{"id":421,"date":"2015-08-14T10:24:24","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T08:24:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=421"},"modified":"2017-04-04T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T07:36:51","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2015","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=421","title":{"rendered":"2015 Anyphaena accentuata"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2015<\/h1>\n

The buzzing spider<\/h3>\n

Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)<\/h4>\n
\"Anyphaena

Anyphaena accentuata<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802) belongs to the family of the tube or phantom spiders (Anyphaenidae). This spider family has a little over 500 species world-wide, eight of which are found in the Mediterranean region, six in Europe and two in central Europe. Phantom spiders are similar to sac spiders, but differ from the latter in the position of the tracheal opening, which in phantom spiders lies in the middle of the underside of the abdomen.<\/p>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

The buzzing spider is common throughout Europe. It prefers the stems and crowns of deciduous trees, but also occurs on bushes and conifers. Anyphaena accentuata is a lowland species, whose vertical distribution is usually below 1000 metres above sea level. The highest records were from Carinthia (Austria) and Untergadin (Switzerland) at a little over 1100 metres. During the day these spiders conceal themselves in a retreat made of spun-together leaves. Mating and egg-laying take place here too. They are nocturnal predators hunting small winged insects. During winter you can often find Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> under the bark of dead trees. This species is also becoming more common in human habitats, and they can sometimes be seen on the walls of houses making their nightly patrols. Males become adult in early summer (May to June). Adults are most frequently encountered from May to August \u2013 at this time both sexes are active.<\/p>\n

The body length of females (shown above) is 5\u20139 mm; males (shown below) are a little smaller at 4\u20137 mm. The body is pale yellow to brown in colour and the cephalothrax has black serrated bands at the sides. On the abdomen there are four quadratic black flecks in the middle, which are characteristic for this species. The legs are brindled yellow\u2013brown. Males can often have very strong markings.<\/p>\n

Males exhibit an unusual mating behaviour. They drum with the pedipalps and the first pair of legs on the female\u2019s retreat, and vibrate their abdomen at the same time. This creates a buzzing noise, and for this reason these animals have the common name \u2018buzzing spiders\u2019 in English.<\/p>\n

In Central Europe this species is not endangered and needs no legal protection. Natural protection measures which would be helpful for the 2015 spider of the year would be a shift away from conifer monocultures back to mixed deciduous forests, as well as leaving deadwood in place.<\/p>\n

Why was Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> chosen as the spider of the year? By selecting this spider, a family which has not been nominated before could be presented. The species itself is easily recognisable through the four characteristic black marks on the abdomen. This makes it easier to confirm locality records from photographs. Furthermore, it can be observed fairly frequently all year round, not only in the countryside but also in houses. Here it can, for example, be brought in with the Christmas tree. Finally its ability to produce noise makes this spider pretty unusual\u2026<\/p>\n

The \u2018European Spider of the Year\u2018 is chosen by 83 arachnologists from 26 European countries. Voting is coordinated by the Natural History Museum of Vienna, together with the Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) and the European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURADATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Maps and\u00a0Photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution<\/h4>\n

Great Britain – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki of the Spinnen-Forum – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a>
\nSpiders of Europe – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

– Bellmann H 2006 Kosmos-Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 3. Auflage. Kosmos Stuttgart. 304 pp.<\/p>\n

– Blick T, Bosmans R, Buchar J, Gajdo\u0161 P, H\u00e4nggi A, Helsdingen P van, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka V, Star\u0119ga W & Thaler K 2004 Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– Boyd DWjr & Reeves WK 2003 Anyphaena (Araneae, Anyphaenidae) overwintering on lowest limbs of white oak \u2013 The Journal of Arachnology 31: 40-43<\/p>\n

– Braun R 1958 Das Sexualverhalten der Krabbenspinne Diaea dorsata<\/em> (F.) und der Zartspinne Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walck.) als Hinweis auf ihre systematische Eingliederung \u2013 Zoologischer Anzeiger 160: 119-134<\/p>\n

– Braun R & Rabeler W 1969 Zur Aut\u00f6kologie und Ph\u00e4nologie der Spinnenfauna des nordwestdeutschen Altmor\u00e4nen-Gebietes \u2013 Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 522: 1-89<\/p>\n

– CSCF (Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune) 2014 Fauna der Schweiz \u2013 Spinnentiere oder Arachniden (Skorpione, Pseudoskorpione, Spinnen, Weberknechte, Milben) \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0 und Verbreitungskarte f\u00fcr A. accentuata<\/em>: (link)<\/a>\u00a0(26. Januar 2015)<\/p>\n

– H\u00e4nggi A, St\u00f6ckli E & Nentwig W 1995 Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– Helsdingen PJ van 2014 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2014) \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0bzw. (link)<\/a> (26. Januar 2015)<\/p>\n

– Huber BA 1995 Genital morphology and copulatory mechanics in Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Anyphaenidae) and Clubiona pallidula<\/em> (Clubionidae: Araneae) \u2013 Journal of Zoology 235: 689-702<\/p>\n

– Isaia M, Beikes S, Paschetta M, Sarva-Jayakesavalu S & Badino G 2008 Spiders as potential biological controllers in apple orchards infested by Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) \u2013 In: Nentwig W, Entling M & Kropf C (eds.) European Arachnology 2008 – Proceedings of the 24th European Congress of Arachnology Bern, 25-29 August 2008. pp. 79-88<\/p>\n

– Koomen P 1998 Winter activity of Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) (Araneae: Anyphaenidae) \u2013 In: Selden PA (ed) Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Archnology, Edinburgh 1997. pp. 223-225<\/p>\n

– Kreuels M & Buchholz S 2006 \u00d6kologie, Verbreitung und Gef\u00e4hrdungsstatus der Webspinnen Nordrhein-Westfalens. Erste \u00fcberarbeitete Fassung der Roten Liste der Webspinnen (Arachnida, Araneae) \u2013 Verlag Wolf & Kreuels. 116 pp.<\/p>\n

– Kubcov\u00e1 L & Buchar J 2005 Biologische Beobachtungen an Spinnen der Waldsteppe \u2013 Linzer biologische Beitr\u00e4ge 37\/2: 1325-1352<\/p>\n

– Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, H\u00e4nggi A & Kropf C 2015 araneae \u2013 Spiders of Europe, version 01.2015 \u2013 (link)<\/a> (26. Januar 2015)<\/p>\n

– Staudt A 2015 Nachweiskarten der Spinnentiere Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones) f\u00fcr Anyphaena accentuata \u2013 (link)<\/a> (26. Januar 2015)<\/p>\n

– Tretzel E 1954 Reife- und Fortpflanzungszeit bei Spinnen \u2013 Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Morphologie und \u00d6kologie der Tiere 42: 634-691<\/p>\n

– World Spider Catalog 2015 World Spider Catalog, version 16.0. Natural History Museum Bern \u2013 (link)<\/a> (26. Januar 2015)<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>IT<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>\n

