{"id":431,"date":"2015-08-14T11:29:16","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T09:29:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=431"},"modified":"2017-04-04T09:39:27","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T07:39:27","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2009","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=431","title":{"rendered":"2009 Hyptiotes paradoxus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2009<\/h1>\n

The Triangle Spider<\/h3>\n

Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)<\/h4>\n
\"Hyptiotes

Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

Almost everyone is familiar with the typical orb-web of the garden spider. It is also widely known that over millions of years nature has altered some organisms and their behaviours into sometimes quite bizarre forms. The spider of the year 2009 shows us how the classic spider web can be modified into an ingenious prey-capture device.<\/p>\n

<\/a>\n

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First though: the protagonist is inconspicuously small (3-6 mm body length), inconspicuously coloured (pale grey, brownish or darker, often with a pattern of lighter, partly feathery hairs) and lives hidden, mostly among dry twigs in the inner parts of pine forests. The spider is noticeable stocky, both in its legs and body, and is wonderfully camouflaged against its environment. The abdomen has the shape of a raised triangle and this may well have been decisive in naming the spider. Yet it is the web which gives this spider most clearly away. As you wander through the pine forests, its best to let the sunlight reveal the ca. 20 cm large webs as it shines against them. These webs are built from only four radial threads, plus the capture threads which are held taught between them; i.e. it makes up three segments from a complete orb web. The web is held in place by support threads on one side and a signal thread emerging from the hub on the opposite side. Overall, it looks like a silken triangle. Hyptiotes<\/em> has, as it were, the strands of its web to hand and sits, waiting, between the hub and the attachment point; effectively forming a living part of the signal thread. If an insect lands in the capture threads, the spider instantly lets the trap snap shut by increasing the length of the supporting thread behind it, reducing the tension in the rest of the web. In this way the capture threads collapse over the prey, leaving the web-maker with an easy job of finishing things off.<\/p>\n

Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> web<\/h4>\n

For arachnophobes this spider is a ray of hope as it has – like all members of the cribellate orb-weavers (Family Uloboridae) – no poison glands. Like the orb-web, these glands have been reduced during evolution. Prey is simply wrapped into an immovable mass, which means that during digestion the silk must be eaten first to allow the spider to get at the nutrients in the prey. As in all spiders, this occurs through preoral digestion in front of the mouth.<\/p>\n

Another unusual feature, which the triangle spider shares with about 50 species Europe-wide, is cribellate silk. To explain this, it is important to first see how the spinnerets are constructed. Normally spiders have six spinnerets – short highly-modified and reduced appendages at the back end of the abdomen. On these spinnerets sit spigots which are connected to the silk glands inside the body. Silk emerges from the spigots and can be used for, e.g., supporting threads or building egg cocoons. Cribellate spiders have, in addition to the six spinnerets, a sieve-like ‘cribellum’ which sits directly in front of these spinnerets. It is probably homologous with a fourth pair of spinnerets which were present in ancestral spiders and can still be found in a handful of primitive forms. Thousands of single threads are produced by the fine spigots on the cribellum. These threads are combed out by a calamistrum: a special row of comb-like hairs on the last pair of legs. This produces ‘woolly’ capture threads. These are four times more adhesive than the sticky threads of the garden spider and have the advantage that they don’t need to be replaced regularly because of the drying-out of the glue.<\/p>\n

Finally, another anatomical absurdity of Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> should be mentioned. Due to their lack of a penis, all male spiders have to transfer their sperm indirectly. They do this with the aid of copulation organs located on their pedipalps – the appendages between the mouthparts and the first walking legs. In almost all spiders these organs are of a small or moderate size. In Hyptiotes<\/em>, however, the volume of the palpal organs is almost the same as the whole front part of the body.<\/p>\n

Despite all these peculiarities, the triangle spider is also a common spider and can be found from Western Europe through to east Asia. It occurs in woodland and its genus name (“one who lies on its back”, “the inactive” in reference to its normal resting position) suggests something rather relaxed. It goes without saying that camouflaging itself and lying very still are important for survival. The species name paradoxus<\/em> (“the strange or paradoxical”) makes us curious to learn more about this spider. If during the period of maturity (July to October) you can spare a couple of hours, and if you want rest your bad back with a walk across soft and fragrant pine needles, then why not visit the triangle spider in its world!<\/p>\n

Peter J\u00e4ger & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

71 jury members from 21 countries:
\nAustria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Maps and photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution maps<\/h4>\n

Europe – (link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Pictures and photo galleries<\/h4>\n

ARAGES – (link)<\/a>
\nNatur in NRW – (link)<\/a>
\nEurospiders –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nFlickr –\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nVideo (from David Attenborough’s Life in the Undergrowth) –\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

– BAYRAM, A., S. \u00d6ZDAG & R. KAYA (2002) New spider (Araneae) records for Turkey: Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L.Koch, 1834) [Uloboridae], Diaea pictilis<\/em> (Banks, 1896) [Thomisidae)], Alopecosa fabrilis<\/em> (Clerck, 1757) [Lycosidae], and Evarcha arcuata<\/em> (Clerck, 1757) [Salticidae] \u2013 Israel Journal of Zoology 48: 250\u2013251<\/p>\n

– BELLMANN, H. (1997) Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 Stuttgart, Kosmos: 304 pp.<\/p>\n

– DALTON, S. (2005): Prey Capture by Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> \u2013 Newsletter of the British arachnological Society 104: 17\u201318<\/p>\n

– DECOCQ, O. (1996) Une nouvelle don\u00e9e d’Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L.Koch, 1834) (Araneae, Uloboridae) \u2013 Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging 11(1): 13<\/p>\n

– FRITZ\u00c9N, N. R. (2002) Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (Araneae: Uloboridae) found on the \u00c5land Islands \u2013 a species new to Finland \u2013 Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 78: 3\u20137<\/p>\n

– FRITZ\u00c9N, N. R. (2007) On the distribution of Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (Araneae: Uloboridae) in Estonia and Finland \u2013 Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 83: 17\u201319<\/p>\n

– HAJER, J. (1993) Notes on the spinning apparatus of the spiders Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> C.L.K, 1834, and Uloborus walckenaerius<\/em> Latr., 1806 (Araneae: Uloboridae) \u2013 Bull. Soc. neuchatel. Sci. nat. 116 (1): 99\u2013103<\/p>\n

– HAWTHORN, A. & B. OPELL (2002) How does cribellar silk thread stick to smooth surfaces? \u2013 American Arachnol. 64: 4<\/p>\n

– HOPKIN, S. (2002) New locality for Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch, 1834) \u2013 Newsl. Br. Arachnol. Soc.: 95: 10<\/p>\n

– HORAK, P. & C. KROPF (1999): Landeskundlich bedeutsame Spinnenfunde in der Steiermark (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 Mitteilungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins f\u00fcr die Steiermark 129: 253\u2013268<\/p>\n

– MARPLES, M.J. & B.J. MARPLES (1937) Notes on the spiders Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> and Cyclosa conica<\/em> \u2013 Proc. Zool. Soc. London 107 (3): 213\u2013221, + 2 Tafeln<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B. D. (1982) Post-hatching development and web production of Hyptiotes cavatus<\/em> (Hentz) (Araneae, Uloboridae) \u2013 J. Arachnol. 10: 185\u2013191<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B.D. (1982) Cribellum, calamistrum and ventral comb ontogeny in Hyptiotus cavatus<\/em> (Hentz) (Araneae: Uloboridae) \u2013 Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 5 (8): 338\u2013343<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B.D. (1987) The influence of web monitoring tactics on the tracheal system of spiders in the family Uloboridae (Arachnida, Araneida) \u2013 Zoomorph. 107: 255\u2013259<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B.D. (1988) Prey handling and food extraction by the triangle-web spider Hyptiotes cavatus<\/em> (Uloboridae) \u2013 J. Arachnol. 16: 272\u2013274<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B.D. (2001) Cribellum and calamistrum ontogeny in the spider family Uloboridae: linking functionally related but separate silk spinning features \u2013 J. Arachnol. 29: 220\u2013226<\/p>\n

