{"id":3653,"date":"2024-12-20T09:16:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-20T08:16:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=3653"},"modified":"2026-02-12T12:45:58","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T11:45:58","slug":"2025-segestria-senoculata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=3653","title":{"rendered":"2025 Segestria senoculata"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2025<\/h1>\n

Snake-back spider<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Segestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758<\/strong>)<\/h4>\n
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Segestria senoculata juvenile (Photo: Christian Komposch, \u00d6koteam).<\/p><\/div>\n

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Information<\/strong><\/p>\n

The snake-back spider, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), belongs to the family of tube-dwelling spiders (Segestriidae). This spider family consists of five genera with 181 species worldwide. The genus Segestria<\/em> includes 22 species, eight of which also occur in Europe.<\/p>\n

Distribution, habitat and endangerment<\/strong><\/p>\n

The snake-back spider has a Palearctic distribution and occurs throughout Europe. The altitude distribution ranges from the planar to hilly elevations (up to 800 m above sea level) up to the tree line at approx. 2200 m altitude (in the Central Alps). Segestria senoculata<\/em> lives in forests and in log and rubble heaps. Due to its abundance and the high availability of suitable habitats, it is classified as not endangered in the Red Lists.<\/p>\n

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Segestria senoculata (photo: Eckhart Derschmidt).<\/p><\/div>\n

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Description<\/strong><\/p>\n

The body length of Segestria senoculata<\/em> is 7-10 mm for females, while males are slightly smaller at 6-9 mm. Both sexes are similar in colouration and markings. The cephalothorax is shiny brown, the oval abdomen is pale beige\/grey, dorsally with a dark brown, lobed and laterally bookended median band. This band resembles the dark pattern of an adder and is thus the source of the English common name: snake-back spider. The legs are light brown and have dark annulations. Most species of spiders have eight eyes, but tube-dwelling spiders only have six, which are arranged in three groups of two eyes each and form a rough “H” shape when viewed from above.<\/p>\n

Way of life<\/strong><\/p>\n

Like all tube-dwelling spiders, the snake-back spider is predominantly nocturnal and builds a characteristic web to catch its prey. This consists of a mesh-like tube built into cracks and crevices (under tree bark, between stones, etc.) from which individual silk threads radiate out from the front entrance of the living tube. These strands act as tripwires for passing prey (especially insects) and transmit corresponding vibrations.<\/p>\n

After dark, Segestria senoculata<\/em> moves up to the entrance of the living tube, where it lies in wait for prey. It shows a leg position that is characteristic of all fishing web spiders: the first three pairs of legs are directed forward together and the fourth pair of legs are directed backwards. No other spiders show such a leg position!<\/p>\n

During the mating season, males leave their living tubes to search for females. Sexually mature individuals of the snake-back spider can be found all year round. When a male which is ready to mate encounters a female’s web, it shakes her signal threads. If the female does not react aggressively, mating occurs during which the male clutches the female’s abdomen with his jaws spread wide apart.<\/p>\n

After mating, the eggs are fertilized by the female in the living tube and encased in an oval cocoon; this contains between 60 and 180 eggs. The snake-back spider, like its two Central European sister species, needs around two years to reach sexual maturity.<\/p>\n

Similar species<\/strong><\/p>\n

Two other Segestria<\/em> species occur in Central Europe: the Bavarian tube-dwelling spider, Segestria bavarica<\/em>, which is slightly larger (up to 14 mm) and whose dark spots on the abdomen are not continuous, and the green-fanged tube web-dwelling spider, Segestria florentina<\/em>, which can grow up to 22 mm long and has a completely black body.<\/p>\n

Why was the Common Fishing Web Spider chosen European Spider of the Year? <\/strong><\/p>\n

With this species, a representative of the tube-dwelling spiders could be introduced for the first time and it reveals some peculiar features: six eyes instead of eight, a characteristic web type, and a unique leg position!<\/p>\n

By choosing the spider of the year, the aim is not only to put a “less popular” group of animals in a good light and to highlight threatened habitats – in this case, small natural habitats such as cracks and holes in tree bark and rocks – but at the same time scientists hope to acquire data on its current distribution. With this in mind: keep your eyes open on your next walk in the forest or on your next hike in the mountains and help document this species with your discovery report\/photo.<\/p>\n

The Spider of the Year is coordinated by the Natural History Museum Vienna, in collaboration with the Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Norbert Milasowszky<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

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Contact for Europe<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/strong><\/p>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nNATURDATA – Biodiversidade online –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/strong><\/p>\n

Distribution<\/strong><\/p>\n

Europe –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nAustria –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nBenelux \u2013 (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nItaly (link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wiki of the Spinnen-Forum –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nArachno\u00a0–\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nspiderling.de –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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– Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2024 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Amblypygi, Solifugae, Scorpiones, Schizomida)<\/em> f\u00fcr Segestria senoculata <\/em>\u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(29.11.2024)<\/p>\n

– Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. 2024 Wiki des Spinnen-Forums \u2013 (link<\/a>) (29.11.2024)<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2016 Der Kosmos Spinnenf\u00fchrer. Frackh-Kosmos Stuttgart. 429 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Finch O-D, Harms KH, Kiechle J, Kielhorn K-H, Kreuels M, Malten A, Martin D, Muster C, N\u00e4hrig D, Platen R, R\u00f6del I, Scheidler M, Staudt A, Stumpf H & Tolke D 2016 Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) Deutschlands. \u2013 In: Gruttke H, Balzer S, Binot-Hafke M, Haupt H, Hofbauer N, Ludwig G, Matzke-Hajek G & Ries M [Red.] Rote Liste gef\u00e4hrdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands, Band 4: Wirbellose Tiere (Teil 2). \u2013 M\u00fcnster (Landwirtschaftsverlag). \u2013 Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70(4):383-510<\/p>\n