Merimanga Europiane e Vitit 2015<\/h4>\r\nMerimanga gum\u00ebzhuese \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) i p\u00ebrket familjes s\u00eb merimangave fantazm\u00eb ose gypore (Anyphaenidae). Kjo familje e merimangave ka pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 500 lloje n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, tet\u00eb prej t\u00eb cilave gjenden n\u00eb rajonin e Mesdheut, gjasht\u00eb n\u00eb Europ\u00eb dhe dy n\u00eb Europ\u00ebn qendrore. Merimangat fantazm\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me merimangat thes, por ndryshojn\u00eb nga k\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit nga pozicioni i hapjes trakeale, e cila tek merimangat fantazm\u00eb shtrihet n\u00eb mes t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb poshtme t\u00eb abdomenit.\r\n\r\nMerimanga gum\u00ebzhuese \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme kudo n\u00eb Europ\u00eb. Ajo preferon k\u00ebrcejt\u00eb dhe kurorat e drur\u00ebve gjether\u00ebn\u00ebs, por gjithashtu ndodhet edhe tek shkurret dhe halor\u00ebt. Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj i ult\u00ebsirave, shp\u00ebrndarja vertikale e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs zakonisht \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn 1000 metra mbi nivelin e detit. Rekordet m\u00eb t\u00eb larta kan\u00eb qen\u00eb nga Carinthia (Austri) dhe Untergadin (Zvic\u00ebr) pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1100 metra. Gjat\u00eb dit\u00ebs k\u00ebto merimanga e fshehin vetveten n\u00eb nj\u00eb streh\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga gjethe t\u00eb qepura s\u00eb bashku. Cift\u00ebzimi dhe shtrimi i vez\u00ebve b\u00ebhet po k\u00ebtu. Ato jan\u00eb grabitqar\u00eb t\u00eb nat\u00ebs dhe gjuajn\u00eb insekte t\u00eb vogla fluturuese. Gjat\u00eb dimrit ju mund t\u00eb gjeni shpesh merimang\u00ebn Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> n\u00ebn l\u00ebvoren e pem\u00ebve t\u00eb vdekura. Ky lloj gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb habitatet humane, dhe ato shpesh mund te shihen n\u00eb muret e sht\u00ebpive duke b\u00ebr\u00eb patrull\u00ebn e nat\u00ebs. Meshkujt b\u00ebhen t\u00eb rritur her\u00ebt n\u00eb ver\u00eb (Maj deri n\u00eb Qershor). Adult\u00ebt hasen shum\u00eb shpesh nga Maj n\u00eb Gusht \u2013 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb dyja sekset jan\u00eb aktive.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit t\u00eb femrave \u00ebsht\u00eb 5\u20139 mm; meshkujt jan\u00eb pak m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl diku 4\u20137 mm. trupi i tyre ka ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb t\u00eb zbeht\u00eb n\u00eb kafe dhe cefalotoraksi ka anash banda t\u00eb zeza t\u00eb dh\u00ebmb\u00ebzuara. N\u00eb mes t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb abdomenit ndodhen kat\u00ebr shenja katrore t\u00eb zeza, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb karakteristike p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj. K\u00ebmb\u00ebt jan\u00eb laroshe t\u00eb verdha\u2013kafe. Meshkujt shpesh mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb shenja dalluese shum\u00eb t\u00eb qarta.\r\n\r\nMeshkujt shfaqin nj\u00eb sjellje cift\u00ebzuese t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb. Ata zukatin me an\u00eb t\u00eb pedipalpeve dhe ciftit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve tek streha e femr\u00ebs, dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht l\u00ebkundin abdomenin e tyre. Kjo krijon nj\u00eb gum\u00ebzhim\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye k\u00ebto gjallesa kan\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb Anglisht \u201cmerimangat gum\u00ebzhuese\u201d.\r\n\r\nN\u00eb Europ\u00ebn Qendrore ky lloj nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik zhdukje dhe nuk ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mbrojtje ligjore. Masat mbrojt\u00ebse natyrale t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb ishin ndihmuese p\u00ebr merimang\u00ebn e vitit 2015 do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin nj\u00eb ndryshim nga monokulturat halore tek pyjet e p\u00ebrzier\u00eb gjether\u00ebn\u00ebs, si edhe duke l\u00ebn\u00eb drur\u00ebt e vdekur n\u00eb vend.\r\n\r\nPse \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjedhur Anyphaena accentuata merimanga e vitit? N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrgjedhjes s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj merimange, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet nj\u00eb familje e cila nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nominuar m\u00eb par\u00eb. Vet\u00eb lloji \u00ebsht\u00eb leht\u00ebsisht i identifikuesh\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet kat\u00ebr shenjave t\u00eb zeza karakteristike n\u00eb abdomen. Kjo e b\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb konfirmimin rekordeve t\u00eb vendndodhjes nisur nga fotografit\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ajo mund t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgohet mjaft shpesh gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit, jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fshat por edhe brenda sht\u00ebpive. K\u00ebtu ajo mund t\u00eb sillet, p\u00ebr shembull, me an\u00eb t\u00eb pem\u00ebs s\u00eb Krishtlindjeve. S\u00eb fundmi aft\u00ebsia e saj p\u00ebr t\u00eb prodhuar zhurm\u00eb e b\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb merimang\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb\u2026\r\n\r\n\u201cMerimanga Europiane e Vitit 2015\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur nga 83 araknolog\u00eb nga 26 shtete Europiane. Votimi \u00ebsht\u00eb koordinuar nga Muzeu i Historis\u00eb s\u00eb Natur\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs, s\u00eb bashku me Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) dhe European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n