– OPELL, B. D., G. ROTH & P.E. CUSHING (1990) The effect of Hyptiotes cavatus<\/em> (Uloboridae) web-manipulation on the dimensions and stickiness of cribellar silk puffs \u2013 J. Arachnol. 18: 238\u2013240<\/p>\n

– PETERS, H.M. (1938) \u00dcber das Netz der Dreieckspinne, Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> \u2013 Zoologischer Anzeiger 121: 49\u201359<\/p>\n

– PETERS, H.M. & J. KOVOOR (1980) Un compl\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e9ne desd Uloboridae (Araneae): Le paracribellum et ses glandes \u2013 Zoomorph. 96: 91\u2013102<\/p>\n

– REUKAUF, E. (1931) Zur Biologie von Hyptiotes paradoxus \u2013 Z. Morph. \u00d6kol. Tiere 21: 691\u2013701<\/p>\n

– SPAGNA, J.C. & R.G. GILLESPIE (2007) Unusually long Hyptiotes<\/em> (Araneae, Uloboridae) sequence for small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA supports secondary structure model utility in spiders \u2013 J. Arachnol. 34 (3): 557\u2013565<\/p>\n

– STAHLBAUM, G. (1961) Zum Vorkommen einiger seltener Radnetzspinnen (Araneidae) im Kreis Neuruppin \u2013 M\u00e4rkische Heimat 5: 128\u2013130<\/p>\n

– TUTELAERS, P. (2001) Herfstspinnen bij onze hunebedden \u2013 Nieuwsbrief Spined 16: 7\u20139<\/p>\n

– WIEHLE, H. (1953) Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea. IX: Orthognatha – Cribellatae – Haplogynae – Entelegynae (Pholcidae, Zoradiidae, Oxyopidae, Mimetidae, Nesticidae) \u2013 In: F. DAHL, M. DAHL & H. BISCHOFF (Hrsg.): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile. 42. G. Fischer, Jena.<\/p>\n

– WIEHLE, H. (1964) \u00dcber Hyptiotes gerhardti<\/em> WIEHLE (Arach., Araneae) \u2013 Senckenbergiana biologica 45: 81\u201385<\/p>\n

– WILLIAMS, H. (2003) Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch, 1834): New record for Nottinghamshire \u2013 Newsl. Br. arachnol. Soc. 98: 9<\/p>\n

– WUNDERLICH, J. (2008) Revision of the European species of the spider genus Hyptiotes<\/em> Walckenaer 1837 (Araneae: Uloboridae) \u2013 Beitr. Araneologie 5: 676\u2013684.<\/p>\n

– YOSHIDA, H. (1982) Spiders from Taiwan II. Three species of the genera Hyptiotes<\/em> and Miagrammopes<\/em> (Araneae: Uloboridae) \u2013 Proc. jap. Soc. syst. Zool. 22: 18\u201320.<\/p>\n

– ZSCHOKKE, S. (2000) Web damage during prey capture in Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C. L. Koch 1834) (Uloboridae) \u2013 Arachnol. Mitt. 19: 8\u201313<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
--<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>HU<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span>SL<\/span><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>\n

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\u044f\u0439\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0443\u043c \u2013 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0443\u043c\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0445\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0445\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0443\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u0448\u0438\u043f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u201e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0430\u201d \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u201e\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u201d \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u044a\u0445\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0447\u0438\u0446\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441, \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430. \u0422\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438Hyptiotes<\/i>, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e.\r\n\r\n\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0438\u044a\u0433\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u00a0 (\u201c\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u044a\u0440\u0431\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u201d, \u201c\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0435\u043d\u201d \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430) \u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u0438\u0445\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430 paradoxus (\u201c\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u201d) \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a. \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e (\u044e\u043b\u0438 - \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438) \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u044a\u0433\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442!\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u0419\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440 & \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432\r\n