– Breitling R, Merches E, Muster C, Duske K, Grabolle A, Hohner M, Komposch C, Lemke M, Sch\u00e4fer M & Blick T 2020 Liste der Popul\u00e4rnamen der Spinnen Deutschlands (Araneae) \u2013<\/p>\n

Arachnologische Mitteilungen 59:38-60. doi: 10.30963\/aramit5907<\/a><\/p>\n

– British Arachnological Society 2024 Factsheet 9. The tube spiders. \u2013 (link)<\/a> (29.11.2024)<\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2019 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0bzw. Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr\u00a0Segestria senoculata<\/em>:\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(29.11.2024)<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4:1-459<\/p>\n

– Jocqu\u00e9 R & Dippenaar-Schoeman AS 2006S pider families of the world. Mus\u00e9e Royal de l’Afrique Central Tervuren, 336 pp.<\/p>\n

– Komposch C 2023 Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 In: Komposch C (Hrsg): Rote Liste gef\u00e4hrdeter Tiere K\u00e4rntens. \u2013 Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins f\u00fcr K\u00e4rnten, Klagenfurt am W\u00f6rthersee, pp. 481-568<\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Ansorg J, Cushing P, Kranz-Baltensperger Y, Kropf C. 2024 Fischernetzspinnen (Segestriidae). In: Hausspinnen weltweit. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.173-176. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-662-68850-2_21<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Bosmans R, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2022 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 12.2024 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(02.12.2024). doi: 10.24436\/1<\/a><\/p>\n

– Reichholf JH & Steinbach G 1997 Die grosse Enzyklop\u00e4die der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krebstiere, Band 1. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag G\u00fctersloh. 360 pp.<\/p>\n