Contact Albania<\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Qendra K\u00ebrkimore e Flor\u00ebs dhe Faun\u00ebs, Fakulteti i Shkencave t\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs, Tirana, Albania\r\nbvrenozi(a)gmail.com<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0437\u0430 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u0411\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 (Anyphaenidae). \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0431 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00a0 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 500 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442, \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e.\r\n\r\n\u0411\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u0422\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u044a\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430 1000 \u043c.\u043d.\u0440. \u041d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0430 (\u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f) \u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d (\u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f) \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1100 \u043c. \u0412 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 Anyphaena accentuata \u0435 1075 \u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435 (\u0441. \u0421\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430).\u00a0 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0427\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c Anyphaena accentuata \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043a\u044a\u0449\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043b\u0438. \u041c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e (\u041c\u0430\u0439 - \u042e\u043d\u0438). \u0412\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442.\r\n\r\n\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435 5\u20139 mm; \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438, 4\u20137 mm. \u0422\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e-\u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u044a\u043b\u0442\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e. \u041c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u041c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044a\u043c\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u201e\u0431\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0449 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u201c.\r\n\r\n\u0412 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044a\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\r\n\r\n\u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430? \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u044a\u0440\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043d.\u2026\r\n\r\n\u2018\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u2018 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 83 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0442 26 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 - \u0412\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u044a\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (AraGes) \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f (ESA).\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/h4>\r\n\u0414-\u0440 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0411\u0410\u041d, \u0431\u0443\u043b. \u0426\u0430\u0440 \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b 1, 1000 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2015<\/h4>\r\n\u0160plhalka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\n\u0160plhalka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 (Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802)) je z\u00e1stupcem \u010deledi \u0161plhalkovit\u00fdch (Anyphaenidae). Tato \u010dele\u010f \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 p\u0159es 500 druh\u016f, osm se jich vyskytuje v Mediter\u00e1nu, \u0161est v Evrop\u011b, ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b v\u010detn\u011b na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed pouze dva druhy. \u0160plhalky jsou podobn\u00e9 z\u00e1p\u0159edn\u00edk\u016fm, od kter\u00fdch se li\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm \u00fast\u00ed trachej\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed jako u z\u00e1p\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a v\u011bt\u0161iny ostatn\u00edch na\u0161ich pavouk\u016f t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed snovac\u00edmi bradavkami, ale je posunuto dop\u0159edu do st\u0159edu spodn\u00ed strany zade\u010dku. Na\u0161e \u0161plhalky se nav\u00edc od z\u00e1p\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f li\u0161\u00ed typickou tmavou \u010dty\u0159d\u00edlnou skvrnou na h\u0159bet\u011b zade\u010dku.\r\n\r\nVedle \u0161plhalky ke\u0159ov\u00e9 se na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed mnohem vz\u00e1cn\u011bji vyskytuje \u0161plhalka tmav\u00e1 (Anyphaena<\/em> furva). Jedn\u00e1 se o tmav\u0161\u00ed druh vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se na zakrsl\u00fdch dubech na vyprahl\u00fdch str\u00e1n\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad na ji\u017en\u011b orientovan\u00fdch svaz\u00edch \u00fadol\u00ed Berounky na K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsku nebo \u00fadol\u00ed Vltavy ji\u017en\u011b od Prahy. Tento druh je pam\u00e1tn\u00fd pro \u010deskou arachnologii, nebo\u0165 byl pops\u00e1n \u010desk\u00fdm zoologem, prof. Franti\u0161kem Millerem.\r\n\r\n\u0160plhalka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 je b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm evropsk\u00fdm pavoukem. U n\u00e1s se vyskytuje v tepl\u00fdch listnat\u00fdch les\u00edch n\u00ed\u017ein jako jsou doubravy, dubohab\u0159iny a lu\u017en\u00ed lesy. V Alp\u00e1ch v\u0161ak ob\u00fdv\u00e1 i tepl\u00e9 polohy nad 1000 m n. m. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se vyskytuje na kmenech a korun\u00e1ch listnat\u00fdch strom\u016f, vz\u00e1cn\u011b ho lze v\u0161ak nal\u00e9zt i na ke\u0159\u00edch a jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch stromech. Z\u0159\u00eddka lze \u0161plhalku potkat na synantropn\u00edch biotopech, nap\u0159\u00edklad jak pob\u00edh\u00e1 na zdech budov.\r\n\r\nVe dne jsou \u0161plhalky schovan\u00e9 v \u00fakrytech z k sob\u011b sp\u0159aden\u00fdch list\u016f nebo z jednoho srolovan\u00e9ho listu, se dv\u011bma protilehl\u00fdmi v\u00fdchody. V t\u011bchto \u00fakrytech doch\u00e1z\u00ed i k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, samice do nich pot\u00e9 kladou vaj\u00ed\u010dka. \u0160plhalky jsou aktivn\u00ed v noci, kdy p\u00e1traj\u00ed po ko\u0159isti, obvykle mal\u00e9m ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00e9m hmyzu. K lovu nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. D\u00edky chom\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm p\u0159ilnav\u00fdch chlup\u016f na konc\u00edch chodidel jsou schopny hbit\u011b pob\u00edhat i po hladk\u00fdch spodn\u00edch stran\u00e1ch list\u016f, nebo v zajet\u00ed po sklen\u011bn\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch ter\u00e1ria (s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00ed pavouci maj\u00ed m\u00edsto zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho chom\u00e1\u010dku p\u0159ilnav\u00fdch chlup\u016f na konc\u00edch chodidel nohou dr\u00e1pek, kter\u00fd jim pro zm\u011bnu umo\u017e\u0148uje pohyb po vl\u00e1knech). Od t\u00e9to schopnosti je odvozeno \u010desk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no \u0161plhalek. Pavouci dosp\u00edvaj\u00ed v kv\u011btnu a\u017e \u010dervnu, dosp\u011blci se pak vyskytuj\u00ed do konce l\u00e9ta. Ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed v subadultn\u00edm st\u00e1diu (v posledn\u00edm instaru p\u0159ed dosp\u011bn\u00edm), \u010dasto pod k\u016frou mrtv\u00fdch strom\u016f.\r\n\r\nT\u011blo samic dor\u016fst\u00e1 5\u20139 mm, samci jsou o n\u011bco men\u0161\u00ed (4\u20137 mm). Pavouci jsou bled\u00ed, sv\u011btle okrov\u00ed, hlavohru\u010f je po stran\u00e1ch lemov\u00e1na \u010dern\u00fdmi zubat\u00fdmi pruhy. Oba na\u0161e druhy \u0161plhalek maj\u00ed uprost\u0159ed h\u0159betu zade\u010dku charakteristickou skupinu \u010dty\u0159 \u010dern\u00fdch skvrn. Nohy jsou \u017elutohn\u011bd\u011b strakat\u00e9. Samci jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b tmav\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e samice.\r\n\r\nSamci \u0161plhalky ke\u0159ov\u00e9 maj\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00fd namlouvac\u00ed ritu\u00e1l. Kdy\u017e najdou pavu\u010dinov\u00fd z\u00e1motek se samic\u00ed, za\u010dnou na jeho st\u011bnu sv\u00fdmi makadly a prvn\u00edm p\u00e1rem nohou bubnovat, z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159i tom chv\u011bj\u00ed sv\u00fdm zade\u010dkem. Bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed je sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 jako bzu\u010den\u00ed, proto se jim v n\u011bkter\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad v angli\u010dtin\u011b, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 bzu\u010d\u00edc\u00ed pavouci.\r\n\r\n\u0160plhalka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 nen\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b ohro\u017een\u00e1. Je v\u0161ak veskrze v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed biotopy. Pro tento druh by bylo p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9 omezit jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 monokultury ve prosp\u011bch p\u016fvodn\u00edch listnat\u00fdch les\u016f, a prosv\u011btlovat listnat\u00e9 lesy.\r\n\r\nEvropsk\u00fd pavouk roku byl letos vyb\u00edr\u00e1n 83 arachnology z 26 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Pro\u010d jsme za pavouka tohoto roku vybrali pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0161plhalku ke\u0159ovou? Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1stupce \u010deledi, kter\u00e1 dosud nebyla v anket\u011b Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku prezentov\u00e1na. \u0160plhalka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 je d\u00edky charakteristick\u00e9 skvrn\u011b na zade\u010dku i neodborn\u00edky snadno poznateln\u00e1, \u00fadaj o jej\u00edm v\u00fdskytu lze potvrdit jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b fotografick\u00e9ho dokladu. Jedn\u00e1 se o pom\u011brn\u011b hojn\u00e9ho pavouka, kter\u00fd je k zasti\u017een\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00fd rok. Vz\u00e1cn\u011b na n\u011bho m\u016f\u017eeme narazit i v na\u0161ich dom\u00e1cnostech, t\u0159eba p\u0159inesen\u00e9ho s v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm stromkem. Kone\u010dn\u011b schopnost vyd\u00e1vat zvuk je u st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch pavouk\u016f dosti ojedin\u011bl\u00e1.\r\n\r\nN\u00e1lezy dolo\u017een\u00e9 fotografiemi pos\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu rezacvurv.cz.\r\n\r\nAutor \u010dl\u00e1nku byl podpo\u0159en projektem MZe RO0414.\r\n

