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lifestyle<\/strong><\/p>\n

These mostly nocturnal spiders do not build a web to catch their food. They creep towards their prey and then overpower them with a venomous bite. Thanks to its large and powerful jaws the Nurse\u2019s thorn finger can catch large insects like grasshoppers or praying mantises. The spiders spend the day in rounded silken retreats, usually in low vegetation, scrubby bushes or under stones. You can find them mainly in unused open biotopes, especially in tall grass and forb. The spiders also occur in forest openings, fallow land and meadows, as well as on the edges of paths and dykes, and on railway embankments.<\/p>\n

In midsummer, subadult females build very noticeable, chicken-egg sized brood chambers which are intermeshed with blades of grass, leaves or stems. Directly next to the brood chamber, mature males spin their silken retreats. As soon as the female has moulted to maturity the male breaks through the wall between the two chambers and mating takes place. Afterwards in August, ca. 80-300 eggs are lain in a cocoon. During this time the female\u2019s retreats are aggressively defended \u2013 like a nurse protecting her children. The common German name \u201cAmmendornfinger\u201d is a combination of a nurse (\u201cAmme\u201d) and thorn finger \u201cDornfinger\u201d, which refers to a long, thin thorn on the male\u2019s pedipalp.<\/p>\n

The juvenile spiders hatch 3-5 weeks later in mid-September to early October, leave the brood chamber and overwinter is silken chambers which they build themselves close to the ground. These have a diameter of about 5 mm.<\/p>\n

Venom<\/strong><\/p>\n

This species can bite people, especially if they try to catch or squeeze the animal. However, the reclusive lifestyle of the Nurse\u2019s thorn finger, usually far away from human habitation, makes a bite relatively unlikely.<\/p>\n

The bite causes an immediate intense burning pain that peaks after 5\u201320 minutes and can last for several hours. Pain intensity is reported as being like a wasp sting. The bite can cause symptoms such as moderate local swelling, redness, itching, nausea and a slight fever. Necrotic skin changes are not caused. If necessary, supportive care is recommended.<\/p>\n

Similar species<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Nurse\u2019s thorn finger can be easily distinguished from related species in Central Europe due to its prominent coloration and its striking size. Confusion can only arise with similar species from the sac spider family (Cheiracanthiidae).<\/p>\n

Why was the <\/strong>Nurse\u2019s thorn finger<\/strong> voted European Spider of the Year?<\/strong><\/p>\n

On the one hand, there has never been a representative of this spider family chosen. On the other hand, this species is mentioned quite often in the media because it is also associated with cases of bites and is therefore considered to be medically significant. Quite often these are, however, merely assumptions, thus it is all the more important to document corresponding cases and to demonstrate general information about this spider in order to avoid unfounded fears.<\/p>\n

With the election of the spider of the year not only should a “less popular” group of animals be brought to the fore but also threatened habitats \u2013 in this case open, dry locations such as meadows, pastures and steppe grass \u2013 be indicated, but at the same time the scientists hope to obtain data about its current distribution. With this in mind: Enjoy the spider of the year and help with the documentation of this species with your locality report or your photo.<\/p>\n

The “European Spider of the Year” was chosen by 84 arachnologists from 27 European countries. Coordination lies with the Natural History Museum Vienna, in cooperation with the Arachnological Society (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christopher H\u00f6rweg<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nNATURDATA – Biodiversidade online –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution<\/h4>\n

Europe –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nEurope –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nAustria –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nBenelux \u2013 (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nItaly (link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

Wiki of the Spinnen-Forum –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0–\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nspiderling.de –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

– Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2022 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2022 Wiki des Spinnen-Forums \u2013 (link<\/a>) (06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2016 Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos Stuttgart. 429 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004<\/p>\n

– Breitling R, Merches E, Muster C, Duske K, Grabolle A, Hohner M, Komposch C, Lemke M, Sch\u00e4fer M & Blick T 2020 Liste der Popul\u00e4rnamen der Spinnen Deutschlands (Araneae) \u2013<\/p>\n

Arachnologische Mitteilungen 59:38-60. doi: 10.30963\/aramit5907<\/a><\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2019 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em>:\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Foelix RF 2015 Biologie der Spinnen. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 430 pp.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2022 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2017.06 \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Muster C, Herrmann A, Otto S & Bernhard D 2008 Zur Ausbreitung humanmedizinisch bedeutsamer Dornfinger-Arten Cheiracanthium mildei<\/em> und C. punctorium<\/em> in Sachsen und Brandenburg (Araneae: Miturgidae) \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 35:13-20. doi: 10.5431\/aramit3502<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Ansorg J, Bolzern A, Frick H, Ganske A-S, H\u00e4nggi A, Kropf C & St\u00e4ubli A 2022 Spinnen \u2013 Alles, was man wissen muss. Springer Berlin. 265 pp.<\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Bosmans R, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2022 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2022 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(06.12.2022). doi: 10.24436\/1<\/a><\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 pp.<\/p>\n

– Rote Liste Zentrum 2022 Artensteckbrief Ammendornfinger in Rote-Liste-Zentrum. (link)<\/a> (06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Wolf A 1988 Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> \u2013 Portrait einer ber\u00fcchtigten Spinne \u2013 Natur und Museum 118(10):310-317.<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2022 World Spider Catalog, version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(06.12.2022)<\/p>\n

– Zamani, A., \u00d6sterman, E.M. & Koponen, S. 2022: On a collection of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from the island of Seili, with a new record for the Finnish fauna and a list of species from the island. – Arachnologische Mitteilungen 64: 29-33. doi: 10.30963\/aramit6404<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
\n
--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>DE<\/span>FI<\/span>IT<\/span>NL<\/span>PL<\/span>SI<\/span><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>\n