– Thaler K & Knoflach B 2002 Zur Faunistik der Spinnen (Araneae) von \u00d6sterreich: Atypidae, Haplogynae, Eresidae, Zodariidae, Mimetidae. Linzer Biologische Beitr\u00e4ge 34:413-444<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2024 World Spider Catalog, version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a>\u00a0(02.12.2024)<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
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--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>DE<\/span>FI<\/span>PO<\/span>RS<\/span>SI<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga e Vitit 2025<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMerimanga shpin\u00eb-gjarp\u00ebr\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nInformacion<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMerimanga shpin\u00eb-gjarp\u00ebr, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), i p\u00ebrket familjes s\u00eb merimangave me p\u00eblhur\u00eb si tub (Segestriidae). Kjo familje p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pes\u00eb gjini me 181 lloje n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Gjinia Segestria p\u00ebrfshin 22 lloje, tet\u00eb prej t\u00eb cilave gjenden edhe n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Shp\u00ebrndarja, habitati, statusi i rrezikimit. Segestria senoculata<\/em> ka nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje Palearktike dhe gjendet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn. Shp\u00ebrndarja e saj lart\u00ebsore varion nga fusha deri n\u00eb kodra me lart\u00ebsi n\u00eb 800 m mbi nivelin e detit, e deri n\u00eb 2200 m lart\u00ebsi n\u00eb Alpet Qendrore. Kjo merimang\u00eb jeton n\u00eb pyje dhe n\u00eb grumbuj drur\u00ebsh ose rr\u00ebnojash. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb boll\u00ebkut t\u00eb saj dhe disponueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb habitateve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme, ajo klasifikohet si jo e rrezikuar n\u00eb Listat e Kuqe.\r\n\r\nP\u00ebrshkrimi<\/strong>\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit t\u00eb femr\u00ebs s\u00eb Segestria senoculata \u00ebsht\u00eb 7\u201310 mm, nd\u00ebrsa meshkujt jan\u00eb pak m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, 6\u20139 mm. T\u00eb dy gjinit\u00eb kan\u00eb ngjyrim dhe shenja t\u00eb ngjashme. Cefalotoraksi (pjesa e p\u00ebrparme) \u00ebsht\u00eb kafe e shk\u00eblqyeshme, nd\u00ebrsa abdomeni oval \u00ebsht\u00eb bezh\u00eb\/gri e zbeht\u00eb, me nj\u00eb shirit qendror ngjyr\u00eb kafe t\u00eb err\u00ebt me skaje t\u00eb dh\u00ebmb\u00ebzuara. Ky shirit ngjan me modelin e err\u00ebt t\u00eb nj\u00eb gjarpri, nga i cili rrjedh edhe emri: merimanga shpin\u00eb-gjarp\u00ebr. K\u00ebmb\u00ebt jan\u00eb kafe e hapur me unaza t\u00eb err\u00ebta. Ndryshe nga shumica e merimangave q\u00eb kan\u00eb tet\u00eb sy, merimangat e k\u00ebsaj familjeje kan\u00eb vet\u00ebm gjasht\u00eb sy, t\u00eb renditur n\u00eb tri grupe me nga dy sy, q\u00eb formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb si \"H\" kur shihen nga lart.\r\n\r\nM\u00ebnyra e jetes\u00ebs<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAshtu si t\u00eb gjitha merimangat e k\u00ebsaj familjeje, merimanga shpin\u00eb-gjarp\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb kryesisht nokturne dhe nd\u00ebrton nj\u00eb p\u00eblhur\u00eb karakteristike p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pren\u00eb. Kjo p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb tub si rrjet\u00eb i nd\u00ebrtuar n\u00eb \u00e7arje dhe vrimat e l\u00ebvores s\u00eb pem\u00ebve ose midis gur\u00ebve, nga hyrja e t\u00eb cilit dalin fijet e m\u00ebndafshta rrezore. K\u00ebto fije sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si \"lajm\u00ebtar\u00eb\" p\u00ebr pren\u00eb q\u00eb kalon (kryesisht insekte) duke transmetuar dridhjet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. Pasi err\u00ebsohet, Segestria senoculata zhvendoset n\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb tubit ku pret pren\u00eb. Ajo tregon nj\u00eb pozicion karakteristik t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve: tri \u00e7iftet e para t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve jan\u00eb t\u00eb drejtuara p\u00ebrpara, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7ifti i kat\u00ebrt \u00ebsht\u00eb i drejtuar prapa. Asnj\u00eb merimang\u00eb tjet\u00ebr nuk shfaq nj\u00eb pozicion t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve. Gjat\u00eb sezonit t\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit, meshkujt l\u00ebn\u00eb tubat e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar femrat. Individ\u00ebt e rritur mund t\u00eb gjenden gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit. Kur mashkulli takon p\u00eblhur\u00ebn e femr\u00ebs, ai tund fijet sinjalizuese t\u00eb rrjet\u00ebs s\u00eb saj. N\u00ebse femra nuk tregon agresivitet, do t\u00eb ndodh cift\u00ebzimi. Pas \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit, femra i fekondon vez\u00ebt brenda tubit dhe i mb\u00ebshtjell n\u00eb nj\u00eb kokon oval q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban 60 deri n\u00eb 180 vez\u00eb. Ky lloj ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr rreth dy vjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur pjekurin\u00eb seksuale.\r\n\r\nLloje t\u00eb ngjashme<\/strong>\r\n\r\nN\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Qendrore gjenden edhe dy lloje t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb Segestria:<\/em> merimanga bavareze e tubave, Segestria bavarica,<\/em> e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb pak m\u00eb e madhe (deri n\u00eb 14 mm) dhe njollat e saj n\u00eb abdomen nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme, si dhe merimanga e tubave me dh\u00ebmb\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr, Segestria<\/em> florentina, e cila mund t\u00eb rritet deri n\u00eb 22 mm dhe ka nj\u00eb trup plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb zi.\r\n\r\nPse Segestria senoculata<\/em> \u0451sht\u0451 zgjedhur si Merimanga Evropiane e Vitit?