\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/h4>\r\n\u0414-\u0440 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u043e\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0411\u0410\u041d, \u0431\u0443\u043b. \u0426\u0430\u0440 \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b 1, 1000 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u043b. \u041f\u043e\u0449\u0430, cdeltshev(a)zoology.bas.bg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2009<\/h4>\r\nPak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k smrkov\u00fd \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch, 1843)\r\n\r\nStejn\u011b jako ornitologov\u00e9 vol\u00ed pt\u00e1ka roku tak i my arachnologov\u00e9 jsme se rozhodli pro ka\u017ed\u00fd rok zvolit sv\u00e9ho favorita. T\u00e9to na\u0161\u00ed ankety se z\u016f\u010dast\u0148uj\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ze v\u0161ech zem\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie. Vyb\u00edr\u00e1me proto ze seznamu druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ve v\u0161ech t\u011bchto st\u00e1tech vyskytuj\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco na \u00fazem\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed republiky byla zaznamen\u00e1na bezm\u00e1la tis\u00edcovka druh\u016f pavouk\u016f, t\u011bch spole\u010dn\u00fdch je pouze 99. Tentokr\u00e1t odevzdalo nejv\u00edce evropsk\u00fdch arachnolog\u016f sv\u016fj hlas pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kovi smrkov\u00e9mu (Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i> (C.L. Koch, 1834)), kter\u00fd se tak stal pavoukem roku 2009. U\u017e latinsk\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no tohoto pavouka p\u0159elo\u017eiteln\u00e9 do \u010de\u0161tiny jako \"podivn\u00fd\" ponouk\u00e1 dozv\u011bd\u011bt se o n\u011bm n\u011bco v\u00edc.\r\n\r\nAni\u017e bychom o tom v\u011bd\u011bli, nej\u010dast\u011bji se s k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kem smrkov\u00fdm setk\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159i p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po plodnic\u00edch hub v hust\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch nebo borov\u00fdch hou\u0161tin\u00e1ch, kdy se n\u00e1m jeho pavu\u010diny nez\u0159\u00eddka p\u0159ilep\u00ed na obli\u010dej. Zdvihn\u011bme na chv\u00edli hlavu od hub a poj\u010fme se za majiteli t\u011bchto s\u00edt\u00ed pod\u00edvat. Nejsn\u00e1ze s\u00ed\u0165 pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka vyp\u00e1tr\u00e1me, kdy\u017e za slune\u010dn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed paprsky. V\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159emos\u0165uje uschl\u00e9 okolo 20\u00a0cm vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 v\u011btvi\u010dky. Jej\u00ed architektura je mezi na\u0161imi pavouky naprosto nezam\u011bniteln\u00e1. Je troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9ho tvaru, tvo\u0159en\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159mi rozb\u00edhav\u00fdmi paprsky hust\u011b pospojovan\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny. Vypad\u00e1 tedy jako t\u0159i segmenty vy\u0159\u00edznut\u00e9 z klasick\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1\u010d\u010d\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, jako kdy\u017e vy\u0159\u00edzneme troj\u00faheln\u00ed\u010dek z pizzy. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b je s\u00ed\u0165 upnut\u00e1 radi\u00e1ln\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny, na druh\u00e9 sign\u00e1ln\u00edm vl\u00e1knem, na kter\u00e9m hlavou dol\u016f sed\u00ed pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k. Snad pro tuto polohu dostal rodov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Hyptiotes<\/i>, kter\u00e9 v latin\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201ele\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na z\u00e1dech\u201c, nebo tak\u00e9 \u201eodpo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c, co\u017e o m\u00e1lo aktivn\u00edm pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kovi plat\u00ed tak\u00e9 bezezbytku. Pozorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pohled odhal\u00ed, \u017ee vl\u00e1kno je v m\u00edst\u011b pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka rozpojeno, p\u0159ed sebou ho dr\u017e\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00edma nohama, vl\u00e1kno za n\u00edm je napojeno na snovac\u00ed bradavky na konci jeho zade\u010dku. Tvo\u0159\u00ed tak organickou sou\u010d\u00e1st sign\u00e1ln\u00edho vl\u00e1kna. Pavouk je 3\u20136\u00a0mm dlouh\u00fd, zavalit\u00fd, s relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00fdma nohama. Jeho t\u011blo m\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 odst\u00edny hn\u011bd\u00e9 barvy, je pokryt\u00e9 hn\u011bd\u00fdmi, b\u00e9\u017eov\u00fdmi a\u017e b\u00edl\u00fdmi chlupy. \u010c\u00e1st chlup\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u011bch sv\u011btl\u00fdch, je na konci roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdch, pe\u0159\u00ed\u010dkovit\u011b zpe\u0159en\u00fdch. V p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed takov\u00e9 zbarven\u00ed pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka dokonale maskuje. Zade\u010dek je hranat\u00fd, jeho p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1 hlavohru\u010f. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch samic je na h\u0159bet\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b vyhrben\u00fd, tak\u017ee p\u0159i pohledu ze strany m\u00e1 troj\u00faheln\u00edkovit\u00fd tvar.\r\n\r\nKdy\u017e do s\u00edt\u011b pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka spadne n\u011bjak\u00fd hmyz, pavouk prodlou\u017e\u00ed vl\u00e1kno vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z jeho snovac\u00edch bradavek a t\u00edm cel\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 ochabne. Ko\u0159ist je tak obalena vl\u00e1kny co\u017e mu usnadn\u00ed se j\u00ed zmocnit. Ne\u017e za\u010dne hodovat, sn\u00ed pavu\u010dinu, kterou p\u0159edt\u00edm ko\u0159ist zabalil. Stejn\u011b jako jin\u00ed pavouci m\u00e1 i pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k mimot\u011bln\u00ed tr\u00e1ven\u00ed: nejprve do ko\u0159isti vpust\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00ed enzymy a pot\u00e9 ztekucen\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b vysaje.\r\n\r\nKv\u016fli n\u011bkter\u00fdm unik\u00e1tn\u00edm znak\u016fm byla pro pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky vytvo\u0159ena vlastn\u00ed \u010dele\u010f pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kovit\u00ed (Uloboridae). Mezi pavouky jsou ojedin\u011bl\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u00edm, \u017ee nejsou v\u016fbec jedovat\u00ed. B\u011bhem evoluce u nich toti\u017e do\u0161lo k redukci jedov\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy, stejn\u011b tak, jako u nich do\u0161lo k redukci kruhov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b na pouh\u00fd jej\u00ed v\u00fd\u0159ez.\r\n\r\nDal\u0161\u00edm neobvykl\u00fdm znakem, kter\u00fd pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci sd\u00edl\u00ed jen asi s 50 dal\u0161\u00edmi druhy evropsk\u00fdch pavouk\u016f, je produkce tzv. kribelov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed. Kv\u016fli vysv\u011btlen\u00ed o co se jedn\u00e1 se nejprve pod\u00edvejme na morfologii pavou\u010d\u00edch snovac\u00edch bradavek. Z evolu\u010dn\u00edho hlediska to jsou vysoce modifikovan\u00e9 redukovan\u00e9 kon\u010detiny na zade\u010dku. P\u016fvodn\u011b jich byly \u010dty\u0159i p\u00e1ry, ale u v\u011bt\u0161iny dne\u0161n\u00edch pavouk\u016f jsou zachovan\u00e9 jen t\u0159i. Na snovac\u00edch bradavk\u00e1ch jsou dut\u00e9 trubi\u010dky zvan\u00e9 spigoty, do nich\u017e \u00fast\u00ed snovac\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy, kter\u00e9 jsou z p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti uvnit\u0159 zade\u010dku pavouka. Syntetizuj\u00ed tekutinu b\u00edlkovinn\u00e9 povahy, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i vypuzov\u00e1n\u00ed ze spigot\u016f na vzduchu tuhne na nejpevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejpru\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1kno na sv\u011bt\u011b. Pavouk ho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nejen na stavku s\u00edt\u00ed, ale obaluje j\u00edm vaj\u00ed\u010dka do podoby kokonu, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ho jako bal\u00f3n p\u0159i \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u011btrem, pomoc\u00ed n\u011bho sla\u0148uje a komunikuje s jin\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky sv\u00e9ho druhu, samci pomoc\u00ed n\u011bho p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sperma z prim\u00e1rn\u00edho pohlavn\u00edho otvoru do kopula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f nebo p\u0159ed sexem svazuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b agresivn\u00ed samice. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pavouci v\u010detn\u011b pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f maj\u00ed p\u0159ed norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi snovac\u00edmi bradavkami je\u0161t\u011b jakousi desti\u010dku s tis\u00edci drobn\u00fdch spigot\u016f zvanou kribelum. Tento org\u00e1n je z\u0159ejm\u011b homologick\u00fd se 4. p\u00e1rem snovac\u00edch bradavek, p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch v typick\u00e9 podob\u011b jen u nejprimitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pavouk\u016f skl\u00edpko\u0161\u016f. Pro vy\u010des\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tis\u00edc\u016f jemn\u00fdch vl\u00e1k\u00e9nek produkovan\u00fdch kribelem maj\u00ed tito pavouci na posledn\u00edm p\u00e1ru nohou tzv. kalamistrum, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159adu pevn\u00fdch chlup\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed h\u0159eben. Vy\u010desan\u00e9 chom\u00e1\u010dky pavouk pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 m\u00edsto lepu. D\u00edky jemnosti vl\u00e1ken jsou 4\u00d7 p\u0159ilnav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e lepiv\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna prav\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f a nav\u00edc nevysychaj\u00ed a tak se na rozd\u00edl od lepu k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f nemusej\u00ed neust\u00e1le obnovovat.\r\n\r\nS dosp\u011blci pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka smrkov\u00e9ho se lze setkat v \u010dervenci a\u017e \u0159\u00edjnu. Samci jsou n\u00e1padn\u00ed obrovsk\u00fdmi kopula\u010dn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny stejn\u011b velk\u00fdmi jako jejich hlavohru\u010f. Samci pavouk\u016f nemaj\u00ed penis, kter\u00fd by tekut\u00e9 sperma p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161el p\u0159\u00edmo z jejich prim\u00e1rn\u00edch pohlavn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f do genit\u00e1li\u00ed samice, n\u00fdbr\u017e musej\u00ed sperma p\u0159ed samotnou kopulac\u00ed p\u0159e\u010derpat do druhotn\u00fdch kopula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f na chodidlov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch kon\u010detin mezi \u00fastn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny a 1. p\u00e1rem nohou zvan\u00fdch makadla.\r\n\r\nPak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k smrkov\u00fd se vyskytuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v cel\u00e9 Palearktick\u00e9 oblasti, od z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy po v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je pom\u011brn\u011b hojn\u00fd a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch. Vedle pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka smrkov\u00e9ho se v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice vyskytuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dva dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1stupci \u010deledi pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kovit\u00fdch, pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k Walckenaer\u016fv (Uloborus walckenaerius<\/i> Latreille, 1806) a pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k chluponoh\u00fd (Uloborus plumipes<\/i> Lucas, 1846). Na rozd\u00edl od pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka smrkov\u00e9ho vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed kruhov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a maj\u00ed prota\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed b\u00edlo\u0161ed\u011b zbarven\u00e9 t\u011blo.\r\nJedn\u00e1 se o nezam\u011bniteln\u00fd druh a tak by s mapov\u00e1n\u00edm jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice mohla i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost. N\u00e1lezy je pot\u0159eba dokladovat exempl\u00e1\u0159em konzervovan\u00fdm v lihu nebo fotografi\u00ed.\r\n\r\nMilan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d &\u00a0Peter J\u00e4ger\r\n