Merimanga e Vitit 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789) i p\u00ebrket familjes Cheiracanthiidae. N\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn, kjo familje ka 363 lloje, nga t\u00eb cilat 35 lloje jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Gjinia Cheiracanthium<\/em> (merimangat thes verdh\u00eb) p\u0451rfaq\u0451sohet me 7 lloje n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nShp\u00ebrndarja, habitati, statusi i rrezikimit. <\/strong>Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb p\u0451rgjat\u0451 rajonit Palearktik, nga Evropa deri n\u0451 Azin\u0451 Qendrore. N\u00eb Evrop\u00eb ky lloj \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti n\u00eb rrafshinat dhe faqet e kodrave deri n\u00eb 800 m mbi nivelin e detit. Sidoqoft\u0451, ka edhe rekorde t\u0451 pranis\u0451 s\u0451 tyre n\u0451 lart\u0451si m\u0451 t\u0451 m\u0451dha, deri n\u0451 1000 m. Kjo merimang\u0451 jeton m\u0451 s\u0451 shumti n\u0451 bim\u0451sin\u0451 e ul\u0451t dhe t\u0451 shkurretave t\u0451 zonave t\u0451 ekspozuara mir\u0451 ndaj diellit dhe t\u0451 hapura, por mund t\u0451 gjenden edhe n\u0451 livadhe me lag\u0451shti. N\u00eb Shqip\u0451ri ky lloj nuk \u0451sht\u0451 i rrezikuar, por n\u0451 disa shtete t\u0451 Evrop\u0451s Qendrore ndodhet n\u0451 List\u0451n e Kuqe.\r\n\r\nP\u00ebrshkrimi. <\/strong>Gjat\u00ebsia e trupit t\u00eb femr\u0451s s\u0451 Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 10-15 mm, nd\u0451rsa meshkujt jan\u0451 pak m\u0451 t\u0451 vegj\u0451l (7.5-12 mm). Cefalotoraksi ka ngjyrim kafe-jeshile, ndonj\u0451her\u0451 mund t\u0451 jet\u0451 plot\u0451sisht portokalli, deri n\u0451 t\u0451 kuqe. Pjes\u0451t e goj\u0451s jan\u0451 shum\u0451 t\u0451 gjata dhe robuste. Ato kan\u0451 nj\u0451 pjes\u0451 bazale t\u0451 kuqe, dhe nj\u0451 dhemb t\u0451 zi, t\u0451 mpreht\u0451, me struktur\u0451 si gjilp\u0451r\u0451. Abdomeni i zbeht\u0451 i verdh\u0451-jeshil, shpesh ka nj\u0451 shenj\u0451 t\u0451 err\u0451t form\u0451 zemre e cila vazhdon deri n\u0451 mesin e abdomenit, por ndonj\u0451her\u0451 mund edhe t\u0451 mungoj\u0451. K\u0451mb\u0451t jan\u0451 t\u0451 verdha dhe me skajet e tyre m\u0451 t\u0451 err\u0451ta. Cifti i p\u0451rparm\u0451 i k\u0451mb\u0451ve \u0451sht\u0451 i zgjatur, i cili p\u0451rdoret dhe si tipar ndar\u0451s i gjinis\u0451 Cheiracanthum<\/em>, me p.sh merimangat e gjinis\u0451 Clubiona<\/em>.\r\n\r\nM\u00ebnyra e jetes\u00ebs. <\/strong>Ch. punctorium<\/em> jan\u0451 merimanga kryesisht nokturne dhe nuk nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pren\u0451 e tyre. Ato jan\u0451 aktive n\u0451 k\u0451rkim t\u0451 pres\u0451 s\u00eb tyre, t\u0451 cil\u0451n pasi e kapin e mposhtin me nj\u00eb pickim helmues. Fal\u00eb nofullave t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe t\u00eb fuqishme, k\u0451to merimanga mund t\u0451 kapin insekte t\u00eb m\u00ebdha si karkaleca ose murgesh\u0451za. Merimangat e kalojn\u00eb dit\u00ebn n\u00eb streh\u0451n e tyre t\u00eb rrumbullakosur t\u00eb m\u00ebndafsht\u0451, zakonisht n\u00eb bim\u00ebsi t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, shkurre ose n\u00ebn gur\u00eb. Ato mund t\u0451 gjenden kryesisht n\u00eb zona t\u00eb hapura t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb barin e gjat\u00eb, n\u00eb hap\u0451sirat mes pyjeve, n\u0451 tok\u0451 t\u0451 pakultivuar dhe n\u0451 livadhe, si dhe n\u00eb skajet e shtigjeve dhe n\u0451 brigjet e lumenjve. N\u00eb mes t\u00eb ver\u0451s, femrat subadulte nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb dhoma shum\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme ku ndodh shtrimi i vez\u0451ve, me madh\u00ebsi pothuaj sa t\u0451 nj\u0451 veze pule, t\u00eb cilat nd\u00ebrthuren me bar, gjethe ose pjes\u0451 t\u0451 tjera bimore. Pran\u00eb k\u0451tyre dhomave, meshkujt e pjekur seksualisht thurin streh\u0451n e tyre t\u00eb m\u00ebndafsht\u0451. Sapo femra t\u00eb arrij\u0451 pjekurin\u0451 seksuale, mashkulli shp\u0451rthen n\u0451p\u0451r murin midis dy dhomave p\u0451r tu cift\u0451zuar me femr\u0451n. Pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb Gusht, formohet kokoni me rreth 80-300 vez\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe streh\u0451zat e femrave mbrohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb agresive. Merimangat e vogla \u00e7elin 3-5 jav\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, nga mesi i Shtatorit deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb Tetorit. Ato largohen nga dhoma e shtrimit dhe dim\u0451rojn\u0451 n\u00eb dhomat e m\u00ebndafshta t\u0451 nd\u0451rtuara af\u0451r tok\u0451s. K\u0451to dhoma kan\u0451 nj\u0451 diamet\u0451r prej rreth 5 mm dhe nd\u0451rtohen nga vet\u0451 t\u0451 vegjlit.\r\n\r\nHelmi. <\/strong>Ch. puntorium<\/em> mund t\u0451 pickoj\u0451 njer\u0451zit vet\u0451m n\u0451se ata p\u00ebrpiqen ta kapin at\u0451. Sidoqoft\u00eb, jetesa e vetmuar e k\u0451tyre merimangave, zakonisht larg zonave t\u0451 banuara, e b\u0451n takimin me njeriun relativisht t\u00eb pamundur. Pickimi shkakton nj\u00eb dhimbje t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme intensive djeg\u0451se q\u00eb arrin kulmin pas 5-20 minutash dhe mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb p\u00ebr disa or\u00eb. Intensiteti i dhimbjes \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u0451jt\u0451 me at\u0451 t\u0451 pickimit nga nj\u0451 grer\u0451z. Pickimi mund t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb simptoma t\u00eb tilla si \u00ebnjtje e moderuar lokale, skuqje, kruarje, t\u0451 vjella dhe ethe t\u0451 leht\u00eb. N\u0451 l\u0451kur\u0451 nuk shkaktohen ndryshime nekrotike. N\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, rekomandohet nj\u0451 terapi mb\u0451shtet\u0451se.\r\n\r\nLloje t\u00eb ngjashme. <\/strong>Ky lloj dallohet leht\u00ebsisht nga llojet e ngjashme n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Qendrore p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb madh\u0451sis\u0451 dhe ngjyrosjes s\u00eb saj t\u00eb spikatur. Ajo mund t\u0451 ngat\u0451rrohet vet\u00ebm me lloje t\u00eb ngjashme t\u0451 merimangave t\u0451 familjes Clubionidae.\r\n\r\nPse <\/strong>Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em><\/strong>\u0451<\/strong>sht<\/strong>\u0451<\/strong> zgjedhur si Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues i k\u00ebsaj familje t\u00eb merimangave nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjedhur kurr\u00eb. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, kjo merimang\u0451 p\u00ebrmendet mjaft shpesh n\u00eb media sepse shoq\u00ebrohet gjithashtu me raste t\u00eb pickimeve dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye konsiderohet klinikisht e r\u0451nd\u0451sishme. Megjithat\u0451 shum\u00eb shpesh k\u00ebto jan\u00eb thjesht hamend\u0451sime, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u0451 e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb dokumentohen rastet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse dhe t\u00eb sigurohen informacione t\u0451 p\u0451rgjithshme p\u0451r k\u00ebt\u00eb merimang\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb shmangni frik\u00ebn e pabazuar. Duke zgjedhur Merimang\u00ebn e Vitit, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt shpresojn\u00eb q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do ti kushtohet v\u00ebmendje nj\u00eb grupi pak t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve dhe habitateve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuara \u2013 n\u0451 k\u0451t\u0451 rast vendet e hapura si livadhet dhe kullotat \u2013 por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbledhur informacionin e p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuar mbi shp\u00ebrndarjen aktuale t\u00eb saj. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, mund t\u00eb shijoni k\u00ebt\u00eb Merimang\u00eb t\u00eb Vitit 2023 dhe t\u00eb na ofroni ndihm\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e vendndodhjes ose me dokumentime fotografike t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji. Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur nga 84 araknolog\u00eb nga 27 shtete Evropiane. Kordinimi i votave \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar nga Muzeu i Historis\u00eb s\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs, s\u00eb bashku me \u2018Arachnologischec Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) dhe Shoqat\u00ebn Evropiane t\u00eb Araknologjis\u00eb. Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi.\r\n\r\nKontakt n<\/strong>\u0451<\/strong> Shqip<\/strong>\u0451<\/strong>ri:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nProf. Assoc. Dr. Blerina Vrenozi, Muzeu i Shkencave t\u0451 Natyr\u0451s, Rr. Petro Nini Luarasi, Nd. 76-1, No. 2, 1010 Tiran\u00eb, Shqip\u0451ri. E-mail: blerina.vrenozi@fshn.edu.al<\/a><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430, Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Cheiracanthiidae. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 363 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, 35 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0434 Cheiracanthium <\/em>(\u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a) \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 10\u00a0 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, 12 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, 12 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, 7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u043d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0445\u044a\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e 800-1000 \u043d\u043c\u0440. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u0412 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e 10\u201315 mm, \u0430 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043a, 7.5\u201312 mm. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432,\u00a0 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0436\u0435\u0432\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d. \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430. \u0413\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435\u00a0 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e \u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u043e-\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0432\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Cheiracanthium <\/em>\u043e\u0442 <\/em>\u0440\u043e\u0434 Clubiona.<\/em>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438. \u0422\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0438, \u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u044a\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u044a\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0438.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0412 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043b\u044e\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u044a\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u00a0 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430, \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u044a\u0440\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 , \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 80-300 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u044a\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043d\u044a\u043a \u0448\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043f\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 3-5 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 5 mm, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0447 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e.\r\n\r\n\u0423\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043d\u0430, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0418\u0437\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 5-20 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430. \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0436 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 (Clubionidae).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0423\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/strong>?<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0430. \u041e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0421 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 84 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 27 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Gesellschaft (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u044c\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0433\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Spinne des Jahres 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAmmendornfinger, Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDer Ammendornfinger, Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Dornfingerspinnen (Cheiracanthiidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie z\u00e4hlt weltweit 363 Arten, von denen in Europa 35 bekannt sind. In der Gattung Cheiracanthium <\/em>(Echte Dornfinger) gibt es in \u00d6sterreich 10, in Deutschland 12 und in der Schweiz 7 Arten.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nVerbreitung, Lebensraum und Gef\u00e4hrdung<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDer Ammendornfinger ist pal\u00e4arktisch verbreitet, von Europa bis Zentralasien. In Mitteleuropa bzw. \u00d6sterreich ist die Art vornehmlich an die planar-kolline H\u00f6henstufe (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he) gebunden, es gibt aber auch Nachweise in h\u00f6heren Lagen (bis zu 1000m). Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> lebt vor allem in der Kraut- und Strauchschicht warmer, offener Lebensr\u00e4ume, aber auch an feuchten Stellen in wenig genutzten Wiesen; in \u00d6sterreich gilt die Art als nicht gef\u00e4hrdet, in Deutschland steht sie in einigen Bundesl\u00e4ndern auf der Roten Liste.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBeschreibung<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge von Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> betr\u00e4gt bei Weibchen 10 \u2013 15 mm, die M\u00e4nnchen sind mit 7,5 \u2013 12 mm etwas kleiner. Der Vorderk\u00f6rper ist gr\u00fcnlich-braun, und kann mitunter auch v\u00f6llig orange-r\u00f6tlich sein. Die sehr kr\u00e4ftigen und langen Chelizeren besitzen rote Grundglieder und die Klaue weist eine schwarze Spitze auf. Der blass gelb-gr\u00fcnliche Hinterleib ist oft mit einem dunklen Spie\u00dffleck versehen, der bis zur Mitte des Hinterleibs reichen oder auch ganz fehlen kann.\r\n\r\nDie gelblichen Beine weisen schwarze Spitzen auf. Das erste Beinpaar ist verl\u00e4ngert, wodurch man Spinnen der Gattung Cheiracanthium<\/em> auch von Sackspinnen der Gattung Clubiona<\/em> unterscheiden kann.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nLebensweise<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDie vorwiegend nachtaktiven Tiere bauen zum Beutefang keine Netze. Sie schleichen sich an ihre Beutetiere heran und \u00fcberw\u00e4ltigen sie mit einem Giftbiss. Der Ammendornfinger kann aufgrund seiner Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und der kr\u00e4ftigen Chelizeren auch gro\u00dfe Insekten, wie Heuschrecken oder Gottesanbeterinnen \u00fcberw\u00e4ltigen. Die Tiere verbringen den Tag \u00fcber in kugeligen Ruhegespinsten, meist in krautiger Vegetation, in Gestr\u00fcpp oder unter Steinen. Man findet sie vorwiegend in ungenutzten Offenlandbiotopen vor allem im hohen Gras und in Hochstauden, die Spinnen sind aber auch an Waldlichtungen, Ackerbrachen und Wiesen, sowie an Weg-, Grabenr\u00e4ndern und Bahnd\u00e4mmen zu finden.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIm Hochsommer bauen die subadulten Weibchen auff\u00e4llige, h\u00fchnereigro\u00dfe Brutgespinste, die mit Grashalmen, Bl\u00e4ttern oder St\u00e4ngeln verwoben sind. Gleich daneben spinnen reife M\u00e4nnchen ihr Ruhegespinst und sobald die Reifeh\u00e4utung des Weibchens erfolgt ist, durchbricht das M\u00e4nnchen die Wand zwischen den beiden Gespinsten und es kommt zur Paarung. Dann erfolgt darin im August die Ablage von ca. 80-300 Eiern in einen Kokon. In diesem Zeitraum werden die Gespinste vom Weibchen sehr vehement\/aggressiv verteidigt \u2013 wie eine Amme ihre Kinder, was dieser Spinne auch Ihren deutschen Namen eingetragen hat. \u201eDornfinger\u201c selbst bezieht sich auf einen langen, d\u00fcnnen Dorn, den die M\u00e4nnchen an ihrem Taster tragen.\r\n\r\nDie Jungspinnen schl\u00fcpfen 3-5 Wochen sp\u00e4ter im Zeitraum von Mitte September bis Anfang Oktober, verlassen das Gespinst und \u00fcberwintern in selbstgebauten, bodennahen Gespinsten, die einen ungef\u00e4hren Durchmesser von 5mm aufweisen.\r\n\r\nErwachsene Ammendornfinger sind vor allem im Juni bis Oktober aktiv.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGiftwirkung<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDiese Art kann Menschen bei\u00dfen, vor allem wenn man versucht, das Tier zu fangen oder es versehentlich quetscht. Die versteckte Lebensweise des Ammendornfingers, meist weitab von menschlichen Wohnungen, macht jedoch einen Biss relativ unwahrscheinlich.