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMe k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj, prezantohet p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues i familjes s\u00eb merimangave me rrjet\u00eb si tub, i cili zbulon disa ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta: gjasht\u00eb sy n\u00eb vend t\u00eb tet\u00eb, nj\u00eb lloj karakteristik rrjete, dhe nj\u00eb pozicion unik t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve. P\u00ebrzgjedhja synon jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb vendos\u00eb n\u00eb drit\u00eb nj\u00eb grup kafsh\u00ebsh \"m\u00eb pak t\u00eb njohura\" dhe t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb n\u00eb pah habitatet e k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuara \u2013 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, habitatet e vogla natyrore si \u00e7arjet e l\u00ebvores s\u00eb pem\u00ebve dhe shk\u00ebmbinjve \u2013 por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt shpresojn\u00eb t\u00eb mbledhin t\u00eb dh\u00ebna p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e saj aktuale. Prandaj, me k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion n\u00eb mendje, n\u00eb sh\u00ebtitjen tuaj t\u00eb radh\u00ebs n\u00eb pyll ose mal dhe ndihmoni n\u00eb dokumentimin e k\u00ebtij lloji me raportimin ose foton tuaj. Merimanga e Vitit koordinohet nga Muzeu i Historis\u00eb Natyrore n\u00eb Vjen\u00eb, n\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me Shoqat\u00ebn Araknologjike (AraGes) dhe Shoqat\u00ebn Evropiane t\u00eb Araknologjis\u00eb (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Norbert Milasowszky.\r\n\r\nKontakt n\u0451 Shqip\u0451ri:<\/strong>\r\nProf. Assoc. Dr. Blerina Vrenozi, Muzeu i Shkencave t\u0451 Natyr\u0451s, Rr. Petro Nini Luarasi, Nd. 76-1, No. 2, 1010 Tiran\u00eb, Shqip\u0451ri. E-mail: blerina.vrenozi@fshn.edu.al<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 (Segestriidae). \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 5 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 181 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0434 Segestria<\/em> \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0432\u0430 22 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, 5 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0430 3 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u0412\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0445\u044a\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 (800 \u043c) \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 2200 \u043c (\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u043f\u0438, \u0420\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d). Segestria senoculata<\/em> \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u0446\u0438 \u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 Segestria senoculata \u0435 7-10 mm \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 6-9 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u0418 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u043b\u044a\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432, \u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435 \u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043e\u0432\u043e\/\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044a\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0447\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u201eH\u201c, \u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438, \u0417\u043c\u0438\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0449\u0442\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442.\u043d.. \u041e\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438). \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 Segestria senoculata \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434, \u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430! \u041f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u043e. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u044a\u043a\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b; \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 60 \u0438 180 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430. \u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Segestria \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u0411\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a, Segestria bavarica, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c (\u0434\u043e 14 mm) \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0437\u044a\u0431\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a , Segestria florentina, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e 22 mm \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0417\u043c\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430! \u0427\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u201e\u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u201c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 - \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0418\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0434: \u0434\u0440\u044a\u0436\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u044a\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (ESA).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u044c\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0433 & \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Spinne des Jahres 2025<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nGew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformation<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDie Gew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne, Segestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Fischernetzspinnen (Segestriidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie besteht weltweit aus f\u00fcnf Gattungen mit 181 Arten. Die Gattung Segestria<\/em> (Echte Fischernetzspinnen) umfasst 22 Arten, von denen acht Arten auch in Europa vorkommen.\r\n\r\nVerbreitung, Lebensraum und Gef\u00e4hrdung<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDie Gew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne ist pal\u00e4arktisch verbreitet und kommt in ganz Europa vor. Die H\u00f6henverbreitung reicht von der planar-kollinen H\u00f6henstufe (bis 800m Seeh\u00f6he) bis zur Waldgrenze in ca. 2200m H\u00f6he (in den Zentralalpen). Segestria senoculata <\/em>lebt im Wald und in Block- und Schutthalden. Aufgrund ihrer H\u00e4ufigkeit und einer gro\u00dfen Habitatverf\u00fcgbarkeit wird sie in den Roten Listen als nicht gef\u00e4hrdet eingestuft.