Zbytek<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Drnovsk\u00e1 507, 161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b, Czechia\r\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2015<\/h4>\r\nDie Vierfleck-Zartspinne \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nDie Vierfleck-Zartspinne, Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802), geh\u00f6rt zur Familie Zartspinnen (Anyphaenidae). Diese Spinnenfamilie hat weltweit nur knapp \u00fcber 500 Arten, im Mittelmeerraum gibt es 8, in Europa 6 und in Mitteleuropa 2 Vertreter. Zartspinnen \u00e4hneln den Sackspinnen, unterscheiden sich aber durch die Stellung der Tracheen\u00f6ffnung, die bei den Zartspinnen in der Mitte der Bauchseite liegt.\r\n\r\nDie Vierfleck-Zartspinne kommt in ganz Europa vor und ist auch sehr h\u00e4ufig. Sie lebt bevorzugt in der Stamm- und Kronenschicht von Laubb\u00e4umen, aber auch auf B\u00fcschen und Nadelb\u00e4umen. Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> ist eine Talbewohnerin, die die Obergrenze ihrer Vertikalverbreitung im Allgemeinen bei 1000 m Seeh\u00f6he findet. Die h\u00f6chsten Nachweise liegen in K\u00e4rnten \u00d6sterreich) und im Unterengadin (Schweiz) bei knapp \u00fcber 1100 m.\r\nTags\u00fcber ist sie in einem Wohngespinst aus zusammengesponnenen Bl\u00e4ttern versteckt, wo dann auch die Paarung und die Eiablage stattfinden; als nachtaktiver R\u00e4uber jagt sie kleinere Fluginsekten. Im Winter findet man Anyphaena accentuata regelm\u00e4\u00dfig unter der Rinde abgestorbener B\u00e4ume. Auch kommt die Art immer wieder in die N\u00e4he menschlicher Behausungen und kann bei n\u00e4chtlichen Streifz\u00fcgen an Hausw\u00e4nden angetroffen werden. M\u00e4nnchen sind im Fr\u00fchsommer (Mai und Juni) adult. Am besten sind die erwachsenen Vierfleck-Zartspinnen von Mai bis August zu sehen \u2013 zu dieser Zeit sind beide Geschlechter aktiv.\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge betr\u00e4gt bei Weibchen (Abbildung oben) 5-9 mm, M\u00e4nnchen (Abbildungen unten) sind mit 4-7 mm etwas kleiner. Der K\u00f6rper ist blassgelb bis mittelbraun gef\u00e4rbt, der Vorderk\u00f6rper mit schwarzen, gezackten Seitenb\u00e4ndern, am Hinterk\u00f6rper sind mittig 4 schwarze, eckige Flecken zu sehen, die f\u00fcr diese Art charakteristisch sind, die Beine selbst sind gelbbraun-schwarz gescheckt. Bei M\u00e4nnchen findet man oft eine kr\u00e4ftigere Zeichnung.\r\n\r\nDie M\u00e4nnchen zeigen zudem ein ungew\u00f6hnliches Paarungsverhalten. Sie trommeln mit den Tastern und dem 1. Beinpaar auf die Wohnr\u00f6hre des Weibchens und gleichzeitig vibriert der Hinterleib, wodurch ein summender Ton erzeugt wird. Daher werden diese Spinnen im Englischen auch \u201ebuzzing spiders\u201c genannt.\r\n\r\nIn \u00d6sterreich wie auch in ganz Mitteleuropa ist die Art nicht gef\u00e4hrdet. Ein gesetzlicher Schutz f\u00fcr diese Spinnenart besteht nicht. Naturschutzfachliche F\u00f6rderma\u00dfnahmen f\u00fcr die Spinne des Jahres 2015 sind die R\u00fcckf\u00fchrung von Fichtenmonokulturen in naturnahe Laub- und Mischw\u00e4lder sowie das Belassen von vor allem stehendem Totholz.\r\n\r\nWarum wurde die Vierfleck-Zartspinne zur Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres gew\u00e4hlt?\r\nMit ihr kann eine bisher noch nicht genannte Spinnenfamilie vorgestellt werden, die Art selbst ist durch die 4 charakteristischen schwarzen Flecken am Hinterleib gut zu erkennen \u2013 dies erleichtert auch die Best\u00e4tigung von Fundmeldungen anhand eines Fotos; sie kann das ganze Jahr \u00fcber recht leicht beobachtet werden, nicht nur im Freiland, sondern auch immer wieder in unseren Wohnungen, wo sie beispielsweise mit dem Christbaum eingetragen wird; und die F\u00e4higkeit, einen Ton zu erzeugen, ist im Spinnenreich schon ziemlich einzigartig \u2026\r\n\r\nGew\u00e4hlt wurde die \u201eEurop\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres\u201c von 83 Arachnologen aus 26 europ\u00e4ischen L\u00e4ndern. Die Koordination der Wahl liegt beim Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft (AraGes) und der European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n