Kontakt<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, odd\u011blen\u00ed entomologie, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i., Drnovsk\u00e1 507, CZ-161 06 Praha 6-Ruzyn\u011b, \u010cesk\u00e1 republika, rezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2009<\/h4>\r\nDie Dreiecksspinne \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> C.L. Koch 1843\r\n\r\nWahrscheinlich jeder kennt das typische Radnetz der Kreuzspinne. Auch ist allgemein bekannt, dass die Natur \u00fcber die Jahrmillionen Organismen und ihre Verhaltensweise in zum Teil bizarrer Art und Weise ver\u00e4ndert. Die Spinne des Jahres 2009 zeigt uns, wie DAS Spinnennetz schlechthin zu einem raffinierten Fangutensil umgestaltet wurde.\r\n\r\nZun\u00e4chst aber: der Protagonist ist unscheinbar klein (3\u20136 mm K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge), unscheinbar gef\u00e4rbt (hellgrau, br\u00e4unlich oder dunkler, meist mit Muster aus hellen, z.T. gefiederten Haaren) und lebt versteckt (haupts\u00e4chlich in Nadelforsten zwischen trockenen Zweigen im Waldesinneren). Die Spinne ist auff\u00e4llig gedrungen, sowohl K\u00f6rper als auch Beine, und in ihrem Lebensraum hervorragend getarnt. Der Hinterleib ist dreieckig hochgew\u00f6lbt, und man k\u00f6nnte meinen, dass er entscheidend bei der Namensgebung war. Aber da ist noch das Netz, welches die Spinne am ehesten verr\u00e4t. Geht man durch eine Fichtenschonung, \u00fcberl\u00e4sst man am besten der gegenscheinenden Sonne die Aufgabe, die etwa 20 cm gro\u00dfen Netze zu enttarnen: diese bestehen aus lediglich vier Radialf\u00e4den und den dazwischen aufgespannten Fangf\u00e4den, also aus drei Teilsegmenten eines Radnetzes. Gehalten wird das Netz von einem Rahmenfaden und auf der Gegenseite von einem der Nabe entspringenden Signalfaden. Insgesamt erscheint es so wie ein seidenes Dreieck. Hyptiotes<\/i> selbst hat sozusagen die F\u00e4den in der Hand, lauert zwischen Nabe und Anheftungspunkt als lebendes Zwischenst\u00fcck in den Signalfaden eingebaut. Ger\u00e4t ein Insekt in die Fangf\u00e4den, l\u00e4sst die Spinne ruckartig die Falle zuschnappen, indem sie den Faden hinter sich verl\u00e4ngert und so die Spannung des Netzes verringert. Auf diese Weise schlagen \u00fcber der Beute die Fangf\u00e4den zusammen, so dass die Netzinhaberin anschlie\u00dfend ein leichtes Spiel hat.\r\n\r\nF\u00fcr Spinnen-Phobiker ist diese Art der Silberstreif am Horizont, denn wie alle Vertreter der Kr\u00e4uselradnetzspinnen (Familie Uloboridae; in Deutschland gibt es zwei weitere Arten) besitzt die Dreiecksspinne keinerlei Giftdr\u00fcsen. Auch diese wurden \u2014 wie schon das Radnetz \u2014 im Laufe der Evolution reduziert. Die Beute wird zu einem bewegungsunf\u00e4higen Klumpen eingesponnen. Beim Verdauen der Beute muss nun zun\u00e4chst die Seide verdaut werden, um an die Nahrungsstoffe der Beute zu gelangen \u2014 dies geschieht wie bei allen Spinnen mit einer Verdauung vor dem Munde.\r\n\r\nEine weitere Besonderheit, die sich die Dreiecksspinne mit etwa 50 Spinnenarten in Europa teilt, ist die Kr\u00e4uselfangwolle. F\u00fcr ein Verst\u00e4ndnis derselben ist der Aufbau der Spinnwarzen wichtig darzustellen: F\u00fcr gew\u00f6hnlich haben Spinnen sechs Spinnwarzen, das sind kurze, durch Reduktion von Gliedma\u00dfen entstandene Anh\u00e4nge am Ende des Hinterleibs. Auf diesen Spinnwarzen sitzen Spinnspulen, die in Verbindung mit den Spinndr\u00fcsen im K\u00f6rperinneren stehen. Aus diesen Spulen tritt die Seide aus und wird z. B. als Rahmenfaden oder Kokonfaden verwendet. Die cribellaten Spinnen haben zus\u00e4tzlich zu diesen sechs Spinnwarzen ein Spinnsieb, welches direkt vor den Spinnwarzen liegt. Es gilt als Homolog zu einem vierten Paar Spinnwarzen, das bei den Vorfahren der Spinnen vorhanden war und bei ganz wenigen urt\u00fcmlichen Vertretern noch auftritt. Aus diesem Spinnsieb treten aus feinsten Spinnspulen Tausende von Einzelf\u00e4den aus. Diese werden mit einem Kr\u00e4uselkamm (das ist eine Borstenreihe auf dem letzten Beinpaar; Calamistrum) aufgek\u00e4mmt, so dass eine feine Fangwolle entsteht. Sie hat eine um ein Vielfaches h\u00f6here Adh\u00e4sionskraft als z.B. die Leimf\u00e4den der Kreuzspinne und den Vorteil, dass sie nicht durch Verdunstung eines Klebstoffes h\u00e4ufig erneuert werden muss.\r\n\r\nZum Schluss sei noch eine morphologische Absurdit\u00e4t bei Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i> erw\u00e4hnt. Alle Spinnenm\u00e4nnchen m\u00fcssen in Ermangelung eines Penis ihr Sperma indirekt \u00fcbertragen. Dies tun sie mithilfe von Kopulationsorganen an ihren Tastern \u2014 das sind Gliedma\u00dfen zwischen den Fangz\u00e4hnen und den Laufbeinen. Bei fast allen Spinnen besitzen diese Organe eine geringe bis m\u00e4\u00dfige Gr\u00f6\u00dfe. Bei Hyptiotes<\/i> allerdings erreichen sie ein Volumen, das zusammen fast dem des gesamten Vorderleibes entspricht.\r\n\r\nNeben all ihren Besonderheiten ist die Dreiecksspinne auch eine gew\u00f6hnliche Spinne: sie ist weitverbreitet, kommt von Westeuropa bis nach Ostasien vor, ist in ganz Deutschland zuhause, so denn W\u00e4lder vorhanden sind, und selbst ihr Gattungsname (\u201edie auf dem R\u00fccken Liegende\u201c, \u201edie Tr\u00e4ge\u201c, auf ihre Ruheposition ansprechend) vermittelt etwas sehr Entspanntes \u2014 gleichwohl es zum \u00dcberleben wichtig scheint, sich anst\u00e4ndig zu tarnen und somit auch Ruhe zu halten. Der spezifische Namenszusatz \u201eparadoxus<\/i>\u201c (\u201edie Merkw\u00fcrdige\u201c) macht dann wieder neugierig, mehr \u00fcber diese Spinne zu erfahren. Sollten Sie zur Reifezeit von Hyptiotes<\/i> (Juli bis Oktober) ein paar Stunden er\u00fcbrigen k\u00f6nnen und ihrem geplagten R\u00fccken einen Spaziergang auf weichen und duftenden Fichtennadeln g\u00f6nnen, besuchen Sie doch mal die Dreiecksspinne in ihrer Welt!\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger\r\n