\r\n\r\nBeschreibung<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge von Segestria senoculata <\/em>betr\u00e4gt bei Weibchen 7\u201310 mm, die M\u00e4nnchen sind mit 6\u20139 mm etwas kleiner. Beide Geschlechter \u00e4hneln sich in F\u00e4rbung und Zeichnung. Der Vorderk\u00f6rper ist gl\u00e4nzend braun, der ovale Hinterk\u00f6rper blass beige\/grau, dorsal mit dunkelbraunem, gelappten\/lateral gebuchtetem Mittelband (\u00e4hnlich dem dunklen Muster einer Kreuzotter). Die Beine sind hellbraun und weisen eine dunkle Ringelung auf.\r\n\r\nDie meisten Spinnenarten haben acht Augen, die Fischernetzspinnen besitzen jedoch nur sechs, die in drei Gruppen von je zwei Augen angeordnet sind und von oben gesehen ein grobes \"H\" bilden.\r\n\r\nLebensweise<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWie alle Fischernetzspinnen ist die Gew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne vorwiegend nachtaktiv und legt f\u00fcr den Beutefang ein charakteristisches Spinnennetz an. Das ist ein r\u00f6hrenf\u00f6rmiger Gespinstschlauch in Ritzen, Spalten (unter Baumrinde, Steinen etc.) und vom Vordereingang der Wohnr\u00f6hre gehen strahlenf\u00f6rmig einzelne Seidenf\u00e4den aus, die als Stolperdr\u00e4hte f\u00fcr vorbeikommende Beutetiere (vor allem Insekten) angelegt werden und entsprechende Vibrationen weiterleiten.\r\n\r\nNach Einbruch der Dunkelheit bewegt sie sich Segestria senoculata<\/em> zum Eingang der Wohnr\u00f6hre, wo sie auf Beute lauert. Dabei zeigt sie eine f\u00fcr alle Fischernetzspinnen charakteristische Beinstellung: Die ersten drei Beinpaare sind n\u00e4mlich zusammen nach vorne und das vierte Beinpaar nach hinten gerichtet. Keine anderen Spinnen zeigen eine derartige Beinstellung!\r\n\r\nIn der Paarungszeit verlassen die M\u00e4nnchen die Wohnr\u00f6hren, um sich auf die Suche nach Weibchen zu begeben. Geschlechtsreife Tiere der Gew\u00f6hnlichen Fischernetzspinne k\u00f6nnen ganzj\u00e4hrig angetroffen werden. Trifft ein paarungsbereites M\u00e4nnchen auf das Netz eines Weibchens r\u00fcttelt es an den Signalf\u00e4den. Reagiert das Weibchen nicht aggressiv, kommt es zur Paarung, bei der das M\u00e4nnchen mit gespreizten Kieferklauen den Hinterk\u00f6rper des Weibchens umklammert.\r\n\r\nNach der Paarung werden die Eier vom Weibchen in der Wohnr\u00f6hre befruchtet und in einen ovalen Kokon eingesponnen; dieser enth\u00e4lt zwischen 60 bis 180 Eier. Die Gew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne ben\u00f6tigt ebenso wie ihre beiden mitteleurop\u00e4ischen Schwesterarten rund zwei Jahre bis zur Geschlechtsreife.\r\n\r\n\u00c4hnliche Arten<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn Mitteleuropa kommen noch zwei weitere Segestria<\/em>-Arten vor: die Bayerische Fischernetzspinne, Segestria bavarica,<\/em> die etwas gr\u00f6\u00dfer ist (bis 14 mm) und deren dunklen Flecken am Hinterleib nicht durchgehend sind, und die M\u00e4chtige Fischernetzspinne, Segestria florentina<\/em>, die bis zu 22 mm gro\u00df wird und einen g\u00e4nzlich schwarz gef\u00e4rbten K\u00f6rper hat.\r\n\r\nWarum wurde die Gew\u00f6hnliche Fischernetzspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt? <\/strong>\r\n\r\nMit dieser Art kann erstmals ein Vertreter der Fischernetzspinnen vorgestellt werden mit einigen Eigenheiten: sechs statt acht Augen, charakteristisches Spinnennetz, einzigartige Beinstellung!\r\n\r\nMit der Wahl der Spinne des Jahres soll aber nicht nur eine \u201ewenig beliebte\u201c Tiergruppe ins rechte Licht ger\u00fcckt und auf bedrohte Lebensr\u00e4ume \u2013 hier nat\u00fcrliche Kleinstlebensr\u00e4ume wie Ritzen und L\u00f6cher an Baumrinde und Felsen \u2013 hingewiesen werden, sondern gleichzeitig erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler, Daten zur aktuellen Verbreitung zu bekommen. In diesem Sinne: halten Sie beim n\u00e4chsten Spaziergang im Wald, bei der n\u00e4chsten Wanderung auf den Bergen die Augen offen und helfen Sie mit ihrer Fundmeldung\/ihrem Foto bei der Dokumentation dieser Art.\r\n\r\nDie Koordination zur Spinne des Jahres liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Norbert Milasowszky\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2025.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nPahtatorvikki (kuusisilm\u00e4h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki)\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPahtatorvikki, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), kuuluu torvih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon Segestriidae. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 heimossa on maailmanlaajuisesti 181 lajia.\u00a0 Segestria<\/em>-sukuun kuuluu 22 lajia, joista kahdeksan esiintyy Euroopassa. Segestria senoculata<\/em> on suvun ja heimon ainoa edustaja Suomessa.\r\n\r\nLevinneisyys, elinpaikat ja uhanalaisuus <\/strong>\r\n\r\nPahtatorvikki on palearktinen laji ja se esiintyy kautta Euroopan pohjoisimpia alueita lukuunottamatta. Lajia tavataan Keski-Euroopassa, Alpeilla, aina puurajaan asti, noin 2200 m korkeuteen merenpinnasta. Siell\u00e4 laji el\u00e4\u00e4 metsiss\u00e4, esimerkiksi tukkipinoissa, raunioissa ja kivikoissa. Meill\u00e4 sen tapaa usein my\u00f6s rakennusten seinustoilla sopiviin koloihin kudotuissa asuinputkissaan. Suomessa Segestria senoculatan<\/em> esiintymisalue on rajoittunut etel\u00e4iselle\u00a0 rannikkoalueelle, erityisesti\u00a0 Ahvenanmaan,\u00a0 Saaristomeren ja Suomenlahden saarille ja rannikoille. Lajia ei ole miss\u00e4\u00e4n luokiteltu uhanalaiseksi.\r\n\r\nKuvaus <\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata-<\/em>naaraiden ruumiin pituus on 7-10 mm, koiraat ovat hieman pienempi\u00e4: 6-9 mm pituisia. Kummallakin sukupuolella on samanlainen kuviointi ja v\u00e4ritys. Eturuumis on kiilt\u00e4v\u00e4n ruskea, soikea takaruumis on vaalean beige tai harmaa, sen selk\u00e4puolella on\u00a0 tummanruskea\u00a0 reunoiltaan polveileva keskijuova, joka muistuttaa kyyk\u00e4\u00e4rmeen selk\u00e4kuviota. Raajat ovat vaalean ruskeat tummin rengaskuvioin.