\r\n\r\nDer Biss verursacht einen sofortigen stark brennenden Schmerz, der sein Maximum nach 5-20 Minuten erreicht und f\u00fcr einige Stunden anhalten kann. Die Schmerzintensit\u00e4t wird mit einem Wespenstich verglichen. Der Biss kann Symptome wie moderate lokale Anschwellung, R\u00f6tung, Juckreiz, \u00dcbelkeit und leichtes Fieber ausl\u00f6sten. Nekrotische Hautver\u00e4nderungen werden nicht verursacht. Bei Bedarf ist eine symptomatische Therapie empfohlen.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00c4hnliche Arten<\/strong>\r\n\r\nVon seinen in Mitteleuropa verwandten Arten kann man den Ammendornfinger recht gut aufgrund seiner prominenten F\u00e4rbung und seiner auff\u00e4lligen Gr\u00f6\u00dfe unterscheiden.\r\n\r\nVerwechslungen k\u00f6nnen sich allenfalls mit \u00e4hnlich gro\u00dfen Arten aus der Familie der Sackspinnen (Cheiracanthiidae) ergeben.\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWarum wurde der Ammendornfinger zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt? <\/strong>\r\n\r\nZum einen gab es aus dieser Spinnenfamilie noch nie einen Vertreter, andererseits wird diese Art relativ h\u00e4ufig in den Medien genannt, weil sie auch mit Bissf\u00e4llen in Verbindung gebracht und daher als medizinisch relevant angesehen wird. Sehr oft sind es aber nur Vermutungen, umso wichtiger ist es daher, entsprechende F\u00e4lle zu dokumentieren und generell Fakten \u00fcber diese Spinne aufzuzeigen, um unbegr\u00fcndete Furcht zu vermeiden.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine \u201ewenig beliebte\u201c Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt und auf bedrohte Lebensr\u00e4ume \u2013 in diesem Fall offene trockene Standorte wie Wiesen, Weiden, Steppenrasen \u2013 hingewiesen werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: erfreuen Sie sich an der Spinne des Jahres und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung oder ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 84 Arachnologen aus 27 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPiikkipihdikki, Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPiikkipihdikki Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), kuuluu \u201comaan\u201d heimoonsa Cheiracanthiidae (pihtih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit, entiselt\u00e4 nimelt\u00e4\u00e4n viherpussih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit). T\u00e4ss\u00e4 v\u00e4h\u00e4lajisessa heimossa on maailmanlaajuisesti 363 lajia, joista 35 tunnetaan Euroopasta. Suvusta Cheiracanthium<\/em> (pihdikit) on tavattu Saksassa 12\u00a0 ja\u00a0 Suomessa vain nelj\u00e4 lajia. Levinneisyys, elinpaikka ja uhanalaisuus.<\/strong> Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> esiintyy Palearkisella alueella Euroopasta Keski-Aasiaan. Keski-Euroopassa se el\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa alankoalueilla ja vuoristojen alavy\u00f6hykkeill\u00e4 noin 800 m korkeuteen merenpinnasta. Joitakin havaintoja on kuitenkin aina 1000 m korkeuteen asti. Laji esiintyy l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 l\u00e4mpimien ja avointen elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6jen kasvillisuuskerroksissa, mutta my\u00f6s kosteammilla v\u00e4h\u00e4isess\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00f6ss\u00e4 olevilla niityill\u00e4. Ainakin joissakin Saksan osavaltioissa se on luokiteltu uhanalaistarkastelussa Punaisen kirjan lajiksi. Piikkkipihdikki l\u00f6ydettiin ensimm\u00e4ist\u00e4 kertaa Suomesta vasta viime vuonna (2022) Seilin saarelta. Se on lajin pohjoisin tunnettu l\u00f6yt\u00f6paikka koko sen levinneisyysalueella. Kuvaus. <\/strong>Cheiracanthium punctorium-<\/em>naaraan ruumiin pituus on 10-15 mm, koiras on hieman pienempi, noin 7.5-12 mm. Eturuumis on v\u00e4rilt\u00e4\u00e4n vihre\u00e4nruskea, mutta voi olla my\u00f6s kokonaan oranssi tai punainen. Hyvin vahvojen ja pitkien leukojen (kelikerien) tyviosa on punainen, ja sen musta kynsiosa on ter\u00e4v\u00e4 ja neulamainen. Vaalean kellanvihre\u00e4n takaruumiin selk\u00e4puolella on usein tumma keskijuova; se voi ulottua yli takaruumiin keskiosan, mutta voi puuttua kokonaankin. Keltaisten raajojen k\u00e4rkiosat ovat tummat. Ensimm\u00e4inen raajapari on selv\u00e4sti pidentynyt, t\u00e4t\u00e4 voidaaan k\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 erottavana tuntomerkkin\u00e4 samann\u00e4k\u00f6iseen Clubiona<\/em>-sukuun pussih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimosta\u00a0 (Clubionidae). Elintavat. <\/strong>N\u00e4m\u00e4 p\u00e4\u00e4asiallisesti y\u00f6aktiiviset h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit eiv\u00e4t kudo pyyntiverkkoja saadakseen ravintoa. Ne hiipiv\u00e4t saalistaan kohti ja taltuttavat sen myrkyll\u00e4\u00e4n. Suurten ja vahvojen leukojensa ansiosta piikkipihdikki voi pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 suurikokoisia hy\u00f6nteisi\u00e4, kuten hein\u00e4sirkkoja ja etel\u00e4mp\u00e4n\u00e4 rukoilijasirkkoja. Pihdikit viett\u00e4v\u00e4t valoisan p\u00e4iv\u00e4sajan py\u00f6re\u00e4ss\u00e4, seitist\u00e4 kudotussa suojassa, joka on tavallisesti matalalla kasvillisuudessa tai kivien alla. Niit\u00e4 voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 etenkin v\u00e4h\u00e4isess\u00e4 k\u00e4yt\u00f6ss\u00e4 olevilta avoimilta paikoilta, joissa on suhteellisen korkeaa kentt\u00e4kerroksen kasvillisuutta. Lajin elinpaikkoja ovat my\u00f6s mets\u00e4aukiot, kesantopellot ja niityt, kuten my\u00f6s polkujen, ojien, teiden ja rautateiden reuna-alueet. Keskikes\u00e4ll\u00e4 ennen viimeist\u00e4 nahanluontiaan naaraat\u00a0 kutovat huomiota her\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4n, kananmunan kokoisen pes\u00e4kammion heinien,\u00a0 kasvien lehtien tai varsien v\u00e4liin. Pes\u00e4kammioiden viereen t\u00e4ysikasvuiset koiraat kutovat oman seittisuojansa. Niin pian kuin naaras aikuistuu, tunkeutuu koiras kammioiden v\u00e4lisen sein\u00e4m\u00e4n l\u00e4pi ja h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit parittelevat. My\u00f6hemmin, elokuussa, naaras munii 80-300 munaa. Naaraan munakoteloa puolustetaan agressiivisesti. Nuoret h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit kuoriutuvat 3-5 viikon kuluttua syksyll\u00e4, ne j\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4t pes\u00e4kammionsa ja talvehtivat seittisuojissa, jotka ne itse kutovat l\u00e4helle maan pintaa. N\u00e4m\u00e4 seittisuojat ovat non 5 mm l\u00e4pimittaisia. Myrkky. <\/strong>T\u00e4m\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilaji voi purra ihmist\u00e4 jos sit\u00e4 yritt\u00e4\u00e4 pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 tai muuten ahdistella. Koska laji kuitenkin pysyttelee syrj\u00e4\u00e4nvet\u00e4ytyv\u00e4n elintapansa vuoksi\u00a0 tavallisesti kaukana ihmisasumuksista, ovat puremat harvinaisia. Purema aiheuttaa v\u00e4litt\u00f6m\u00e4sti kovan polttavan kivuntunteen, jonka huippu on 5-20 minuutin kuluttua, ja kipu voi kest\u00e4\u00e4 useita tunteja. Kivun voimakkuus on ampiaisen piston luokkaa. Purema voi aiheuttaa monenlaisia oireita, kuten huomattavaa paikallista turvotusta, ihon punaisuutta, kutinaa, pahoinvointia ja liev\u00e4\u00e4 kuumetta. Nekroottisia ihomuutoksia ei kuitenkaan esiinny. Tarvittaessa suositellaan hoitoon hakeutumista. Samanlaisia lajeja. <\/strong>Piikkipihdikki eroaa v\u00e4ritykselt\u00e4\u00e4n ja kooltaan muista meill\u00e4 esiintyvist\u00e4 sukunsa edustajista. Suurikokoiset pussih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajit (Clubionidae) voivat olla hieman samann\u00e4k\u00f6isi\u00e4. Miksi piikkipihdikki \u00e4\u00e4nestettiin vuoden eurooppalaiseksi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi? <\/strong>Ensinn\u00e4kin, t\u00e4m\u00e4n h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiheimon edustajia ei ole koskaan aiemmin ollut vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkin\u00e4. Toiseksi, t\u00e4m\u00e4 laji on ollut melko usein esill\u00e4 mediassa purematapauksiin yhdistettyn\u00e4, ja siksi sit\u00e4 on pidetty l\u00e4\u00e4ketieteellisesti merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4n\u00e4 lajina. Melko usein n\u00e4m\u00e4 purematapaukset ovat kuitenkin olleet vain oletuksia, siksi on kaiken kaikkiaan t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 dokumentoida todelliset tapaukset ja esitt\u00e4\u00e4 oikeaa tietoa t\u00e4st\u00e4 lajista aiheettomien pelkojen v\u00e4ltt\u00e4miseksi. Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnalla tutkijat pyrkiv\u00e4t tuomaan esiin t\u00e4m\u00e4n \u201cv\u00e4hemm\u00e4n suositun\u201d el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4n merkitt\u00e4vyytt\u00e4 ja my\u00f6s uhanalaisten elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6jen asiaa --\u00a0 t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tapauksessa avointen kuivien alueiden, kuten niityt, laidunmaat ja ruohostot. Tutkijat toivovat my\u00f6s ajantasaista tietoa lajin esiintymisest\u00e4; n\u00e4in etenkin meill\u00e4 Suomessa, jossa laji l\u00f6ytyi vasta viime vuonna. Toivottavasti nautit vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kist\u00e4 ja ehk\u00e4 autat meit\u00e4 uusien havaintojen muodossa. Eurooppalaisen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin on valinnut 84 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien tutkijaa) 27 Euroopan maasta. \u00c4\u00e4nestyksen on koordinoinut Wienin Luonnonhistoriallinen museo yhdess\u00e4 saksankielisen h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiseuran (Arachnologische Gesellschaft, AraGes) ja Euroopan h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkitutkijain seuran (European Society of Arachnology, ESA) kanssa.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ragno dell\u2019anno 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformazioni generali<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789), appartiene alla famiglia Cheiracanthiidae. Questa famiglia di ragni conta 363 specie in tutto il mondo, di cui 35 note in Europa. Il genere Cheiracanthium<\/em> (anche noti come ragni dei sacchi gialli) in Italia \u00e8 rappresentato da 17 specie.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDistribuzione, habitat e conservazione<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> \u00e8 una specie distribuita in tutto il Paleartico, dall'Europa all'Asia centrale. In Europa la specie \u00e8 presente prevalentemente in pianura e in area pedemontana ad altitudini fino a 800 m sul livello del mare. Vi sono, tuttavia, segnalazioni ad altitudini superiori, fino a 1000 m. La specie vive principalmente negli strati erbacei e arbustivi di zone ben esposte al sole e aperte, ma si pu\u00f2 ritrovare anche in prati umidi. In Italia la specie non \u00e8 considerata in pericolo, ma in diversi stati dell\u2019Europa centrale \u00e8 inserita in Lista Rossa.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDescrizione<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLa lunghezza del corpo della femmina di Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> \u00e8 di circa 10-15 mm, i maschi sono leggermente pi\u00f9 piccoli (7,5-12 mm). Il cefalotorace \u00e8 bruno-verdastro e talvolta pu\u00f2 anche essere completamente arancione, fino al rosso. L'apparato boccale molto robusto ha una parte basale rossa e l\u2019uncino si presenta come una struttura affilata, nera, aghiforme. L'addome giallo-verde pallido ha spesso un segno cardiaco scuro che pu\u00f2 raggiungere la met\u00e0 dell'addome, ma pu\u00f2 anche essere completamente assente.\r\n\r\nLe zampe sono giallastre con le estremit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 scure. Il primo paio di zampe \u00e8 molto allungato, un carattere che pu\u00f2 essere utilizzato per differenziare il genere Cheiracanthium<\/em>, ad esempio, dai ragni del genere Clubiona<\/em>.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nStoria naturale<\/strong>\r\n\r\nQuesti ragni sono per lo pi\u00f9 notturni e non costruiscono una tela per catturare le prede. Camminano attivamente verso la loro preda e poi la sopraffanno con un morso velenoso. Grazie alle grandi e potenti mascelle, questo ragno pu\u00f2 catturare grossi insetti come cavallette o mantidi religiose. I ragni trascorrono la giornata in ritiri serici arrotondati, di solito nella bassa vegetazione, in cespugli o sotto le pietre. Si possono trovare principalmente in zone aperte, specialmente nell\u2019erba alta, oppure nelle radure forestali, nei terreni incolti e nei prati, nonch\u00e9 sui bordi dei sentieri e sugli argini dei fiumi.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIn piena estate, le femmine subadulte costruiscono camere di covata molto evidenti, quasi delle dimensioni di un uovo di gallina, che sono intrecciate con fili d'erba, foglie o steli. I maschi tessono i loro ricoveri serici direttamente accanto alla camera della covata. Non appena la femmina diventa matura sessualmente, il maschio sfonda il muro tra le due camere e ha luogo l'accoppiamento. Successivamente, in Agosto, la femmina depone 80-300 uova in un bozzolo. Durante questo periodo i ricoveri della femmina sono difesi in modo aggressivo.\r\n\r\nI giovani ragni schiudono 3-5 settimane dopo, da met\u00e0 settembre a inizio ottobre, lasciano la camera di covata e svernano in camere di seta che costruiscono da soli vicino al suolo. Questi hanno un diametro di circa 5 mm.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nVeleno<\/strong>\r\n\r\nQuesta specie pu\u00f2 mordere le persone, specialmente quando si cerca di catturare l'animale. Tuttavia, lo stile di vita solitario di questa specie, di solito lontano dalle zone antropizzate, rende l\u2019incontro con l\u2019uomo relativamente improbabile.\r\n\r\nIl morso provoca un intenso dolore bruciante immediato che raggiunge il picco dopo 5-20 minuti e pu\u00f2 durare per diverse ore. L'intensit\u00e0 del dolore \u00e8 riportata come una puntura di vespa. Il morso pu\u00f2 causare sintomi quali gonfiore locale moderato, arrossamento, prurito, nausea e una leggera febbre. Non sono note necrosi della pelle. Se necessario, si raccomanda una terapia di supporto.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSpecie simili<\/strong>\r\n\r\nQuesta specie po\u00f2 essere facilmente distinta dalle specie affini nell'Europa centrale grazie alla sua colorazione prominente e alle sue dimensioni. La confusione pu\u00f2 sorgere solo con specie simili della famiglia dei Cheiracanthiidae.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPerch\u00e9 <\/strong>Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em><\/strong> \u00e8 stato votato ragno europeo dell'anno?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDa un lato, non \u00e8 mai stato scelto un rappresentante di questa famiglia di ragni. D'altra parte, questa specie \u00e8 citata abbastanza spesso dai media perch\u00e9 \u00e8 anche associata a casi di morsi ed \u00e8 quindi considerata clinicamente significativa. Tuttavia, molto spesso si tratta solo di supposizioni non verificate, quindi \u00e8 molto importante documentare i casi corrispondenti e fornire informazioni generali su questo ragno per evitare timori infondati.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nCon l'elezione del ragno dell'anno non solo si dovrebbe portare in primo piano un gruppo di animali \"meno popolare\", ma anche stimolare l\u2019attenzione verso habitat minacciati - in questo caso luoghi aperti e asciutti come prati, pascoli ed erba della steppa \u2013 e fornire dati agli scienziati sulla sua attuale distribuzione.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIl \"ragno europeo dell'anno\" \u00e8 stato scelto da 84 aracnologi provenienti da 27 paesi europei. Il coordinamento spetta al Museo di Storia Naturale di Vienna, in collaborazione con la Societ\u00e0 Aracnologica (AraGes) e la Societ\u00e0 Europea di Aracnologia (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg e Marco Isaia\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Spin van het jaar 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGrote spoorspin, <\/strong>Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Grote spoorspin behoort tot de familie van de spoorspinnen (Cheiracanthiidae). Wereldwijd telt deze familie 363 soorten. 35 daarvan komen voor in Europa en in Belgi\u00eb zijn er 5 soorten inheems en \u00e9\u00e9n exotische soort is zich sterk aan het inburgeren.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHeel zeldzaam <\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Grote spoorspin komt verspreid voor van Europa tot Centraal-Azi\u00eb. In Centraal-Europa is ze vooral te vinden op vlaktes en voorgebergtes tot 800 meter boven zeeniveau. De soort leeft doorgaans in kruidenvegetaties van warme, open habitats, maar ook in de lagere regionen van de struiklaag daar, kan je ze aantreffen. Ook in meer natte zones van extensieve graslanden is ze te vinden.