Kontakt Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nDr. Martin Kreuels, 48161 M\u00fcnster, Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW), kreuels(a)aradet.de<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2008<\/h4>\r\nTrekantspinderen \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nDe fleste kender det typiske hjulspind som korsedderkoppen spinder.\u00a0 \u00c5rets edderkop 2009 er et eksempel p\u00e5 hvordan evolutionen over millioner af \u00e5r kan \u00e6ndre dyrs udseende og adf\u00e6rd i ofte bizarre retninger. Her er det klassiske hjulspind, i forvejen et sindrigt konstrueret redskab til fangst af insekter, modificeret p\u00e5 en ganske overraskende m\u00e5de, med samh\u00f8rende modifikationer af dyrets fangstadf\u00e6rd.\r\n\r\nTrekantspinderen er meget mindre end korsedderkoppen (3-6 mm kropsl\u00e6ngde) og uanselig af farve: gr\u00e5 og brunlig med m\u00f8nstre af lysere fjerformede h\u00e5r. B\u00e5de kroppen og benene er korte og kraftige; edderkoppen ligner blot en lille knop p\u00e5 de grangrene og -kviste den som regel sidder p\u00e5, s\u00e5 den er ualmindelig godt kamoufleret. Set fra siden er bagkroppen trekantet af form, men det er ikke heraf dyret har f\u00e5et sit navn. Dette skyldes fangnettet som er helt karakteristisk for netop trekantspinderen. Det er lettest at f\u00e5 at se, hvis man en solskinsdag g\u00e5r gennem skoven i modlys, s\u00e5 edderkoppespindene bryder solens str\u00e5ler. Spindet er bygget som et trekantet udsnit af et hjulspind, best\u00e5ende af 4 radialtr\u00e5de forbundet med kl\u00e6brige fangtr\u00e5de (svarer til spiraltr\u00e5den i hjulspindet) og m\u00e5ler ca. 20 cm langs hver af de tre kanter. Spindet er fasth\u00e6ftet med tre tr\u00e5de til omgivelserne, en fra hvert hj\u00f8rne. Tr\u00e5den fra spindets vinkelspids (hvor de fire radier samles; svarer til hulspindets centrum) kaldes signaltr\u00e5den. Den g\u00e5r ud til en gren, men ikke direkte. N\u00e5r edderkoppen har f\u00e6rdiggjort sit spind og lurer p\u00e5 bytte, er den selv en del af spindets struktur idet den med sin krop danner bro mellem signaltr\u00e5den og dennes forts\u00e6ttelse ud til grenen: den holder signaltr\u00e5den i forbenene mens en anden tr\u00e5d fra edderkoppens spindevorter h\u00e6fter til grenen. N\u00e5r et flyvende insekt rammer spindet, l\u00f8sner edderkoppen sp\u00e6ndingen i dette ved at forl\u00e6nge tr\u00e5den fra spindevorterne. Spindets tr\u00e5de falder herved sammen omkring byttet, og n\u00e5r edderkoppen igen strammer tr\u00e5dede op ved hale signaltr\u00e5den ind med forbenene, sidder byttet uhj\u00e6lpeligt fast. Derefter pakkes det yderligere ind i flere lag silke. Derimod dr\u00e6ber trekantspinderen ikke sit bytte ved bid med k\u00e6berne. Som hos alle andre edderkopper sker den f\u00f8rste ford\u00f8jelse af byttet uden or munden, idet ford\u00f8jelsesv\u00e6dske opgylpes over f\u00f8depakken; edderkoppen opsuger igen v\u00e6dsken med opl\u00f8st v\u00e6v fra byttet.\r\n\r\nFor mennesker der \u00f8nsker at blive kureret for deres arachnofobi er trekantspinderen et passende sted at begynde. Den er helt ufarlig og det ikke blot p\u00e5 grund af sin ringe st\u00f8rrelse. Som alle andre medlemmer af sin familie(Uloboridae) mangler den nemlig giftkirtlerne. Disse er reduceret bort under evolutionen, formentlig fordi fangstmetoden som beskrevet ovenfor s\u00e5 effektivt indspinder byttet at giften ikke er n\u00f8dvendig for at fastholde dette.\r\n\r\nEt tr\u00e6k som trekantspinderen deler med ca. 50 andre europ\u00e6iske edderkoppearter (krustr\u00e5dsspindere = kartespindere, eller de cribellate edderkopper) er en s\u00e6rlig type silke, den s\u00e5kaldte krustr\u00e5d. De fleste edderkopper har 3 par spindevorter anbragt ved spidsen af bagkroppen. De er reducerede og modificerede fra de oprindelige ganglemmer p\u00e5 bagkroppen. P\u00e5 spindevorterne sidder mange sm\u00e5 spindetappe, som har forbindelse til silkekirtler inde i kroppen. Silke af forskellig type (fra forskellige silkekirtler) udskilles fra spindetappene og anvendes til forskellige form\u00e5l, fx fangnettet, \u00e6gs\u00e6kken mv. Krustr\u00e5dsspinderne har, udover de 6 spindevorter, en spindeplade (cribellum) anbragt p\u00e5 bagkroppens bugside lige foran spindevorterne. Spindepladen er formentlig dannet ud fra et fjerde par spindevorter, som endnu findes hos de mest oprindelige edderkopper. Spindepladen er som en si gennembrudt at et utal af sm\u00e5 huller (med sm\u00e5 spindetappe), hvorigennem edderkoppen udskiller et tilsvarende antal tynde tr\u00e5de. Disse tr\u00e5de tr\u00e6kkes ud af den s\u00e5kaldte kartekam, en r\u00e6kke kraftige h\u00e5r p\u00e5 det bageste benpar der som en kam reder tr\u00e5dene ud. En krustr\u00e5d best\u00e5r derfor af mange enkelttr\u00e5de; den er \u201dulden\u201d at se p\u00e5 fordi enkelttr\u00e5dene kr\u00f8ller ind mellem hinanden. Krustr\u00e5den, som hos trekantspinderen danner fangtr\u00e5dene i spindet, er fire gange s\u00e5 kl\u00e6brig som korsedderkoppens kl\u00e6betr\u00e5d. Men hvor korsedderkoppens fangtr\u00e5d er kl\u00e6brig p\u00e5 grund af limdr\u00e5ber, er krustr\u00e5dsspindernes fangtr\u00e5d t\u00f8r: krustr\u00e5den fungerer n\u00e6rmest som et velcrob\u00e5nd idet tr\u00e5dens mange sm\u00e5 l\u00f8kker kan gribe fat om insekternes ben og torne.\r\n\r\nEndnu en anatomisk besyndelighed hos trekantspinderen skal n\u00e6vnes. Som alle andre edderkopper har den indirekte s\u00e6doversf\u00f8rsel, idet pedipalpernes yderste led hos hannen fungerer som parringsapparat (pedipalperne er det andet af de to par mundlemmer). Af endnu ukendte grunde er disse parringsapparater hos Hyptiotes<\/i>-hannen ualmindeligt store, nemlig ca. halvt s\u00e5 store som resten af kroppen.\r\n\r\nTrekantspinderen er udbredt over det meste af Europa til \u00d8stasien og er mange steder almindelig, men forekommer sj\u00e6ldent i stort antal. I Danmark er der gode chancer for at se den i \u00e6ldre granplantager, s\u00e6rlig i Nordsj\u00e6lland og i \u00d8stjylland. Arten er voksen fra juli til oktober, s\u00e5 det er det bedste tidspunkt at lede efter den. Man skal dog have \u00f8jnene med sig p\u00e5 grund af dens effektive kamouflage, som givetvis ogs\u00e5 har haft stor betydning for artens overlevelse. Som artsnavnet paradoxus antyder er den b\u00e5de af udseende og adf\u00e6rd ganske us\u00e6dvanlig blandt edderkopperne. Der venter derfor en stor oplevelse for den som vil ofre nogle timer i naturen med at finde og observere trekantspinderen i funktion.\r\n\r\nEmil Nielsen beskrev i sin bog \u201dDe danske edderkoppers biologi\u201d fra 1928 naturligvis ogs\u00e5 trekantspinderen. Sk\u00f8nt beskrivelsen er n\u00f8gtern, detaljeret og saglig er man ikke i tvivl om hans s\u00e6rlige fascination af netop denne art. Som afslutning m\u00e5 han da ogs\u00e5 lade f\u00f8lelserne f\u00e5 frit l\u00f8b:\r\n\u201dHyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>! Besynderlige Dyr! Umulig hvor andre er Mestre, men selv Mester, hvor andre maa give op! Du bryder alle Rammer for spindende Dyrs Formaaen, er som et Pendul i dets yderste Udsving, det sublimeste Led i den Skala, som viser, hvad hver spindende Skabning formaar.\r\nDu frister et Menneske til Undren og Dr\u00f8m, saa besynderligt et Led er du i det levende Livs K\u00e6de, thi Livet, den legemliggjorte Materie, har mange Ytringsformer. T\u00e6nker vi os det i Lysets Lignelse, maa dets mange Former n\u00f8dvendigvis forestille Straalerne, og ligesom Lyset brydes i Prismet og spredes til et mangefarvet Baand, brydes Livsformernes Mangfoldighed i de stadigt skiftende Muligheder for levende V\u00e6sener, som Jorden byder. Vi kan overse Solstraalernes Spekter, men det Spekter, som dannes af alle de Tusinder af Livsformer i Verden, kan ingen overse.\u00a0 ...\r\nHyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>! Vi glemte os bort i Dr\u00f8m, men Livet er virkeligt, holder H\u00e6vd over sine Love, dem du aldrig forser dig imod. Vi vil begge vende tilbage til Livet!\u201d\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger & S\u00f8ren Toft\r\n