Kontakt \u00d6sterreich und Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nMag. Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, \u00d6sterreich\r\nchristoph.hoerweg(a)nhm-wien.ac.at<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o 2015<\/h4>\r\nLa ara\u00f1a zumbona \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) pertenece a la familia de las ara\u00f1as fantasma o ara\u00f1as del tubo (Anyphaenidae). Esta familia de ara\u00f1as apenas sobrepasa las 500 especies en todo el mundo, de las cuales ocho est\u00e1n presentes en la regi\u00f3n Mediterr\u00e1nea, seis en Europa y cuatro en la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica: A. accentuata<\/em>, A. albirrorata<\/em>, A. numida<\/em> y A. sabina<\/em>. Las ara\u00f1as fantasma son similares a las ara\u00f1as del saco (Clubionidae), pero difieren de estas \u00faltimas en la posici\u00f3n de la abertura traqueal, que en las ara\u00f1as fantasma se sit\u00faa en el centro de la parte ventral del abdomen.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a zumbona es com\u00fan en toda Europa. Prefiere los troncos y copas de \u00e1rboles caducifolios, pero tambi\u00e9n aparece en arbustos y en con\u00edferas. Anyphaena accentuata es una especie de bajas altitudes; su rango altitudinal normalmente no llega a los 1000 m sobre el nivel del mar. Los registros a mayor altitud en Europa central se sit\u00faan en Carinthia (Austria) y Untergadin (Suiza) a poco m\u00e1s de 1100 m. En Espa\u00f1a se conocen unas pocas localidades por encima de 1250 m en Cuenca, Ja\u00e9n y Zamora. Durante el d\u00eda estas ara\u00f1as se ocultan en un refugio construido con hojas unidas con seda. El apareamiento y la puesta tambi\u00e9n se hacen en dicho refugio. Son depredadoras nocturnas que cazan peque\u00f1os insectos alados. Durante el invierno puede encontrarse a menudo a Anyphaena accentuata bajo la corteza de \u00e1rboles muertos. Esta especie est\u00e1 haci\u00e9ndose m\u00e1s com\u00fan en h\u00e1bitats humanizados y puede verse a veces en las paredes de las casas, haciendo sus patrullas nocturnas. Los machos maduran a comienzos del verano (abril a mayo). Los adultos son m\u00e1s frecuentes hasta junio, periodo durante el cu\u00e1l ambos sexos est\u00e1n activos.\r\n\r\nLa longitud del cuerpo de las hembras es de 5\u20139 mm; los machos son un poco menores, de 4\u20137 mm. El cuerpo es de color amarillo p\u00e1lido a pardo y el cefalot\u00f3rax tiene bandas negras serradas en los laterales. En el centro del abdomen hay cuatro manchas negras que forman dos flechas, que son caracter\u00edsticas de esta especie. Las patas son variegadas en amarillo y pardo. A menudo, las marcas de los machos son muy intensas.\r\n\r\nLos machos tienen un comportamiento reproductor inusual. Tamborilean con los pedipalpos y el primer par de patas sobre la pared del refugio de la hembra, al tiempo que hacen vibrar su abdomen. Esto crea una especie de zumbido, que da a estos animales su nombre com\u00fan en ingl\u00e9s de ara\u00f1a zumbona.\r\n\r\nEn Europa central esta especie no est\u00e1 amenazada y no necesita protecci\u00f3n legal. Las medidas de protecci\u00f3n que ser\u00edan \u00fatiles para la Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o 2015 ser\u00edan la conversi\u00f3n de los monocultivos de con\u00edferas en bosques caducifolios mixtos, as\u00ed como el retener la madera muerta en los bosques.\r\n\r\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se ha elegido a Anyphaena accentuata como ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o? Esta ara\u00f1a pertenece a una familia que todav\u00eda no hab\u00eda sido representada. Adem\u00e1s, la especie es f\u00e1cil de reconocer por sus cuatro manchas caracter\u00edsticas en el abdomen. Esto hace que sea m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil confirmar avistamientos a partir de fotograf\u00edas. Por si fuera poco, puede observarse con relativa frecuencia durante todo el a\u00f1o, no s\u00f3lo en el campo sino tambi\u00e9n en las casas, a las que puede llegar, por ejemplo, con algunos \u00e1rboles de Navidad. Finalmente, su capacidad de producir sonidos la hace ciertamente inusual\u2026\r\n\r\nLa \"Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o\" es elegida por 83 aracn\u00f3logos de 26 pa\u00edses europeos. La votaci\u00f3n se coordina a trav\u00e9s del Museo de Historia Natural de Viena, junto con la Arachnologische Gesellschaft (Sociedad Aracnol\u00f3gica) (AraGes) y la European Society of Arachnology (ESA).<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2015<\/h4>\r\nRummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) kuuluu aaveh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Anyphaenidae). T\u00e4ss\u00e4 heimossa on hieman yli 500 lajia maailmanlaajuisesti, erityisen lajirikas se on Neotrooppisella alueella; ainoastaan kuusi lajia el\u00e4\u00e4 Euroopassa, ja n\u00e4ist\u00e4 vain rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki esiintyy Suomessa. Ulkon\u00e4\u00f6lt\u00e4\u00e4n aaveh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit muistuttavat pussih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4 (heimo Clubionidae), joista ne eroavat lehtikeuhkoihin johtavan trakeaaliaukon sijainnin suhteen. Aaveh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 aukko on takaruumiin alapuolen keskiosassa (pussih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 ja useimmilla muillakin heimoilla takaruumiin alapuolen takaosassa l\u00e4hell\u00e4 kehruunystyj\u00e4).\r\n\r\nRummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki esiintyy yleisen\u00e4 l\u00e4hes koko Euroopassa \u2013 kuitenkin se puuttuu pohjoisimmista osista. Suomessa lajia tavataan maan etel\u00e4osassa noin Kokkolan - Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n tasolle. Laji suosii elinpaikkanaan lehtipuiden runkoja ja oksistoja, mutta esiintyy my\u00f6s pensailla ja havupuilla. Rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on alankoseutujen laji, jonka korkeimmalla sijaitsevat l\u00f6yt\u00f6paikat Keski-Euroopan vuoristoalueilla It\u00e4vallassa ja Sveitsiss\u00e4 ovat hieman yli 1100 m merenpinnan tasosta. P\u00e4iv\u00e4saikaan rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit ovat seitill\u00e4 yhteen kiedotuista lehdist\u00e4 tehdyiss\u00e4 suojapaikoissaan. Parittelu ja muninta tapahtuu my\u00f6s niiss\u00e4. Laji on y\u00f6aikaan saalistava peto, jonka pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 etenkin pieni\u00e4 hy\u00f6nteisi\u00e4. Talvisaikaan sen voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 kuolleiden puiden rungoilta kaarnan alta. Ainakin Keski-Euroopassa laji on runsastunut kulttuuriymp\u00e4rist\u00f6iss\u00e4, ja se on toisinaan havaittu rakennusten seinill\u00e4 y\u00f6aikaisessa saalistusty\u00f6ss\u00e4\u00e4n. Koiraat aikuistuvat alkukes\u00e4ll\u00e4, ja aikuisia rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4 tapaa kes\u00e4n aikana, jolloin molemmat sukupuolet ovat aktiivisia.\r\n\r\nNaaraiden ruumiin pituus on 5-9 mm, koiraat ovat hieman pienempi\u00e4, eli 4-7 mm. Ruumiin v\u00e4ri vaihtelee vaalean keltaisesta ruskeaan, ja eturuumiin selk\u00e4puolella on tummat sahalaitaiset sivujuovat. Takaruumiin selk\u00e4puolen keskell\u00e4 on nelj\u00e4 vinoneli\u00f6n muotoista tummaa t\u00e4pl\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hekk\u00e4in, ne ovat tyypillisi\u00e4 lajille ja tekev\u00e4t rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin tunnistamisen melko helpoksi. Jalat ovat kelta-ruskeat, tummalla kuvioidut. Koirash\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien v\u00e4rikuviointi on yleens\u00e4 kontrastisempaa kuin naaraiden.\r\n\r\nRummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkikoirailla on tyypillinen, ep\u00e4tavallinen kosiskeluk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen. Ne rummuttavat leukaraajoillaan (pedipalpit) ja ensimm\u00e4isell\u00e4 jalkaparillaan naaraan suojapaikkaa ja v\u00e4risytt\u00e4v\u00e4t samalla takaruumistaan, jolloin syntyy suriseva \u00e4\u00e4ni.\r\n\r\nLaji ei ole uhanalainen miss\u00e4\u00e4n Euroopassa, ei Suomessakaan, eik\u00e4 se tarvitse suojelua. Keski-Euroopassa t\u00e4m\u00e4n vuoden 2015 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajin menestymisen turvaamiseksi toivotaan monokulttuuri-havumetsien palauttamista lehtisekametsiksi ja kuolleiden puiden j\u00e4tt\u00e4mist\u00e4 metsiin paikoilleen. Sama p\u00e4tee Suomeenkin.\r\n\r\nMiksi Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> sitten on valittu vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi? Rummuttajah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on helppo tunnistaa selk\u00e4puolensa nelj\u00e4n luonteenomaisen tumman t\u00e4pl\u00e4n ansiosta; n\u00e4in esimerkiksi valokuvista on yksinkertaista tunnistaa lajin paikalliset esiintym\u00e4t. Laji on melko runsaslukuinen Keski-Euroopassa ja etel\u00e4isess\u00e4 Suomessa. Se voi kulkeutua sis\u00e4tiloihin vaikkapa joulukuusen mukana. Lis\u00e4ksi koiras pystyy tuottamaan rummuttamalla surisevaa \u00e4\u00e4nt\u00e4 naarasta kosiskellessaan.\r\n\r\nVuoden 2015 eurooppalaisen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valitsi 83 araknologia (h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkitutkijaa) 26 Euroopan maasta. \u00c4\u00e4nestyksen j\u00e4rjesti Wienin luonnonhistoriallinen museo yhdess\u00e4 saksankielisen araknologiseuran (Arachnologische Gesellschaft, AraGes) ja Euroopan araknologiseuran (European Society of Arachnology, ESA) kanssa.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Seppo Koponen\r\n