\r\n\r\nIn de 19de eeuw kwam de Grote spoorspin nog relatief verspreid in Belgi\u00eb voor, maar dan is ze gedurende ongeveer een eeuw niet meer gevonden, tot ze in 1985 terug werd aangetroffen in het zuidelijkste puntje van Belgi\u00eb, het dorpje Torgny. Dat plaatsje was gedurende de voorbije 35 jaar ook de enige vindplaats van de Grote spoorspin in Belgi\u00eb. Recent werd een relatief betrouwbare melding gedaan van een tweede vindplaats, ook in het uiterste zuiden van ons land, maar die moet nog geverifieerd worden door de arachnologen van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging ARABEL.\r\n\r\nHoe dan ook is de Grote spoorspin \u00e9\u00e9n van onze zeldzaamste Belgische spinnensoorten. In de Vlaamse Rode Lijst staat ze genoteerd als \"uitgestorven\".\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBeschrijving<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe lichaamslengte van de Grote spoorspin bedraagt tussen 10 en 15mm voor de vrouwtjes en van 8 tot 12mm voor de mannetjes. Het kopborststuk is groenachtig bruin, maar kan soms ook volledig oranje tot rood zijn. De robuuste en lange monddelen hebben een rode basis en de giftanden zijn zwart. Het bleekgele achterlijf vertoont vaak een donkere hartvlek die tot over de helft van het achterlijf kan reiken, maar die ook volledig afwezig kan zijn.\r\n\r\nDe gelige poten eindigen in een donkere punt. Het eerste potenpaar is opvallend langer. Een kenmerk dat je kan gebruiken om het genus Cheiracanthium<\/em> makkelijk te onderscheiden van bv. de zakspinnen van het genus Clubiona.<\/em>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMuur slopen en dan paren<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDeze vooral nachtactieve spinnen bouwen geen web om prooien te vangen. Zij besluipen hun slachtoffer en verschalken dat dan via een giftige beet. Dankzij zijn aanzienlijke en krachtige gifkaken, kan de Grote spoorspin ook grote insecten overmeesteren zoals sprinkhanen of zelfs bidsprinkhanen. Overdag brengt de spin door in een koepelvormige gesponnen schuilplaats, doorgaans in lagere vegetatie of zelfs onder stenen. Je kan ze vinden in ongebruikte open biotopen, vooral in hogere grassen en ruigtekruiden. Maar ook in open plekken in het bos, braakland en weides, alsook langs paden en dijken of spoorwegbermen.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIn de zomer maken de bijna volwassen vrouwtjes met samengebonden bladeren en grashalmen een erg opvallende broedcocon die de grootte van een kippenei kan hebben. Vlak naast de broedkamer spint het volwassen mannetje een zijden schuilplaats. Van zodra het vrouwtje haar laatste vervelling heeft doorgemaakt en dus volwassen is, doorbreekt het mannetje de wand tussen de twee 'kamers' en kan er gepaard worden. In augustus legt het vrouwtje dan 80 tot 300 eitjes in de cocon. In deze periode gaan de vrouwtjes de cocon agressief verdedigen.\r\n\r\nDrie \u00e0 vijf weken later komen de jongen uit het ei en verlaten het nest midden september tot begin oktober. Ze overwinteren in zelfgesponnen schuilplaatsen laag bij de grond. Deze hebben een diameter van ongeveer 5mm.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMoeder bijt van zich af<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Grote spoorspin is \u00e9\u00e9n van de weinige Belgische spinnen die mensen een beet kan toebrengen met enig significant effect. Dat zal ze dan veelal doen wanneer je haar broedcocon opent of natuurlijk wanneer je haar vastneemt. Doordat de soort zo zeldzaam is in Belgi\u00eb en omdat ze zo verborgen en ver van menselijke bebouwing leeft, is de kans om als Belg een beet op te lopen, quasi onbestaande.\r\n\r\nWanneer het toch gebeurt, veroorzaakt de beet onmiddellijk een intens brandend gevoel dat het sterkst is na 5\u201320 minuten en dat verschillende uren voelbaar kan zijn. Het effect is vergeleken met de pijn bij een wespensteek. Het gif kan verder symptomen veroorzaken als matige lokale zwelling, roodheid, jeuk, misselijkheid en lichte koorts. Weefselschade wordt niet veroorzaakt. Indien het nodig lijkt, is een bezoek aan een arts aangeraden.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTe verwarren met... een exotisch neefje<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDe Grote spoorspin is relatief makkelijk te onderscheiden van verwante soorten in Centraal-Europa door zijn opvallende kleur en grootte. Relatief recent burgert zich een ingevoerde spoorspinsoort in bij ons, nl. de Gele spoorspin (Cheiracanthium mildei<\/em>). Zij kan ook wat groter worden dan de andere inheemse spoorspinnen, maar is toch nog kleiner en ook anders gekleurd dan de Grote spoorspin. De Gele spoorspin is w\u00e9l regelmatig te vinden in de omgeving van menselijke bebouwing.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nWaarom werd de Grote spoorspin verkozen als Europese spin van het jaar?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nEnerzijds is het de eerste keer dat een lid van deze familie verkozen wordt, anderzijds wordt de spin regelmatig in de media opgevoerd als 'medisch significante' soort. Meestal echter zijn gerapporteerde gevallen van beten enkel gebaseerd op veronderstellingen en dus is het belangrijk om juiste informatie over de soort te verspreiden, zodat ongefundeerde angst kan vermeden worden.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMet deze keuze van een Europese spin van het jaar, willen we niet alleen een \u2018onpopulaire\u2019 diergroep promoten en de aandacht vestigen op belangrijke bedreigde habitats, in dit geval open droge landschappen als extensieve weides en graslanden, maar tegelijk hopen we dat meer waarnemers oog zullen hebben voor de gekozen soort en deze melden. Die nieuwe verspreidingsinformatie kan voor verschillende doeleinden nuttig zijn.\r\n\r\nGa dus gerust op zoek naar deze intrigerende soort en meldt eventuele waargenomen exemplaren door ze te fotograferen en in te voeren op de meldingssite van Natuurpunt: www.waarnemingen.be<\/a>.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDe Europese Spin van het Jaar wordt verkozen door 84 arachnologen uit 27 Europese landen. De co\u00f6rdinatie van de stemming gebeurt door het Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, samen met het \u2018Arachnologisches Gesellschaft\u2019 (AraGes) en de European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nVoor Belgi\u00eb is het de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging ARABEL<\/a> die de organisatie op zich neemt.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Koen Van Keer<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKolczak zbrojny Cheiracanthium punctorium (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformacje<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKolczak zbrojny Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), nale\u017cy do rodziny Cheiracanthiidae. W \u015bwiecie liczy ona 363 gatunki, z tego 35 w Europie; wszystkie nale\u017c\u0105 do rodzaju Cheiracanthium <\/em>(yellow sac spiders<\/em>). W Polsce stwierdzono 9 gatunk\u00f3w, w Austrii 10, w Szwajcarii 7, a w Niemczech 12.\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRozmieszczenie i \u015brodowisko \u017cycia<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>jest gatunkiem palearktycznym, znanym od Europy po Azj\u0119 Centraln\u0105. W Europie \u015arodkowej spotykany jest g\u0142ownie na nizinach, do wysoko\u015bci 800 m n.p.m., cho\u0107 odnotowano go te\u017c na stanowiskach si\u0119gaj\u0105cych 1000 m.\r\n\r\nJeszcze 100 lat temu kolczak \u017cy\u0142 g\u0142\u00f3wnie w po\u0142udniowej cz\u0119\u015bci kontynentu, ale z powodu ocieplania si\u0119 klimatu, poszerzy\u0142 sw\u00f3j zasi\u0119g na p\u00f3\u0142noc \u2013 a\u017c do Szwecji. Podobn\u0105 tendencj\u0119 wykazuje tak\u017ce w Polsce, cho\u0107 ci\u0105gle jest gatunkiem niezbyt cz\u0119stym.\r\n\r\nW przesz\u0142o\u015bci bywa\u0142 mylony z Ch. virescens<\/em> (Sundevall, 1833), Ch. oncognathum<\/em> (Thorell, 1871) i Ch. erraticum <\/em>(Walckenaer, 1802), wi\u0119c niekt\u00f3re krajowe stanowiska wyst\u0119powania wymagaj\u0105 weryfikacji.\r\n\r\nKolczak zamieszkuje ciep\u0142e i nas\u0142onecznione \u0142\u0105ki, pola, miedze, nieu\u017cytki, zr\u0119by, pobocza dr\u00f3g i tor\u00f3w kolejowych, gdzie \u017cyje w\u015br\u00f3d zi\u00f3\u0142, traw i niskich krzew\u00f3w.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOpis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nD\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 cia\u0142a sanic Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>waha si\u0119 od 10 do 15 mm, a samc\u00f3w od 7,5 do 12 mm. G\u0142owotu\u0142\u00f3w jest szarawobr\u0105zowy, czasami pomara\u0144czowy \u2013 a\u017c do czerwonego. Odw\u0142ok jest \u017c\u00f3\u0142tozielony, cz\u0119sto z ciemnym grzbietowym paskiem w przedniej cz\u0119\u015bci (tzw. cardiac mark<\/em>).