Kontakt Danmark<\/h4>\r\nS\u00f8ren Toft, Biologisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, Bygn 1540, 8000 \u00c5rhus C; \u00a0soeren.toft(a)biology.au.dk<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

La ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o 2009<\/h4>\r\nAra\u00f1a triangular \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nCasi todo el mundo est\u00e1 familiarizado con la t\u00edpica tela circular de la ara\u00f1a de jard\u00edn. Tambi\u00e9n es de sobra conocido que, a lo largo de millones de a\u00f1os, la naturaleza ha alterado algunos organismos y sus comportamientos en formas a veces bastante extravagantes. La ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o 2009 ilustra c\u00f3mo la cl\u00e1sica tela de ara\u00f1a puede modificarse para convertirse en un ingenioso dispositivo de captura de presas.\r\n\r\nEn un primer vistazo, nuestra protagonista es insignificante por su peque\u00f1o tama\u00f1o (3-6 mm de longitud), su color (gris p\u00e1lido, pardo o m\u00e1s oscuro, a menudo con un patr\u00f3n de pelos m\u00e1s claros, parcialmente plumosos) y por vivir oculta, principalmente entre ramas secas en las zonas m\u00e1s interiores de los pinares. Esta ara\u00f1a es notablemente robusta, tanto en sus patas como en su cuerpo, y est\u00e1 asombrosamente bien camuflada contra el fondo. El abdomen tiene la forma de un tri\u00e1ngulo erguido, y esta caracter\u00edstica le ha valido su nombre com\u00fan. No obstante, es la tela la que hace m\u00e1s destacable a esta ara\u00f1a. Cuando uno pasea por los pinares, la luz del sol le revela las telas de unos 20 cm de longitud, al reflejarse en ellas. En conjunto, dichas telas parecen tri\u00e1ngulos de seda. Est\u00e1n formadas por s\u00f3lo cuatro hilos radiales, adem\u00e1s de los hilos de captura que se tienden entre aquellos; es decir, constan de tan s\u00f3lo tres segmentos de una tela circular habitual. La tela se mantiene en su sitio mediante hilos de soporte en un lado del tri\u00e1ngulo y un hilo se\u00f1al que sale del centro de la tela, en el lado opuesto. Hyptiotes<\/i> tiene, por as\u00ed decirlo, los hilos de la tela en sus manos pues se sit\u00faa, a la espera, entre el centro de la tela y el punto de anclaje del hilo se\u00f1al formando, de hecho, una parte viviente de dicho hilo. Si un insecto aterriza en los hilos de captura, la ara\u00f1a inmediatamente deja a la trampa cerrarse al aumentar la longitud del hilo de soporte a su espalda, reduciendo la tensi\u00f3n en el resto de la tela. De este modo los hilos de captura se colapsan sobre la presa y dejan a la ara\u00f1a en una posici\u00f3n f\u00e1cil para terminar el trabajo.\r\n\r\nPara quienes tengan aversi\u00f3n a las ara\u00f1as, esta especie es un rayo de esperanza pues -como todos los miembros de la Familia Uloboridae- carece de gl\u00e1ndulas de veneno. Al igual que su tela, dichas gl\u00e1ndulas han sido reducidas a lo largo de su evoluci\u00f3n. La presa es simplemente envuelta en una masa de seda que debe ser ingerida y digerida por la ara\u00f1a junto a la propia presa. Como en todas las ara\u00f1as, esto ocurre mediante una digesti\u00f3n preoral en las inmediaciones de la boca.\r\n\r\nOtro rasgo inusual que la ara\u00f1a triangular comparte con unas 50 especies en Europa es su seda cribelada. Para explicar esto, primero es importante entender c\u00f3mo est\u00e1n construidas sus hileras. Normalmente, las ara\u00f1as tienen seis hileras -unos ap\u00e9ndices cortos, altamente modificados y reducidos en el extremo del abdomen. En el extremo de estas hileras se abren poros a trav\u00e9s de los cuales desembocan las gl\u00e1ndulas de la seda. La seda sale por los poros y puede usarse, por ejemplo, para constuir hilos de soporte o para construir los capullos en los que se envuelven los huevos. Las ara\u00f1as cribeladas, adem\u00e1s de las seis hileras, tienen un 'cribelo' a modo de cedazo, que se sit\u00faa junto a esas hileras. Probablemente es hom\u00f3logo a un cuarto par de hileras que estuvo presente en las ara\u00f1as ancestrales y todav\u00eda persiste en un pu\u00f1ado de formas primitivas. Los finos poros del cribelo producen miles de hilos individuales. Estos hilos se peinan mediante un calamistro: una fila especial de pelos a modo de peine situados sobre el \u00faltimo par de patas. Ello da lugar a hilos de captura con aspecto 'lanoso'. Estos hilos son cuatro veces m\u00e1s adherentes que los hilos pegajosos de la ara\u00f1a de jard\u00edn y tienen la ventaja de que no necesitan ser reemplazados regularmente al quedarse seco su pegamento.\r\n\r\nFinalmente, debe mencionarse otra extravagancia anat\u00f3mica de Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>. Debido a la ausencia de pene, todas las ara\u00f1as macho tienen que transferir su esperma indirectamente. Hacen esto con la ayuda de \u00f3rganos copuladores localizados en sus pedipalpos -los ap\u00e9ndices situados entre las piezas bucales y el primer par de patas marchadoras. En casi todas las ara\u00f1as estos \u00f3rganos son de tama\u00f1o peque\u00f1o o moderado. En Hyptiotes<\/i>, sin embargo, el volumen de los \u00f3rganos palpales es casi el mismo que el de toda la parte anterior del cuerpo.\r\n\r\nA pesar de todas estas peculiaridades, la ara\u00f1a triangular es tambi\u00e9n una ara\u00f1a com\u00fan y est\u00e1 presente desde Europa occidental hasta el Este de Asia. Aparece en bosques y su nombre gen\u00e9rico (\"que descansa sobre su espalda\", \"la inactiva\", en referencia a su posici\u00f3n normal de reposo) sugiere algo bastante relajado. No hace falta decir que camuflarse y permanecer inm\u00f3vil es importante para su supervivencia. El ep\u00edteto paradoxus<\/i> (extra\u00f1o o parad\u00f3jico) despierta nuestra curiosidad sobre esta ara\u00f1a. Si durante el periodo de madurez (Julio a Octubre) uno consigue sacar un par de horas y estirar las piernas con un paseo entre blandas y arom\u00e1ticas ac\u00edculas, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 no visitar a la ara\u00f1a triangular en su mundo?\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger &\u00a0Marcos M\u00e9ndez<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2009<\/h4>\r\nSektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nL\u00e4hes kaikki tuntevat tyypillisen ristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin ratasmaisen verkon. On my\u00f6s yleisesti tiedetty\u00e4, ett\u00e4 luonto on miljoonien vuosien kuluessa muuttanut joitakin eli\u00f6it\u00e4 ja niiden k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymistapoja varsin oudoiksi. Vuoden 2009 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki osoittaa meille kuinka perinteinen h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kinverkko voi muuntua nerokkaaksi pyyntiv\u00e4lineeksi.