Yhteydenotot Suomi<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, Turun yliopisto, 20014 Turku\r\nsepkopo(a)utu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e 2015<\/h4>\r\nL\u2019anyph\u00e8ne \u00e0 chevrons \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) appartient \u00e0 la famille des araign\u00e9es fant\u00f4mes (Anyphaenidae). Cette famille comprend un peu plus de 500 esp\u00e8ces dans le monde, dont huit se trouvent en r\u00e9gion m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne, six sont europ\u00e9ennes dont deux en Europe centrale. Les araign\u00e9es fant\u00f4mes sont assez semblables aux araign\u00e9es \u00e0 loge (Clubionidae), mais en diff\u00e8rent sur la position de la fente trach\u00e9ale, qui s\u2019ouvre au milieu de la face ventrale de l'abdomen chez les Anyphaenidae.\r\n\r\nL'anyph\u00e8ne \u00e0 chevrons est commune dans toute l'Europe. Elle se rencontre dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation haute, pr\u00e9f\u00e8re les tiges et les couronnes d'arbres \u00e0 feuilles caduques, mais se trouve \u00e9galement sur des arbustes et des conif\u00e8res. Anyphaena accentuata est une esp\u00e8ce de plaine, dont la distribution verticale est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement situ\u00e9e \u00e0 moins de 1000 m\u00e8tres au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Les records les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 not\u00e9s sur Carinthie (Autriche) et Basse-Engadine (Suisse) \u00e0 un peu plus de 1100 m\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude. Pendant la journ\u00e9e, ces araign\u00e9es se cachent dans une retraite faite de feuilles assembl\u00e9es, dans laquelle accouplement et ponte ont \u00e9galement lieu. Ce sont des pr\u00e9dateurs nocturnes qui chassent surtout de petits insectes ail\u00e9s. En hiver, vous pouvez souvent trouver Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> sous l'\u00e9corce des arbres morts. Cette esp\u00e8ce est \u00e9galement de plus en plus commune dans les habitations humaines, visible sur les murs lorsqu\u2019elle fait ses patrouilles de nuit. Les m\u00e2les deviennent adultes au d\u00e9but de l'\u00e9t\u00e9 (de mai \u00e0 Juin), les femelles sont pr\u00e9sentes d\u2019avril \u00e0 septembre \u2013 les deux sexes sont les plus actifs de mai \u00e0 ao\u00fbt. La femelle garde sa ponte jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la sortie des jeunes qui, durant l\u2019hiver, peuvent \u00eatre observ\u00e9s dans la liti\u00e8re.\r\n\r\nLa longueur du corps des femelles est de 5 \u00e0 9mm; les m\u00e2les sont un peu plus petits, 4 \u00e0 7mm. La coloration du corps varie du jaune p\u00e2le au brun, le c\u00e9phalothorax \u00e9tant orn\u00e9 de bandes dentel\u00e9es noires sur les c\u00f4t\u00e9s. L'abdomen porte quatre taches noires m\u00e9dianes, caract\u00e9ristiques de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, souvent tr\u00e8s prononc\u00e9es chez le m\u00e2le. Les pattes sont annel\u00e9es brun-jaune.\r\n\r\nLes m\u00e2les pr\u00e9sentent un comportement d'accouplement inhabituel avec une vibration des p\u00e9dipalpes et de la premi\u00e8re paire de pattes sur la retraite de la femelle avec un tambourinement de l\u2019abdomen en m\u00eame temps. Cela cr\u00e9e un bruit de bourdonnement spectaculaire, audible pour l\u2019homme, et pour cette raison, ces animaux portent parfois le nom commun d\u2019araign\u00e9es \u00ab bourdonnantes \u00bb en anglais.\r\n\r\nEn France tout comme en Europe centrale, cette esp\u00e8ce n\u2019est pas en danger et ne n\u00e9cessite aucune protection juridique. Les mesures de protection naturelle qui pourraient \u00eatre utiles pour l\u2019araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e 2015, seraient un abandon de la monoculture de conif\u00e8res en for\u00eats mixtes de feuillus, ainsi que de laisser le bois mort en place.\r\n\r\nPourquoi Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> a-t-elle \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie comme l'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e? En la s\u00e9lectionnant, une famille qui n'avait pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sign\u00e9e auparavant, \u00e9tait ainsi pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e. De plus l'esp\u00e8ce est facilement reconnaissable avec ses quatre marques noires en chevrons sur l'abdomen. Cela rend plus facile la confirmation de donn\u00e9es de localit\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de photographies. En outre, elle peut \u00eatre observ\u00e9e assez souvent toute l'ann\u00e9e, non seulement dans la campagne mais aussi dans les maisons. Enfin sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 produire du bruit rend cette araign\u00e9e plut\u00f4t inhabituelle...\r\n\r\nL\u2019araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie par 83 arachnologues de 26 pays europ\u00e9ens. Le vote est coordonn\u00e9 depuis le Mus\u00e9e d'histoire naturelle de Vienne, avec l\u2019Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne d\u2019Arachnologie (ESA).<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Il Ragno Europeo dell\u2019anno 2015<\/h4>\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802) appartiene alla famiglia degli Anifenidi. Si tratta di una famiglia che conta circa 500 specie nel mondo, otto delle quail si ritrovano nel mediterraneo, sei in Europa e due in Europa centrale. Questi ragni sono simili ai Clubionidi, ma si differenziano da questi per la particolare posizione degli stigmi tracheali, in centro all\u2019addome, ventralmente.\r\n\r\nIl ragno dell\u2019anno 2015 \u00e8 commune in tutta Europa. Si ritrova abitualmente tra il fogliame degli alberi decidui o sulla corteccia, ma non disdegna cespugli e conifere. Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> \u00e8 una specie di pianura, con una distribuzione altimetrica che non supera generalmente i 1000 metri di quota. I ritrovamenti alle quote maggiori, circa 1100 metri,\u00a0 riguardano alcune localit\u00e0 della Carinzia (Austria) e dell\u2019Engadina (Svizzera). Durante il giorno questi ragni si rinchiudono in un bozzo fatto di foglie ripiegate e sigillate con la tela, nel quale avvengono anche l\u2019accoppiamento e la deposizione delle uova. Durante l\u2019inverno non \u00e8 difficile ritrovare Anyphaena accentuata sotto la corteccia degli alberi morti. Questa specie sta diventando commune anche negli spazi abitati dall\u2019uomo, dove si pu\u00f2 occasionalmente vedere camminare di notte sui muri delle case. I maschi diventano adulti all\u2019inizio dell\u2019estate (da Maggio a Giugno). Gli adulti si incontrano pi\u00f9 frequentemente da Maggio ad Agosto, periodo di massima attivit\u00e0 degli adulti.\r\n\r\nLa lunghezza del corpo delle femmine \u00e8 di circa 5\u20139 mm mentre i maschi sono leggermente pi\u00f9 piccoli (4\u20137 mm). Il corpo assume colorazioni che vanno dal giallo pallido al marrone e il cefalotorace ha alcune bande scure sui lati. Sull\u2019addome vi sono quattro caratteristiche macchie nere centrali. Le zampe sono annulate giallognole e brune. I maschi hanno solitamente dei colori pi\u00f9 intensi.\r\n\r\nNel periodo degli accoppiamenti i maschi vibrano vigorosamente l\u2019addome tamburellando con i palpi sul ricovero fatto di foglie delle femmine. Questi movimenti generano un particolarissimo ronzio, motivo per cui gli inglesi hanno assegnato a questa specie il nome di \u201cragno ronzante\u201d.\r\n\r\nIn Europa questa specie non \u00e8 in pericolo e non necessita di particolari misure di conservazione. Data la sua abbondanza nei frutteti, in particolare in quelli biologici, questa specie \u00e8 considerata un efficiente difensore delle colture agrarie perenni.\r\n\r\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> \u00e8 diventato ragno dell\u2019anno perch\u00e8 \u00e8 una specie facilmente riconoscibile in campo (grazie alle quattro macchie nere sull\u2019addome, ben visibili anche a occhio nudo), anche indirettamente tramite fotografie. In pi\u00f9 \u00e8 facilmente osservabile tutto l\u2019anno, non solo in campagna ma anche in citt\u00e0. In pi\u00f9 il caratteristico ronzio prodotto dai maschi in fase di corteggiamento rende questa specie particolare e simpatica allo stesso tempo!\r\n\r\nIl \u201cragno dell\u2019anno\u201d \u00e8 eletto ogni anno da 83 arachnologi, provenienti da 26 paesi europei. Le operazioni di voto sono coordinate dal Museo di Sotria Naturale di Vienna, in collaborazione con Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) e la Societ\u00e0 Europea di Aracnologia (ESA).\r\n