\u00a0 Useimmilla h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 on kahdeksan silm\u00e4\u00e4, mutta pahtatorvikilla sukulaisineen vain kuusi, n\u00e4m\u00e4 ovat kolmessa kahden silm\u00e4n ryhm\u00e4ss\u00e4 muodostaen H-kuvion yl\u00e4puolelta katsottaessa.\r\n\r\nElintavat <\/strong>\r\n\r\nKuten kaikki heimonsa edustajat, pahtatorvikki on p\u00e4\u00e4asiallisesti y\u00f6aktiivinen laji, ja se rakentaa lajityypillisen\u00a0 saalistusverkon. Siihen kuuluu torvimainen (\u201ctorvikki\u201d) asuinputki sopivassa raossa tai kolossa (kuten irtokaarnan alla tai kivien v\u00e4liss\u00e4). Putken suuaukolta l\u00e4htee seittilankoja eri suuntiin, ne toimivat ansalankoina ohikulkeville saalisel\u00e4mille, kuten hy\u00f6nteisille, ja v\u00e4litt\u00e4v\u00e4t v\u00e4r\u00e4htelyll\u00e4\u00e4n niist\u00e4 tiedon h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kille.\u00a0 Illan pimetess\u00e4 Segestria senoculata <\/em>nousee asuinputkensa suuaukolle odottamaan saalista. Silloin n\u00e4kyy sen erikoinen jalkojen asento: kolme etummaista raajaparia ovat ojentunenet eteenp\u00e4in ja nelj\u00e4s pari taaksep\u00e4in. Mill\u00e4\u00e4n muulla h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiheimolla ei tavata t\u00e4llaista raajojen asentoa! Paritteluaikaan koiraat j\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4t asuinputkensa etsiess\u00e4\u00e4n naaraita. Seksuaalisesti aktiivisia aikuisia pahtatorvikkiyksil\u00f6it\u00e4 voi esiinty\u00e4 kautta vuoden. Kun paritteluun valmis koiras tulee naaraan verkolle, se v\u00e4risytt\u00e4\u00e4 naaraan signaaliseittej\u00e4. Jollei naaras k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ydy agressiivisesti, tapahtuu parittelu, jonka aikana koiras puristaa leve\u00e4lle avautuneilla leuoillaan, kelikereill\u00e4, naaraan takaruumista. Parittelun j\u00e4lkeen kehittyv\u00e4t hedelm\u00f6ittyneet munat naaraan asuinputkessa soikeassa munakotelossa, jossa on 60 - 180 munaa. Torvih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit tarvitsevat noin kaksi vuotta saavuttaakseen sukukypsyyden.\r\n\r\nSamanlaisia lajeja <\/strong>\r\n\r\nKaksi muuta Segestria<\/em>-lajia el\u00e4\u00e4 Keski-Euroopassa: Segestria bavaric<\/em>a on hieman vuoden lajia suurempi (pituus 14 mm asti) ja sen tumma takaruumiin selk\u00e4puolen t\u00e4pl\u00e4kuviointi \u00a0ei ole yhten\u00e4inen, Segestria florentianan <\/em>ruumis voi kasvaa 22 mm pituiseksi ja on t\u00e4ysin musta. Meill\u00e4 n\u00e4it\u00e4 lajeja ei tavata.\r\n\r\nMiksi pahtatorvikki valittiin Euroopan vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi<\/strong>?\r\n\r\nTorvih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit voidaan n\u00e4in esitell\u00e4 ensimm\u00e4ist\u00e4 kertaa ja kertoa joistakin niiden erikoispiirteist\u00e4: kuusi silm\u00e4\u00e4 tavallisten kahdeksan sijaan, erikoinen verkkotyyppi ja ainutlaatuinen jalkojen asento. Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnan tarkoitus ei ole ainoastaan tuoda t\u00e4m\u00e4\u00a0 \u201cv\u00e4hemm\u00e4n suosittu\u201d el\u00e4inryhm\u00e4 esiin my\u00f6nteisess\u00e4 valossa ja kiinnitt\u00e4\u00e4 huomiota niiden elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ihin, t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tapauksessa pieniin luonnonhabitaatteihin kuten puunrunkojen ja kivikkojen kolot ja onkalot \u2013 samalla toivotaan lis\u00e4tietoja lajin esiintymisest\u00e4 (mielell\u00e4\u00e4n valokuva mukaan), meill\u00e4 erityisesti sis\u00e4maasta ja Pohjanlahden rannikoilta. Vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnan on koordinoinut Wienin Luonnonhistoriallinen museo yhdess\u00e4 saksankielisen h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiseuran (Arachnologische Gesellschaft, AraGes) ja Euroopan h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkitutkijain seuran (European Society of Arachnology, ESA)\u00a0 kanssa.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2025<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nczyhak sze\u015bciooki (= czyhak sadowiec)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInformacje<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCzyhak sze\u015bciooki Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) nale\u017cy do rodziny czyhakowatych (Segestriidae). Na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie obejmuje ona 5 rodzaj\u00f3w i 181 gatunk\u00f3w.\u00a0 Rodzaj Segestria<\/em> liczy 22 gatunki, z czego 8 wyst\u0119puje w Europie.\r\n\r\nRozmieszczenie, \u015brodowisko \u017cycia i zagro\u017cenia<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata<\/em> wyst\u0119puje w Palearktyce. W Europie zamieszkuje wysoko\u015bci od poziomu morza, po g\u00f3rn\u0105 granic\u0119 las\u00f3w. W Alpach i Karpatach si\u0119ga do 2200 m n.p.m. Jest pospolitym gatunkiem le\u015bnym, \u017cyje pod kor\u0105 i w jej szczelinach, pod k\u0142odami i pryzmami drewna i kamieni.\r\n\r\nOpis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSamice Segestria senoculata<\/em> mierz\u0105 od 7 do 10 mm. Samce s\u0105 nieco mniejsze: 6-9 mm. Obie p\u0142ci maj\u0105 podobny wz\u00f3r barwny. G\u0142owotu\u0142\u00f3w jest po\u0142yskuj\u0105co br\u0105zowy, odw\u0142ok owalny, be\u017cowy\/szary z charakterystycznym wzorem ciemnobr\u0105zowych przew\u0119\u017ce\u0144 i zakoli. Poniewa\u017c przypomina to ubarwienie \u017cmii zygzakowatej, gatunek bywa nazywany snake-back spider<\/em>. Nogi czyhaka s\u0105 br\u0105zowe, pierwsze 3 pary skierowane s\u0105 do przodu, a czwarta do ty\u0142u.\r\n\r\nW odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od wi\u0119kszo\u015bci paj\u0105k\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 osiem oczu, Segestria senoculata<\/em> ma ich sze\u015bc. S\u0105 one u\u0142o\u017cone po dwa w trzech grupach i tworz\u0105 wz\u00f3r litery H.\r\n\r\nSpos\u00f3b \u017cycia<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPodobnie jak inne gatunki z tego rodzaju, czyhak sze\u015bciooki jest g\u0142ownie aktywny noc\u0105. Po po\u0142owu ofiar buduje rurkowate sieci pod kor\u0105, w jej szczelinach, w\u015br\u00f3d drewna i kamieni. Od wej\u015bcia rozci\u0105gaj\u0105 si\u0119 promieniste nici, kt\u00f3re naprowadzaj\u0105 ofiary w kierunku czyhaj\u0105cego paj\u0105ka i przekazuj\u0105 wibracje.