\r\n\r\nMasywne szcz\u0119koczu\u0142ki s\u0105 u nasady czerwonawe lub br\u0105zowe, a kolce jadowe ciemniejsze, ostre, ig\u0142owate. Nogi kolczaka s\u0105 \u017c\u00f3\u0142tawe, ciemniejsze w cz\u0119\u015bci dystalnej. Ich pierwsza para jest wyra\u017anie d\u0142u\u017csza, co r\u00f3\u017cni Cheiracanthium <\/em>od podobnych gatunk\u00f3w z rodzaju Clubiona<\/em> (rodzina Clubionidae).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSpos\u00f3b \u017cycia<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKolczak zbrojny nie buduje sieci. Jest aktywnym \u0142owc\u0105, poluj\u0105cym g\u0142\u00f3wnie o zmroku i noc\u0105. Ofiary atakuje pot\u0119\u017cnymi szcz\u0119koczu\u0142kami, wstrzykuj\u0105c jad. Mo\u017ce chwyta\u0107 owady znacznych rozmiar\u00f3w, np. szara\u0144czaki, pasikoniki i modliszki.\r\n\r\nDzie\u0144 sp\u0119dza w owalno-okr\u0105g\u0142ych oprz\u0119dach w wy\u017cszych cz\u0119\u015bciach ro\u015blin, np. na pastora\u0142owato zwini\u0119tych kwiatostanach traw.\r\n\r\nOko\u0142o po\u0142owy lipca kolczaki osi\u0105gaj\u0105 dojrza\u0142o\u015b\u0107 p\u0142ciow\u0105. Wtedy samice buduj\u0105 du\u017ce, \u0142atwo zauwa\u017calne oprz\u0119dy wielko\u015bci kurzego jaja, z wplecionymi fragmentami ro\u015blin i \u017ad\u017ab\u0142ami traw. W nich dochodzi do kopulacji, tu tez sk\u0142adany jest kokon, zawieraj\u0105cy 80-300 jaj. M\u0142ode wyl\u0119gaj\u0105 si\u0119 po 3-5 tygodniach, ale jeszcze przez kilka-kilkana\u015bcie dni pozostaj\u0105 razem z matk\u0105. Samica pilnuje inkubowanych jaj i \u015bwie\u017co wyl\u0119g\u0142ych m\u0142odych, przez ca\u0142y ten czas nie pobiera pokarmu i wkr\u00f3tce ginie.\r\n\r\nM\u0142ode opuszczaj\u0105 oprz\u0119d we wrze\u015bniu i na pocz\u0105tku pa\u017adziernika, rozpraszaj\u0105 si\u0119 i rozpoczynaj\u0105 samodzielne \u017cycie. Zim\u0119 sp\u0119dzaj\u0105 blisko gruntu, w niewielkich oprz\u0119dach o \u015brednicy ok. 5 mm.\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUk\u0105szenia i jad<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKolczak zbrojny uchodzi za gatunek agresywny. Mo\u017ce ugry\u017a\u0107 \u2013 zw\u0142aszcza, gdy jest chwytany lub niepokojony. Skutkiem jest natychmiastowy intensywny, piek\u0105cy b\u00f3l, por\u00f3wnywalny do u\u017c\u0105dlenia osy lub szerszenia. Najwi\u0119ksze nat\u0119\u017cenie osi\u0105ga po 5\u201320 minutach i mo\u017ce trwa\u0107 przez kilka godzin, a nawet kilka dni. W miejscu ugryzienia pojawia si\u0119 te\u017c do\u015b\u0107 silny obrz\u0119k, zaczerwienienie i sw\u0119dzenie, a objawem og\u00f3lnym bywaj\u0105 nudno\u015bci i niewielka gor\u0105czka. Zmian nekrotycznych nie zaobserwowano. Osoba pogryziona - zw\u0142aszcza, gdy wyst\u0105pi\u0105 niepokoj\u0105ce objawy - powinna pozosta\u0107 pod obserwacj\u0105. Na szcz\u0119\u015bcie, kolczak \u017cyje zwykle z dala od cz\u0142owieka, wi\u0119c ryzyko ugryzienia jest niewielkie.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPodobne gatunki<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDzi\u0119ki wi\u0119kszym rozmiarom cia\u0142a i ubarwieniu, kolczak zbrojny jest do\u015b\u0107 \u0142atwo odr\u00f3\u017cnialny od innych \u015brodkowoeuropejskich gatunk\u00f3w z rodzaj\u00f3w Cheiracanthium<\/em> i Clubiona<\/em>.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nUzasadnienie wyboru<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKolczak zbrojny zosta\u0142 tegorocznym Europejskim Paj\u0105kiem Roku z kilku powod\u00f3w. Po pierwsze, \u017caden gatunek z tej rodziny nie by\u0142 dotychczas laureatem. Po drugie, kolczak cz\u0119sto pojawia si\u0119 w doniesieniach medialnych - jako prawdziwy lub domniemany sprawca bolesnych ugryzie\u0144. Po trzecie, paj\u0105k jest znacznych rozmiar\u00f3w i wielkiej urody. Wreszcie, po czwarte, jego oprz\u0119dy i kokony s\u0105 \u0142atwo zauwa\u017calne w terenie i wygl\u0105daj\u0105 efektownie.\r\n\r\nTegoroczny wyb\u00f3r ma r\u00f3wnie\u017c zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 uwag\u0119 na istotn\u0105 rol\u0119 suchych i ciep\u0142ych \u0142\u0105k, muraw, miedz czy nieu\u017cytk\u00f3w jasko potencjalnych miejsc wyst\u0119powania rzadkich gatunk\u00f3w paj\u0105k\u00f3w i owad\u00f3w.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMamy nadziej\u0119, \u017ce tegoroczny zwyci\u0119zca spotka si\u0119 z zainteresowaniem mi\u0142o\u015bnik\u00f3w przyrody. Prosimy tak\u017ce o dostarczanie danych na temat jego rozmieszczenia i ciekawych aspekt\u00f3w biologii.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEuropejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2023 zosta\u0142 wybrany w g\u0142osowaniu 84 arachnolog\u00f3w z 27 kraj\u00f3w Europy.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKoordynatorem projektu<\/strong> jest Natural History Museum Vienna, we wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy z Arachnological Society (AraGes) i European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nTekst: dr Christopher H\u00f6rweg\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nT\u0142umaczenie i redakcja polskiej wersji tekstu: prof. dr hab. Marek \u017babka\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOsoba kontaktowa projektu ESY<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDr Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Drnovsk\u00e1 507, 161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b, Czech Republic, rezac@vurv.cz<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nKraje uczestnicz\u0105ce w projekcie<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAlbania, Austria, Belgia, Bu\u0142garia, Chorwacja, Czechy, Dania, Francja, Finlandia, Hiszpania, Holandia, Irlandia, Liechtenstein, Luksemburg, Macedonia, Niemcy, Norwegia, Polska, Portugalia, Serbia, S\u0142owacja, S\u0142owenia, Szwajcaria, Szwecja, W\u0119gry, Wielka Brytania, W\u0142ochy.\r\n\r\nLiteratura<\/strong>\r\n\r\n- Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2022 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida) f\u00fcr Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em>.\r\n\r\n- Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2022 Wiki des Spinnen-Forums.\r\n\r\n- Belik K., Rozwa\u0142ka R. 2007. New data of Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789) (Araneae: Miturgidae) and notes of distribution of this species in Poland. Przegl\u0105d zoologiczny, 51: 157\u2013161.\r\n\r\n- Bellmann H. 2016. Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos, Stuttgart, 429 ss.\r\n\r\n- Blick T., Bosmans R., Buchar J., Gajdo\u0161 P., H\u00e4nggi A., Helsdingen P. van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V., Star\u0119ga W., Thaler K. 2004. Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004.\r\n\r\n- Breitling R., Merches E., Muster C., Duske K., Grabolle A., Hohner M., Komposch C., Lemke M., Sch\u00e4fer M., Blick T. 2020. Liste der Popul\u00e4rnamen der Spinnen Deutschlands (Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 59:38-60.\r\n\r\n- CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2019 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr Cheiracanthium punctorium.\r\n\r\n- Foelix R. F. 2015. Biologie der Spinnen. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 430 ss.\r\n\r\n- H\u00e4nggi A., St\u00f6ckli E., Nentwig W. 1995. Lebensr\u00e4ume\u00a0 mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae, 4: 1-459.\r\n\r\n- Helsdingen P. J. van 2022.Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea version 2017.06.\r\n\r\n- Hogg B. N., Gillespie R. G., Daane K. M. 2010. Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium<\/em> spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems. Biological Invasions, 12: 2499\u20132508.\r\n\r\n- Krehenwinkel H., R\u00f6dder D., Naparus-Aljan\u010di\u010d M., Kuntner M. 2016. Rapid genetic and ecological differentiation during the northern range expansion of the venomous yellow sac spider Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> in Europe. Evolutionary Applications, 9: 1229\u20131240.\r\n\r\n- Muster C., Herrmann A., Otto S., Bernhard D. 2008. Zur Ausbreitung humanmedizinisch bedeutsamer Dornfinger-Arten Cheiracanthium mildei <\/em>und C. punctorium<\/em> in Sachsen und Brandenburg (Araneae: Miturgidae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 35:13-20.\r\n\r\n- Nentwig W., Ansorg J., Bolzern A., Frick H., Ganske A-S., H\u00e4nggi A., Kropf C., St\u00e4ubli A. 2022. Spinnen \u2013 Alles, was man wissen muss. Springer, Berlin, 265 ss.