Contatti Italia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marco Isaia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino\r\nmarco.isaia(a)unito.it<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski paj\u0105k roku 2015<\/h4>\r\nMotacz nadrzewny \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)\r\n\r\nZwyci\u0119zca tegorocznego g\u0142osowania nale\u017cy do rodziny motaczowatych (Anyphaenidae). Obejmuje ona ponad 500 gatunk\u00f3w na \u015bwiecie, 8 spo\u015br\u00f3d nich \u017cyje na obszarze \u015br\u00f3dziemnomorskiego, 6 w Europie, za\u015b 2 znane s\u0105 z Europy \u015arodkowej.\r\n\r\nSamice motacza s\u0105 \u017c\u00f3\u0142tawe, be\u017cowe \u2013 a\u017c do br\u0105zowego i osi\u0105gaj\u0105 d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 5\u20139 mm. Po bokach g\u0142owotu\u0142owia maj\u0105 czarne z\u0105bkowane pasy, a w \u015brodkowej cz\u0119\u015bci odw\u0142oka wyst\u0119puje bardzo charakterystyczny wz\u00f3r z czterech ciemnych plam. Nogi s\u0105 \u017c\u00f3\u0142tobr\u0105zowe z ciemnymi obr\u0105czkami. Samce s\u0105 nieco mniejsze (4\u20137 mm), ciemniejsze i smuklejsze od samic.\r\n\r\nCech\u0105 odr\u00f3\u017cniaj\u0105c\u0105 motaczowate od pokrewnych i podobnych worczakowatych (Clubionidae), jest po\u0142o\u017cenie przetchlinki oddechowej po\u015brodku brzusznej strony odw\u0142oka, a nie na ko\u0144cu.\r\n\r\nW Europie (i w Polsce) zasi\u0119g Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> obejmuje g\u0142\u00f3wnie obszary nizinne - na og\u00f3\u0142 poni\u017cej 1000 m n.p.m., cho\u0107 w regionach Carinthia (Austria) i Dolna Engadyna (Szwajcarii) znaleziono stanowiska po\u0142o\u017cone powy\u017cej 1100 m n.p.m.\r\n\r\nMotacz jest gatunkiem pospolitym na pniach i w koronach drzew, a tak\u017ce na krzewach \u2013 zar\u00f3wno li\u015bciastych, jak i iglastych. Coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej zamieszkuje \u015brodowiska antropogeniczne, np. \u015bciany dom\u00f3w. Zim\u0119 sp\u0119dza pod kor\u0105 martwych drzew. W ci\u0105gu dnia siedzi albo w rurkowatej kryj\u00f3wce z po\u0142\u0105czonych prz\u0119dz\u0105 li\u015bci, albo pod kor\u0105; tu tak\u017ce odbywa gody i sk\u0142ada jaja. Jest nocnym drapie\u017cc\u0105, poluj\u0105cym g\u0142\u00f3wnie na owady bezskrzyd\u0142e i skoczogonki.\r\n\r\nPodobnie jak u wi\u0119kszo\u015bci naszych paj\u0105k\u00f3w, samce motacza nadrzewnego osi\u0105gaj\u0105 dojrza\u0142o\u015b\u0107 p\u0142ciow\u0105 wcze\u015bniej ni\u017c samice \u2013 w maju i czerwcu. Dojrza\u0142e osobniki obu p\u0142ci spotyka si\u0119 do sierpnia, wtedy r\u00f3wnie\u017c s\u0105 aktywne rozrodczo.\r\n\r\nSamce Anyphaena accentuata znane s\u0105 z niezwyk\u0142ych zachowa\u0144 godowych. Aby zach\u0119ci\u0107 samic\u0119 do kopulacji, b\u0119bni\u0105 nogog\u0142aszczkami i pierwsz\u0105 par\u0105 n\u00f3g w jej kryj\u00f3wk\u0119, jednocze\u015bnie wibruj\u0105 odw\u0142okiem, wydaj\u0105c brz\u0119cz\u0105ce sygna\u0142y, st\u0105d w Europie bywaj\u0105 nazywane paj\u0105kami brz\u0119cz\u0105cymi (ang. \u201cbuzzing spiders\u201d).\r\n\r\nZ racji pospolitego wyst\u0119powania, w Europie \u015arodkowej gatunek nie wymaga szczeg\u00f3lnych zabieg\u00f3w ochronnych, cho\u0107 odej\u015bcie o monokultur iglastych (g\u0142. sosnowych) na rzecz las\u00f3w mieszanych i pozostawianie w lesie martwego drewna z pewno\u015bci\u0105 sprzyja\u0142oby nie tylko motaczowi, ale i innym gatunkom flory i fauny.\r\n\r\nO tegorocznym wyborze motacza nadrzewnego zdecydowa\u0142o kila powod\u00f3w. Po pierwsze, to dobra okazja do zaprezentowania przedstawiciela niezbyt pospolitej rodziny paj\u0105k\u00f3w. Po drugie, dzi\u0119ki ubarwieniu odw\u0142oka, gatunek jest \u0142atwo rozpoznawalny, a to z kolei pozwoli uzyska\u0107 wi\u0119cej danych o jego biologii i rozmieszczeniu. Po trzecie, mo\u017cna go obserwowa\u0107 przez ca\u0142y rok \u2013 i to nie tylko w terenie, ale te\u017c w naszych domach, gdzie na przyk\u0142ad mo\u017ce dostawa\u0107 si\u0119 wraz ze \u015bwi\u0105teczn\u0105 choink\u0105. Wreszcie, po czwarte, samce wydaj\u0105 d\u017awi\u0119ki, a to wcale nie jest w\u015br\u00f3d paj\u0105k\u00f3w cz\u0119ste.\r\n\r\nW tegorocznych wyborach paj\u0105ka roku 2015 bra\u0142o udzia\u0142 83 arachnolog\u00f3w i 26 kraj\u00f3w.\r\n\r\nG\u0142osowanie by\u0142o koordynowane przez Natural History Museum of Vienna, Arachnologische Gesellschaft (AraGes) i European Society of Arachnology (ESA).\r\n\r\nT\u0142umaczenie i redakcja tekstu: Prof. Dr. hab. Marek Micha\u0142 \u017babka<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Den europeiska spindeln f\u00f6r \u00e5r 2015<\/h4>\r\n