\r\n\r\nP\u00e4\u00e4osan esitt\u00e4j\u00e4 on huomaamattoman pieni (ruumiin pituus 3-6 mm) ja huomaamattoman v\u00e4rinen (vaaleanharmaa tai ruskehtava, vaaleiden osittain hy\u00f6henm\u00e4isten karvojen muodostamin v\u00e4rikuvioin), ja se el\u00e4\u00e4 piilotellen kuivien oksien joukossa havumetsien sis\u00e4osissa. Pienikokoinen h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on vanttera, niin ruumis kuin lyhyehk\u00f6t jalatkin, ja se sulautuu hienosti elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6\u00f6ns\u00e4. Takaruumis on kohoavan kolmion muotoinen, ja siit\u00e4 voi johtua monissa kieliss\u00e4 k\u00e4ytetty nimi \u201dkolmioh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u201d. Pyyntiverkko paljastaa selvimmin h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin. Kuusimets\u00e4n halki kulkiessaan voi n\u00e4hd\u00e4 auringonpaistetta vasten kiiltelev\u00e4n noin 20 cm suuruisia verkkoja. Verkko on rakennettu vain nelj\u00e4st\u00e4 s\u00e4teitt\u00e4isest\u00e4 seitist\u00e4 ja niiden v\u00e4liin kudotuista pyyntirihmoista; se siis muodostaa t\u00e4ydellisest\u00e4 ratasverkosta kolme sektoria, t\u00e4st\u00e4 nimi sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki. Verkko pysyy paikallaan toiselta puolelta tukirihmoilla ja vastakkaiselta puolelta keskustasta l\u00e4htev\u00e4ll\u00e4 h\u00e4lytysseitill\u00e4. Kaiken kaikkiaan verkko n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4 seittikolmiolta. Hyptiotes<\/i> pit\u00e4\u00e4, voisi sanoa, verkkonsa naruja (seitti\u00e4) k\u00e4dess\u00e4\u00e4n (etumaisissa raajoissaan) ja istuu saalista odottaen verkon keskustan ja kiinnityskohdan v\u00e4liss\u00e4; muodostaen siis el\u00e4v\u00e4n osan h\u00e4lytysseitti\u00e4. Kun hy\u00f6nteinen osuu pyyntirihmoihin, h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki antaa pyydyksen painua \u00e4kki\u00e4 kokoon ja siten napata saaliin; se tapahtuu pident\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin takana olevaa seitti\u00e4 ja siten v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 verkon j\u00e4nnityst\u00e4. Silloin pyyntirihmat ymp\u00e4r\u00f6iv\u00e4t hy\u00f6nteisen tehden siit\u00e4 helpon saaliin verkon rakentajalle.\r\n\r\nH\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkikauhuiselle (araknofobiaa potevalle) t\u00e4m\u00e4 laji on mukava yll\u00e4tys, koska sill\u00e4 ei ole lainkaan myrkkyrauhasia, kuten ei muillakaan pyk\u00e4verkkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimon edustajilla (Uloboridae; Suomessa heimosta tavataan luonnossa vain t\u00e4m\u00e4 laji, ja sekin harvinaisena Ahvenanmaalla). Myrkkyrauhaset, kuten ratasverkkokin, ovat h\u00e4vinneet evoluution kuluessa. Saalis kiedotaan seitill\u00e4 liikkumattomaksi mytyksi, t\u00e4st\u00e4 johtuen seitti pit\u00e4\u00e4 sy\u00f6d\u00e4 ensin, jotta h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki p\u00e4\u00e4see k\u00e4siksi varsinaiseen ravintoonsa. Kuten kaikilla h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 tapahtuu ulkoisena ruuansulatuksena.\r\n\r\nToinen sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin ep\u00e4tavallinen ominaisuus, joka on yhteinen noin 50 eurooppalaiselle h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kille, on villamainen pyyntiseitti. T\u00e4m\u00e4n ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4miseksi on ensin tarkasteltava kehruunystyjen rakennetta. Tavallisesti h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 on kuusi kehruunysty\u00e4, ne ovat lyhyit\u00e4 hyvin erikoistuneita lis\u00e4kkeit\u00e4 takaruumiin k\u00e4rjess\u00e4. Kehruunystyiss\u00e4 on kehruuputkia (spigot), jotka ovat yhteydess\u00e4 takaruumiissa oleviin kehruurauhasiin. Seitti (\u201dsilkki\u201d) purkautuu kehruuputkista, ja sit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n mm. pyyntiverkkojen, suojapaikkojen ja munakoteloiden rakentamiseen. Sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 on kuuden kehruunystyn (kolmen parin) lis\u00e4ksi siivil\u00e4m\u00e4inen kehruulevy (cribellum), joka on kehruunystyjen etupuolella. Se on todenn\u00e4k\u00f6isesti homologinen nelj\u00e4nnelle kehruunystyparille, joka esiintyi muinaisilla h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 ja joka tavataan nykyisinkin viel\u00e4 muutamilla alkeellisilla muodoilla. Kehruulevyn pienet kehruuputket tuottavat tuhansia yksitt\u00e4isi\u00e4 seittirihmoja. N\u00e4m\u00e4 rihmat kammataan viimeisten (nelj\u00e4nsien) raajaparien \u201dcalamistrum\u201dilla, joka on erikoistunut rivi kampamaisia karvoja. N\u00e4in syntyy villamaista pyyntiseitti\u00e4, joka on nelj\u00e4 kertaa tarttuvampaa kuin ristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin tahmea, liimainen pyyntiseitti. Lis\u00e4ksi t\u00e4ss\u00e4 on etuna se, ettei villamaista pyyntiseitti\u00e4 tarvitse korvata uudella kovin usein, koska siin\u00e4 ei ole kuivuvaa liima-ainetta.\r\n\r\nLopuksi on mainittava viel\u00e4 yksi sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin rakenteellinen erikoisuus. Kaikkien h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajien koiraiden on peniksen puuttuessa siirrett\u00e4v\u00e4 sperma ep\u00e4suorasti. T\u00e4m\u00e4 tehd\u00e4\u00e4n paritteluelimill\u00e4, jotka sijaitsevat leukaraajoissa (pedipalpit) suuosien ja ensimm\u00e4isen k\u00e4velyraajaparin v\u00e4liss\u00e4. L\u00e4hes kaikilla h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keill\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 elimet ovat pienikokoiset. Mutta sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kill\u00e4 paritteluelimet ovat tilavuudeltaan l\u00e4hes yht\u00e4 suuret kuin h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin koko eturuumis.\r\n\r\nHuolimatta kaikista n\u00e4ist\u00e4 erikoisuuksistaan sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on etel\u00e4mp\u00e4n\u00e4 yleinen laji, jota voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 L\u00e4nsi-Euroopasta Aasiaan. Meill\u00e4 laji on levinneisyysalueensa pohjoisrajalla. Se el\u00e4\u00e4 metsiss\u00e4, ja sen sukunimi (Hyptiotes<\/i>) viittaa rentoutuneeseen tai rauhalliseen (\u201dsel\u00e4ll\u00e4\u00e4n makaava, joutilas\u201d johtuen lajin tyypillisest\u00e4 lepoasennosta). On selv\u00e4\u00e4, ett\u00e4 naamiov\u00e4ritys itsess\u00e4\u00e4n ja hiljaa paikoillaan pysytteleminen ovat t\u00e4rkeit\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin hengiss\u00e4 s\u00e4ilymiselle. Lajinimi (paradoxus<\/i>; \u201douto, paradoksiaalinen\u201d) innostaa oppimaan lis\u00e4\u00e4 t\u00e4st\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kist\u00e4. Mik\u00e4li satutte lajin esiintymisalueelle sen ollessa t\u00e4ysikasvuinen (loppukes\u00e4ll\u00e4 tai alkusyksyll\u00e4), antaa sektorih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin maailma ja tuoksuva kuusenneulaskarike hyv\u00e4n tilaisuuden rentouttavalle k\u00e4velylle.\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger &\u00a0Seppo Koponen\r\n