\r\n\r\nPodczas pory godowej, kt\u00f3ra trwa niemal ca\u0142y rok, samiec opuszcza sw\u0105 rurkowat\u0105 sie\u0107 i rusza na poszukiwanie samicy. Gdy j\u0105 znajdzie, wprawia jej sie\u0107 w wibracje i czeka na odzew. Je\u015bli samica nie okazuje agresji, dochodzi do kopulacji. W jej trakcie samiec przytrzymuje odw\u0142ok samicy szeroko rozwartymi szcz\u0119koczu\u0142kami.\r\n\r\nZap\u0142odnione jaja s\u0105 otaczane kokonem; ka\u017cdy zawiera od 60 do 180 jaj. Podobnie jak pokrewne gatunki \u015brodkowoeuropejskie, Segestria senoculata <\/em>potrzebuje ok. dw\u00f3ch lat do osi\u0105gni\u0119cia dojrza\u0142o\u015bci p\u0142ciowej.\r\n\r\nPokrewne gatunki<\/strong>\r\n\r\nW Europie \u015arodkowej wyst\u0119puj\u0105 dwa inne gatunki rodzaju Segestria<\/em>. Segestria bavarica<\/em> \u00a0mierzy do 14 mm, a ciemne plamy na odw\u0142oku nie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119 w jednolity wz\u00f3r. Segestria florentina <\/em>\u00a0mierzy do 22 mm, a cia\u0142o jest w ca\u0142o\u015bci czarne.\r\n\r\nPowody wyboru Segestria senoculata<\/em> Europejskim Paj\u0105kiem Roku 2025?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPo pierwsze, jest reprezentantem rodziny czyhakowatych, a \u017caden jej gatunek nie by\u0142 dotychczas wyr\u00f3\u017cniany. Po drugie, to dobra okazja, aby pozna\u0107 kilka charakterystycznych cech tej rodziny: sze\u015b\u0107 oczu (zamiast o\u015bmiu), rurkowate sieci i u\u0142o\u017cenie n\u00f3g. Po trzecie, wyb\u00f3r daje szanse na spopularyzowanie gatunku i zwr\u00f3cenie uwagi na zmniejszaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 liczb\u0119 jego naturalnych \u015brodowisk i mikro\u015brodowisk. Po czwarte, badacze maj\u0105 nadziej\u0119 na uzyskanie danych o biologii i rozmieszczeniu geograficznym oraz na wzbogacenie dokumentacji fotograficznej.\r\n\r\nTekst: Christoph H\u00f6rweg i Norbert Milasowszky\r\n\r\nT\u0142umaczenie na j\u0119zyk polski: Marek \u017babka<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Pauk godine 2025<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nZmijoliki tubopleta\u010d<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformacije<\/strong>\r\n\r\nZmijoliki tubopleta\u010d, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), pripada porodici tubopleta\u010da (Segestriidae). U ovu poridicu paukova spadaju pet rodova sa 181 vrstom \u0161irom sveta. Rodu Segestria<\/em> pripadaju 22 vrste, od kojih osam nastanjuju Evropu.\r\n\r\nRasprostrnajenost, stani\u0161te i ugro\u017eenost<\/strong>\r\n\r\nZmijoliki tubopleta\u010d ima palearkti\u010dko rasprostranjenje i javlja se \u0161irom Evrope. Visinska rasprostranjenost se kre\u0107e od ravnih i brdovitih uzvi\u0161enja (od 800 m nadmorske visine) do \u0161umske granice oko 2200 m nadmorske visine. Segestria senoculata<\/em> \u017eivi u \u0161umama - u deblima i kr\u0161u. Zbog brojnosti i pristupa\u010dnosti pogodnim stani\u0161tima, u Crvenim Listama nije klasifikovana kao ugro\u017eena vrsta.\r\n\r\nOpis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDu\u017eina tela Segestria senoculata<\/em> je 7-10 mm kod \u017eenki, dok su mu\u017ejaci ne\u0161to manji - 6-9 mm. Oba pola su sli\u010dna po obojenosti i \u0161arama. Glavenogrudni region je braon boje, ovalni abdomen je bledo siv ili be\u017e sa tamnosme\u0111om re\u017enjevitom prugom na sredini le\u0111a koja podse\u0107a na \u0161are kod zmija poskoka i \u0161arke. Noge su svetlo sme\u0111e sa crnim prstenovima. Ve\u0107ina vrsta paukova ima osam o\u010diju, ali tubopleta\u010di imaju samo \u0161est, pore\u0111anih u tri grupe tako da, gledaju\u0107i odozgo, prave oblik slova \"H\".\r\n\r\nNa\u010din \u017eivota<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKao i svi tubopleta\u010di, zmijoliki tubopleta\u010d je prete\u017eno aktivan no\u0107u i gradi karakteristi\u010dnu mre\u017eu za hvatanje plena. Ona se sastoji od mre\u017easte cevi (tube) postavljene ispod kore drveta ili me\u0111u pukotinama u stenama i kamenju. Od ulaza u cev, u vi\u0161e pravaca se \u0161ire zasebne svilene niti koje slu\u017ee da prenose signal u vidu vibracija od prolaze\u0107eg plena (naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e insekta) do pauka unutar cevi.\r\n\r\nKada padne mrak, Segestria senoculata<\/em> dolazi do ulaza u cev gde strpljivo \u010deka plen. \u010cekaju\u0107i, noge dr\u017ei u polo\u017eaju koji je svojsten paucima tubopleta\u010dima: prva tri para nogu su zajedno napred dok je zadnji, \u010detvrti, par usmeren ka pozadi. Niti jedna druga grupa paukova nema ovakav polo\u017eaj nogu!\r\n\r\nTokom sezone parenja, mu\u017ejaci napu\u0161taju svoje tube i kre\u0107u u potragu za \u017eenkama. Polno zrele jedinke zmijolikog tubopleta\u010da se mogu sresti tokom cele godine. Kada mu\u017ejak na\u0111e mre\u017eu \u017eenke, on trese njene signale niti. Ukoliko \u017eenka ne reaguje agresivno, dolazi do parenja u kojem mu\u017ejak dr\u017ei abdomen \u017eenke svojim ra\u0161irenim vilicama.\r\n\r\nNakon parenja \u017eenka oplo\u0111uje jaja unutar svoje cevi i zatvara ih ovalnom kokonom koji sadr\u017ei od 60 do 180 jaja\u0161aca. Kao i drugim evropskim srodnicima, zmijolikom tubopleta\u010du treba oko dve godine da dostigne polnu zrelost.\r\n\r\nSrodne vrste<\/strong>\r\n\r\nEvropu nastanjuju jo\u0161 nekoliko vrsta roda Segestrija<\/em>: bavarski tubopleta\u010d Segestria bavarica<\/em>, koji je malo ve\u0107i (do 14mm) i ima prekide u tamnoj le\u0111noj \u0161ari, tamni tubopleta\u010d Segestria florentina, <\/em>\u010dije telo dosti\u017ee du\u017einu do 22m i koji ima zelene helicere i potpuno tamno telo, hrvatski tubopleta\u010d Segestria croatica<\/em>, usko rasprostranjen po nekim delovima Balkana i pe\u0107inski tubopleta\u010d Segestria cavernicola<\/em>, koji nastanjuje pe\u0107ine Slovenije.\r\n\r\nZa\u0161to je zmijoliki tubopleta\u010d izabran za evropskog pauka godine?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSa ovom vrstom, po prvi put se upoznajemo sa predstavnicima tubopleta\u010da i otkrivamo neke njihove interesante odlike: \u0161est o\u010diju umesto osam, poseban tip mre\u017ee i jedinstven polo\u017eaj nogu!