Trumspindeln \u2013 Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)<\/h4>\r\n\r\nTrumspindeln, Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer, 1802) tillh\u00f6r familjen sp\u00f6kspindlar (Anyphaenidae). Det finns n\u00e5got \u00f6ver 500 arter av sp\u00f6kspindlar, bara sex av dem finns i Europa och endast en av dem, trumspindeln, n\u00e5r Nordeuropa. I Sverige \u00e4r den k\u00e4nd norrut till Medelpad. B\u00e5de i Norge och Finland \u00e4r den funnen som nordligast p\u00e5 ungef\u00e4r samma breddgrad.\r\n\r\nSp\u00f6kspindlarna har m\u00e5nga likheter med s\u00e4ckspindlarna (familjen Clubionidae) men har andnings\u00f6ppningarna till trak\u00e9erna betydligt l\u00e4ngre fram, ungef\u00e4r mitt p\u00e5 bakkroppens undersida. De finns l\u00e5ngt bak, n\u00e4ra spinnv\u00e5rtorna hos s\u00e4ckspindlar och de flesta andra spindlar. Trumspindeln och de andra sp\u00f6kspindlarna \u00e4r i v\u00e4rme mycket aktiva djur med ett ovanligt v\u00e4lutvecklat andningssystem. Trak\u00e9systemet \u00e4r 3-4 g\u00e5nger st\u00f6rre \u00e4n hos s\u00e4ckspindlarna. Till skillnad mot s\u00e4ckspindlarna har sp\u00f6kspindlarna klubbformade h\u00e4fth\u00e5r p\u00e5 f\u00f6tterna.\r\n\r\nHonorna hos trumspindeln har en kroppsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 5-9 mm. Hanarna \u00e4r n\u00e5got mindre, 4-7 mm l\u00e5nga. Trumspindeln \u00e4r l\u00e4tt att k\u00e4nna igen p\u00e5 de fyra sm\u00e5 m\u00f6rka och kantiga fl\u00e4ckarna p\u00e5 bakkroppens ovansida. De liknar tillsammans\u00a0 tv\u00e5 par slokmustascher och j\u00e4mf\u00f6rs ibland med bilm\u00e4rket hos ett k\u00e4nt franskt bilm\u00e4rke. Kroppsf\u00e4rgen \u00e4r ljusgul till brun och framkroppen har p\u00e5 sidan m\u00f6rka s\u00e5gformade band. Benen \u00e4r bandade i gult och brunt. Hanarnas kroppsteckning \u00e4r oftast mer kraftig och tydlig. Honan \u00e4r ljus innan hon l\u00e4gger \u00e4gg, men blir d\u00e4refter m\u00f6rkare.\r\n\r\nTrumspindeln \u00e4r vanlig i st\u00f6rre delen av Europa och saknas bara i kallare omr\u00e5den i norr och h\u00f6gt upp i bergsomr\u00e5den, \u00f6ver 1100 m.\u00f6.h. De f\u00f6redrar tr\u00e4dstammar och -kronor av l\u00f6vtr\u00e4d, men vistas ofta ocks\u00e5 p\u00e5 buskar och barrtr\u00e4d. Den \u00e4r inte ovanlig i tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar och kan ibland ses leta efter byten p\u00e5 husv\u00e4ggar.\r\n\r\nHonorna g\u00f6r ett g\u00f6msle i hopspunna l\u00f6v. I dessa g\u00f6mslen sker ocks\u00e5 parningen och honans \u00e4ggl\u00e4ggning. Hanarna g\u00f6r s\u00e4llan g\u00f6mslen. Hanarna har ett m\u00e4rkligt beteende vid uppvaktning av honorna. De trummar med sina pedipalper och f\u00f6rsta paret ben p\u00e5 honans g\u00f6msle och samtidigt vibrerar de med sin bakkropp, som d\u00e5 orsakar ett surrande ljud.\r\n\r\nDe \u00e4r nattaktiva predatorer som mest jagar sm\u00e5 vingade insekter. Mest aktiva \u00e4r de p\u00e5 efternatten. \u00c4ven p\u00e5 vintern \u00e4r de aktiva vid temperaturer ner till n\u00e5gra minusgrader n\u00e4r andra spindlar och insekter ligger i dvala. S\u00e4kerligen en stor f\u00f6rdel n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller att f\u00e5nga byten.\r\n\r\nP\u00e5 vinterhalv\u00e5ret hittar man dem som n\u00e4stan vuxna, som subadulta. Vuxna blir det p\u00e5 senv\u00e5ren d\u00e5 de g\u00f6r en sista hud\u00f6msning. Vuxna honor kan man hitta fr\u00e5n maj till slutet av sommaren. Vanligast \u00e4r de i maj och juni. De mer kortlivade hanarna hittar man n\u00e4stan bara i maj och juni. S\u00e4llan ser man vuxna senare p\u00e5 \u00e5ret.\r\n\r\nArten \u00e4r inte hotad utan livskraftig och vanlig d\u00e4r den finns. Den missgynnas av granplanteringar och gynnas av \u00f6ppna l\u00f6v- och blandskogar, liksom av \u00e4ldre eller d\u00f6da tr\u00e4d med l\u00f6s bark.\r\n\r\nTrumspindeln valdes till \u00e5rets spindel av flera orsaker. Den har ett ovanligt beteende, b\u00e5de trumningen och surrandet under uppvaktningen och annars, den \u00e4r l\u00e4tt att k\u00e4nna igen, har en vid utbredning och den tillh\u00f6r en familj som inte blivit vald till \u00e5rets spindel tidigare. Dessutom kan den hittas under alla \u00e5rstider, b\u00e5de n\u00e4ra hus och i skogar.\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets europeiska spindeln 2015 r\u00f6stades fram av 83 arachnologer fr\u00e5n 26 olika europeiska l\u00e4nder.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg och Lars J. Jonsson\r\n

Kontakt Sverige<\/h4>\r\nLars J. Jonsson, H\u00f6gskolan Kristianstad, 291 88 Kristianstad\r\nlars.jonsson(a)hkr.se<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2015
\nThe buzzing spider
\nAnyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

Anyphaena accentuata<\/em> (Walckenaer 1802) belongs to the family of the tube or phantom spiders (Anyphaenidae). This spider family has a little over 500 species world-wide,<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":321,"menu_order":90,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-421","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=421"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2665,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/421\/revisions\/2665"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}