\r\n\r\n- Nentwig W., Blick T., Bosmans R., Gloor D., H\u00e4nggi A., Kropf C. 2022. Araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2022.\r\n\r\n- Reichholf J. H., Steinbach G. 1997. Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, G\u00fctersloh, 360 ss.\r\n\r\n- Rote Liste Zentrum 2022. Artensteckbrief Ammendornfinger in Rote-Liste-Zentrum.\r\n\r\n- Rozwa\u0142ka R., Stachowicz J. 2021. Catalog of spiders (Araneae) of the Lublin province. UKSW Scientist Publishing House, Warszawa, 271 ss.\r\n\r\n- Star\u0119ga W., B\u0142aszak CZ., Rafalski J. 2002. Arachnida W: G\u0142owaci\u0144ski Z. (red.), Red list of endangered animals in Poland, ss. 133\u2013140.\r\n\r\n- Varl T., Grenc D., Kostanj\u0161ek R., Brvar M. 2017. Yellow sac spider (Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em>) bites in Slovenia: case series and review. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 129: 630\u2013633.\r\n\r\n- Wagner G. K, Saniec B. 2021. New locality of the European yellow sac spider Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789) (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae) in eastern Poland. Fragmenta faunistica, 64(1): 59\u201362.\r\n\r\n- Wolf A. 1988. Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>\u2013 Portrait einer ber\u00fcchtigten Spinne \u2013 Natur und Museum, 118(10): 310-317.\r\n\r\n- World Spider Catalog 2022 World Spider Catalog, version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Pajek leta 2023<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTrnasti vre\u010dasti pajek, Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformacije<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTrnasti vre\u010dasti pajek, Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> (Villers, 1789), spada v dru\u017eino dolgonogih vre\u010dastih pajkov (Cheiracanthiidae). Ta dru\u017eina pajkov po vsem svetu vsebuje 363 vrst, od tega se jih 35 pojavlja v Evropi. Devet vrst iz rodu Cheiracanthium<\/em> se pojavlja v Sloveniji.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRaz\u0161irjenost, \u017eivljenjski prostor in ogro\u017eenost<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTrnasti vre\u010dasti pajek je palearkti\u010dno raz\u0161irjen \u2013 od Evrope do srednje Azije. V srednji Evropi in Sloveniji je vrsta vezana predvsem na vi\u0161insko cono do 800 m nadmorske vi\u0161ine, ponekod jo najdemo tudi v vi\u0161jih nadmorskih vi\u0161inah (do 1000 m). V Sloveniji je vrsta pogosta predvsem na kra\u0161kih travnikih. V splo\u0161nem se pojavlja predvsem v zeli\u0161\u010dni in grmovni plasti toplih, odprtih rasti\u0161\u010d, pa tudi na vla\u017enih mestih na malo rabljenih travnikih. V Sloveniji ne velja za ogro\u017eeno vrst, ponekod po Evropi pa je na lokalnih rde\u010dih seznamih.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOpis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDol\u017eina telesa vrste Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/em> je pri samicah 10-15 mm, samci so nekoliko manj\u0161i in merijo 7,5-12 mm. Sprednji del telesa je zelenkasto rjav, v\u010dasih je lahko popolnoma oran\u017eno rde\u010dkast. Zelo mo\u010dne in dolge helicere imajo rde\u010do bazo, strupnik ima \u010drno konico. Bledo rumeno-zelenkast trebuh je pogosto opremljen s temno liso, ki lahko sega do sredine trebuha ali pa je sploh ni. Rumenkaste noge imajo \u010drne konce. Prvi par nog je podalj\u0161an, kar omogo\u010da razlikovanje pajkov iz rodu Cheiracanthium<\/em> od vre\u010dastih pajkov iz rodu Clubiona<\/em>.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u017divljenjski stil<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTi prete\u017eno no\u010dni pajki ne gradijo mre\u017e za lov plena. Svojemu plenu se prikradejo in ga premagajo s strupenim ugrizom. Zaradi svoje velikosti in mo\u010dnih helicer lahko trnasti vre\u010dasti pajek premaga tudi velike \u017eu\u017eelke, kot so kobilice in bogomolke. Dan pre\u017eivijo v kroglastih zato\u010di\u0161\u010dih, ve\u010dinoma v zelnati vegetaciji, v podrasti in pod kamni. Najdemo jih predvsem v neizkori\u0161\u010denih odprtih biotopih, predvsem v visoki travi in \u200b\u200bvisokem grmovju, v\u010dasih tudi na gozdnih posekah, ledinah in travnikih ter ob robovih poti, jarkov in \u017eelezni\u0161kih nasipov.\r\n\r\nSredi poletja skoraj odrasle samice zgradijo razko\u0161ne mre\u017ee v velikosti koko\u0161jega jajca, prepletene s travnimi listi\u010di, listi in stebli. Tik ob njej odrasli samci predejo svoja svilnata zato\u010di\u0161\u010da. Ko samica spolno dozori, samec prebije zid med obema mre\u017eama, nakar pride do paritve. V avgustu samica v svilnato vre\u010dko izle\u017ee 80-300 jaj\u010dec. V tem obdobju zelo ostro in agresivno brani zarod \u2013 kot dojilja brani svoje otroke, kar je tej vrsti v nekaterih jezikih dalo splo\u0161no ime. V sloven\u0161\u010dini \u00bbtrnast\u00ab nakazuje dolg, tanek trn, ki ga imajo samci na koncu nog. Mladi pajki se izle\u017eejo 3-5 tednov kasneje, v obdobju od sredine septembra do za\u010detka oktobra, zapustijo mre\u017eo in prezimujejo v lastnih zapredkih, ki merijo pribli\u017eno 5 mm v premeru. Trnasti vre\u010dasti pajki so aktivni ve\u010dinoma v obdobju od junija do oktobra.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nStrup<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTa vrsta je dovolj velika, da lahko ugrizne ljudi, zlasti ko jo \u010dlovek nenamerno stisne. Pa vendar so osebki te vrste zaradi skritega na\u010dina \u017eivljenja obi\u010dajno dale\u010d od \u010dlove\u0161kih bivali\u0161\u010d, zato je ugriz razmeroma malo verjeten. Ugriz povzro\u010di takoj\u0161njo mo\u010dno peko\u010do bole\u010dino, ki dose\u017ee vrh v 5-20 minutah in lahko traja ve\u010d ur. Intenzivnost bole\u010dine primerjamo s pikom ose. Ugriz lahko povzro\u010di simptome, kot so zmerna lokalna oteklina, rde\u010dina, srbenje, slabost in rahlo povi\u0161ana telesna temperatura. Nekroti\u010dne ko\u017ene spremembe se ne pojavljajo. Po potrebi se priporo\u010da simptomatsko zdravljenje.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPodobne vrste<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPo izraziti barvi in \u200b\u200bizraziti velikosti se trnasti vre\u010dasti pajek precej dobro lo\u010di od njegovih sorodnih vrst v Srednji Evropi. V najbolj\u0161em primeru ga lahko zamenjamo s podobno velikimi vrstami iz dru\u017eine dolgonogih vre\u010dastih pajkov (Cheiracanthiidae).\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nZakaj je bil trnasti vre\u010dasti pajek izbran za evropskega pajka leta? <\/strong>\r\n\r\nPo eni strani predstavnik te dru\u017eine pajkov \u0161e ni bil izbran, po drugi strani pa se ta vrsta razmeroma pogosto omenja v medijih, saj jo povezujejo tudi s primeri ugrizov in zato veljajo za medicinsko pomembno vrsto. Zelo pogosto pa so to le domneve, zato je \u0161e toliko bolj pomembno dokumentirati ustrezne primere in na splo\u0161no prikazati dejstva o tem pajku, da bi se izognili neutemeljenemu strahu.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nZ izbiro pajka leta pa ne le postavljamo v pravo lu\u010d \u00bbmanj priljubljeno\u00ab skupino \u017eivali in izpostavljamo ogro\u017eene habitate \u2013 v tem primeru odprte suhe lege, kot so travniki, pa\u0161niki in stepske trave \u2013 ampak hkrati znanstveniki upamo, da bomo zbrali podatke trenutni raz\u0161irjenosti vrste. S tem v mislih: u\u017eivajte v pajku leta in pomagajte pri dokumentaciji te vrste s poro\u010dilom o najdbi ali s fotografijo.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"Evropskega pajka leta\" je izbiralo 84 arahnologov iz 27 evropskih dr\u017eav. Izbiro usklajuje Prirodoslovni muzej na Dunaju, v sodelovanju z nem\u0161kim Arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (AraGes) in Evropskim arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2023
\nNurse\u2019s thorn finger<\/strong>
\nCheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789)<\/p>\n

Information<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Nurse\u2019s thorn finger, Cheiracanthium punctorium <\/em>(Villers, 1789), belongs to the family Cheiracanthiidae. This spider family has 363 species worldwide,<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":0,"parent":321,"menu_order":82,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3455","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/112"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3455"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3503,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3455\/revisions\/3503"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}