\r\n\r\nCilj ovakvog izbora nije samo postaviti manje popularne grupe \u017eivotinja u centar pa\u017enje, ve\u0107 i nagla\u0161avanje ugro\u017eenih stani\u0161ta kao \u0161to su, u ovom slu\u010daju, male rupe i pukotine u kori drveta ili stenama. U isto vreme nau\u010dnici se nadaju da prikupe vi\u0161e podataka o trenutnoj rasporsotranjenosti ove vrste. Sa time na umu: kada slede\u0107i put odete u \u0161etnju \u0161umom ili na planinarenje dr\u017eite o\u010di \u0161irom otvorene kako biste, mo\u017eda fotografijom ili dopisom pomogli dokumentaciji ove vrste.\r\n\r\nZa koordinaciju izbora Pauka godine odgovoran je Prirodnja\u010dki muzej u Be\u010du uz saradnju sa nema\u010dkim Arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (AraGes) i Evropskim arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Norbert Milasowszky\r\n\r\nPrevod i adaptacija: Luka \u017darkovi\u0107\r\n<\/strong><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Pajek leta 2025<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758)\r\n\r\nNavadni ka\u010dar<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nInformacije<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNavadni ka\u010dar Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) spada v dru\u017eino pajkov \u017earkastih cevkarjev (Segestriidae). Ta dru\u017eina pajkov je sestavljena iz petih rodov s 181 vrstami po vsem svetu. Rod Segestria<\/em> (ka\u010darji) obsega 22 vrst, od katerih jih je osem tudi v Evropi.\r\n\r\nRaz\u0161irjenost, \u017eivljenjski prostor in ogro\u017eenost <\/strong>\r\n\r\nNavadni ka\u010dar je raz\u0161irjen \u00bbpalearkti\u010dno\u00ab in se pojavlja po vsej Evropi. Vi\u0161inska raz\u0161irjenost se giblje od 800 m nadmorske vi\u0161ine do gozdne meje na pribli\u017eno 2200 m nadmorske vi\u0161ine (v Centralnih Alpah). Vrsta Segestria senoculata<\/em> \u017eivi v gozdovih ter na meli\u0161\u010dih in gru\u0161\u010dih. Zaradi svoje \u0161tevil\u010dnosti in \u0161iroke dostopnosti habitatov je na rde\u010dih seznamih uvr\u0161\u010dena med neogro\u017eene vrste.\r\n\r\nOpis<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDol\u017eina telesa pri vrsti Segestria senoculata<\/em> je pri samicah 7\u201310 mm, medtem ko so samci nekoliko manj\u0161i in merijo 6\u20139 mm. Oba spola sta si po barvi in \u200b\u200bbarvnih vzorcih podobna. Glavoprsje je sijo\u010de rjavo, ovalni zadek je bledo be\u017e\/siv, na hrbtu s temno rjavim, re\u017enjastim\/bo\u010dno vijugastim srednjim trakom (podobno temnemu vzorcu ka\u010de gada). Noge so svetlo rjave in imajo temne kolobarje. Ve\u010dina vrst pajkov ima osem o\u010di, pajki ka\u010darji pa jih imajo le \u0161est: razvr\u0161\u010dene so v tri skupine po dve o\u010desi, ki v grobem, gledano od zgoraj, tvorijo \u010drko \"H\".\r\n\r\nNa\u010din \u017eivljenja<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTako kot vsi pajki ka\u010darji je navadni ka\u010dar prete\u017eno no\u010dno aktiven in gradi zna\u010dilno mre\u017eo za lov plena. Ta je cevaste oblike, postavljena v razpoke pod drevesnim lubjem, kamni itd., ob vhodu v cev pa se \u017earkasto raz\u0161irjajo posamezne svilene niti. Te slu\u017eijo kot signalne niti in s prena\u0161anjem vibracij pajka opozorijo na prehod plena (predvsem \u017eu\u017eelk). Ko se zmra\u010di, se Segestria senoculata<\/em> pomakne do vhoda v cev, kjer \u010daka na plen. Tam dr\u017ei polo\u017eaj nog, ki je zna\u010dilen za vse pajke ka\u010darje: prvi trije pari nog so usmerjeni skupaj naprej, \u010detrti par nog pa nazaj. Noben drug pajek nima tak\u0161ne telesne dr\u017ee! V \u010dasu parjenja samci zapustijo rove in i\u0161\u010dejo samice. Spolno zrele osebke navadnega ka\u010darja najdemo vse leto. Ko samec, pripravljen na parjenje, naleti na mre\u017eo samice, strese signalne niti. \u010ce samica ne odreagira agresivno, pride do parjenja, med katerim se samec z razprtimi strupniki oklene za zadnji del samice. Po parjenju samica v rovu sprede v ovalni kokon, ki vsebuje od 60 do 180 jajc. Tako kot njegovi srednjeevropski sorodniki, tudi navadni ka\u010dar potrebuje pribli\u017eno dve leti, da dose\u017ee spolno zrelost.\r\n\r\nPodobne vrste<\/strong>\r\n\r\nV Evropi se pojavlja \u0161e nekaj vrst rodu Segestria<\/em>. Med temi bavarski ka\u010dar Segestria bavarica<\/em>, ki je nekoliko ve\u010dji (do 14 mm) in katerega temne lise na zadku niso neprekinjene, temni ka\u010dar Segestria florentina<\/em>, ki lahko zraste do 22 mm in ima popolnoma \u010drno telo, hrva\u0161ki ka\u010dar Segestria croatica<\/em>, z ozko raz\u0161irjenostjo po delih Balkana, ter jamski ka\u010dar Segestria cavernicola<\/em> znan iz slovenskih jam.\r\n\r\nZakaj smo navadnega ka\u010darja izbrali za evropskega pajka leta?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTa vrsta je prvi predstavnik pajkov ka\u010darjev in ima glede na druge pajke nekaj posebnosti: \u0161est namesto osem o\u010di in zna\u010dilna dr\u017ea. Namen izbire pajka leta ni le postaviti \u00bbmanj priljubljene\u00ab skupine \u017eivali v sredi\u0161\u010de pozornosti, ampak tudi opozoriti na ogro\u017eene habitate \u2013 v tem primeru gre za majhne naravne habitate, kot so razpoke in luknje v lubju dreves in kamnih \u2013 hkrati pa znanstveniki upajo, da bodo zbrali podatke o trenutni raz\u0161irjenosti. S tem v mislih: naslednji\u010d, ko se boste odpravili na sprehod v gozd ali na pohod v hribe, imejte odprte o\u010di in pomagajte dokumentirati to vrsto, tako da javite, kaj ste na\u0161li, ali jo fotografirate.\r\n\r\nZa koordinacijo izbora Pajek leta je odgovoren Prirodoslovni muzej na Dunaju v sodelovanju z nem\u0161kim Arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (AraGes) in Evropskim arahnolo\u0161kim dru\u0161tvom (ESA).\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Norbert Milasowszky\r\n\r\nPrevod in priredba: Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the year 2025
\nSnake-back spider<\/strong>
\nSegestria senoculata <\/em>(Linnaeus, 1758<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Information<\/strong><\/p>\n

The snake-back spider, Segestria senoculata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758), belongs to the family of tube-dwelling spiders (Segestriidae).<\/p>\n

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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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