Yhteydenotot Suomi<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, 20014 Turun yliopisto, sepkopo(a)utu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

L'Araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'Ann\u00e9e 2009<\/h4>\r\nL'araign\u00e9e triangle - Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nPresque tout le monde conna\u00eet la toile g\u00e9om\u00e9trique typique de l'araign\u00e9e des jardins. De m\u00eame il est largement connu que sur des millions d'ann\u00e9es, la nature a chang\u00e9 les organismes et leurs comportements en des formes parfois tout \u00e0 fait bizarres. L'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e 2009 illustre comment la toile classique d'araign\u00e9e peut \u00eatre modifi\u00e9e en un dispositif de capture de proies ing\u00e9nieux.\r\n\r\nTout d'abord\u00a0: le protagoniste est discr\u00e8tement petit (3 - 6 mm de taille de corps), color\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re peu marqu\u00e9e (gris p\u00e2le, brun\u00e2tre ou plus ou moins sombre, souvent avec un motif de briquet, avec des soies plumeuses) et il vit cach\u00e9, principalement parmi les ramilles s\u00e8ches de la zone int\u00e9rieure des pin\u00e8des. L'araign\u00e9e est notablement trapue, \u00e0 la fois pour les pattes et le corps, tout en \u00e9tant merveilleusement camoufl\u00e9e dans son environnement. L'abdomen a la forme d'un triangle dress\u00e9 et ceci a du influer sur la d\u00e9signation du nom de l'araign\u00e9e. Mais c'est encore la toile qui d\u00e9voile l'araign\u00e9e plus clairement. Alors que vous vous promenez \u00e0 travers une pin\u00e8de, la lumi\u00e8re du soleil r\u00e9v\u00e8le ses structures en soie de 20 cm de largeur en se refl\u00e9tant sur les fils. Ces toiles sont simplement construites \u00e0 partir de quatre fils radiaux ainsi que des fils de capture tendus entre eux\u00a0; en fait ils constituent trois segments d'une toile g\u00e9om\u00e9trique compl\u00e8te. La toile est maintenue en place par des fils de support sur un c\u00f4t\u00e9 et un fil de signal \u00e9mergeant du centre sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 oppos\u00e9. Globalement cela ressemble \u00e0 un triangle en soie. De cette fa\u00e7on, Hyptiotes<\/i> serre les brins de sa toile et se tient, en attente, entre le moyeu et le point d'ancrage, formant efficacement un \u00e9l\u00e9ment actif du fil d'avertissement. Si un insecte se prend dans les fils de capture, l'araign\u00e9e laisse tout de suite le pi\u00e8ge se fermer instantan\u00e9ment en augmentant la longueur du fil de support derri\u00e8re elle, r\u00e9duisant alors la tension du reste de la toile. Dans cette direction, les fils de capture se d\u00e9forment sur la proie, laissant le constructeur de l'ouvrage avec un travail facile pour terminer sa t\u00e2che.\r\n\r\nPour les arachnophobes, cette araign\u00e9e est un rayon d'espoir car elle ne poss\u00e8de aucune glande \u00e0 poison tout comme les autres membres des tisserandes \u00e0 toile cribell\u00e9e (famille des Uloboridae). Ainsi que la toile g\u00e9om\u00e9trique, ces glandes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duites au cours de l'\u00e9volution. La proie est simplement emball\u00e9e dans une masse fixe ce qui implique que durant la digestion, la soie doit \u00eatre mang\u00e9e en premier pour permettre ensuite \u00e0 l'araign\u00e9e d'atteindre les substances nutritives de la proie. Chez toutes les araign\u00e9es, ceci survient \u00e0 travers une digestion pr\u00e9orale en avant de la bouche.\r\n\r\nUn autre trait inhabituel que l'araign\u00e9e triangle partage avec environ 50 esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 r\u00e9partition europ\u00e9enne, est la soie cribell\u00e9e. Pour expliquer ceci, il est important de voir tout d'abord comment les fili\u00e8res sont constitu\u00e9es. Normalement les araign\u00e9es ont 6 fili\u00e8res - fort courtes- appendices modifi\u00e9s et r\u00e9duits au bout de l'abdomen. Au bout de ces fili\u00e8res sont pr\u00e9sentes des fusules qui sont connect\u00e9es aux glandes s\u00e9ricig\u00e8nes \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur du corps. La soie sort des fusules et peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e par exemple pour des fils de support ou la confection des cocons. Les araign\u00e9es cribellates ont, en plus des 6 fili\u00e8res, une sorte de passoire - le cribellum qui est situ\u00e9 juste en avant de ces fili\u00e8res. C'est vraisemblablement homologue \u00e0 une 4\u00e8me<\/sup> paire de fili\u00e8res pr\u00e9sente chez les araign\u00e9es ancestrales, pouvant encore \u00eatre visible chez une poign\u00e9e de formes primitives. Des milliers de fils simples sont produits par les fines fusules sur le cribellum. Ces fils sont card\u00e9s par un calamistrum\u00a0: rang\u00e9e de soies formant un peigne sur la derni\u00e8re paire de pattes, ce qui rend les fils de capture \u00ab\u00a0cr\u00e9pus\u00a0\u00bb. Ils sont quatre fois plus adh\u00e9sifs que les fils collants de l'araign\u00e9e des jardins et ont l'avantage de ne pas avoir besoin d'\u00eatre refaits r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 cause de l'ass\u00e8chement de la colle.\r\n\r\nEn d\u00e9pit de toutes ces bizarreries, l'araign\u00e9e triangle est aussi une araign\u00e9e commune et peut \u00eatre rencontr\u00e9e de l'Europe de l'ouest \u00e0 l'est asiatique. Elle est pr\u00e9sente dans les bois et son nom de genre (\u00ab\u00a0qui est couch\u00e9e sur le dos\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0l'inactive\u00a0\u00bb en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 sa position normale de repos) sugg\u00e8re quelque chose d'assez d\u00e9contract\u00e9. Cela va sans dire que se camoufler soi-m\u00eame et rester tr\u00e8s calme sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments importants pour la survie. Le nom d'esp\u00e8ce paradoxus<\/i> (\u00ab\u00a0l'\u00e9trange ou le paradoxal\u00a0\u00bb) nous rend curieux pour en apprendre plus sur cette araign\u00e9e. Alors si durant la p\u00e9riode de maturit\u00e9 (juillet \u00e0 octobre) vous pouvez vous accordez un couple d'heures et que vous voulez reposer votre mauvais dos avec une marche \u00e0 travers des aiguilles de pins tendres et parfum\u00e9es, pourquoi ne pas visiter l'araign\u00e9e triangle dans son monde.\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger &\u00a0Christine Rollard<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

A 2009-as \u00e9v p\u00f3kjai Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban<\/h4>\r\nA furcsa p\u00f3k \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> C.L. Koch 1843\r\n\r\nA koron\u00e1s keresztesp\u00f3k tipikus kerekh\u00e1l\u00f3j\u00e1t szinte mindenki ismeri. A term\u00e9szetb\u00fav\u00e1rok k\u00f6r\u00e9ben hasonl\u00f3k\u00e9ppen ismert, hogy az \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9nyeknek \u00e9s viselked\u00e9s\u00fcknek az \u00e9vmilli\u00f3k sor\u00e1n n\u00e9ha bizarr form\u00e1it hozta l\u00e9tre a term\u00e9szet. A 2009-es \u00e9v p\u00f3kja a klasszikus p\u00f3kh\u00e1l\u00f3k\u00e9nt ismert kerekh\u00e1l\u00f3 k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u0171 rovarcsapd\u00e1v\u00e1 val\u00f3 \u00e1talakul\u00e1s\u00e1t szeml\u00e9lteti. De el\u0151sz\u00f6r n\u00e9zz\u00fck mag\u00e1t a p\u00f3kot, a h\u00e1l\u00f3 tulajdonos\u00e1t.\r\n\r\nA f\u0151h\u0151s viszonylag nehezen vehet\u0151 \u00e9szre, a kism\u00e9ret\u0171 p\u00f3k (3-6 mm testhossz) \u00e9s a sz\u00ednezete sem felt\u0171n\u0151. Teste fak\u00f3sz\u00fcrke, barna, n\u00e9ha eg\u00e9szen s\u00f6t\u00e9t. A vil\u00e1gos mint\u00e1zat\u00e1t a feh\u00e9res tollszer\u0171 sz\u0151rei eredm\u00e9nyezik. A faj a lucfenyvesek v\u00e9kony sz\u00e1raz \u00e1gai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00e9li rejtett \u00e9let\u00e9t. A p\u00f3k teste \u00e9s l\u00e1bai egyar\u00e1nt felt\u0171n\u0151en z\u00f6m\u00f6kek, t\u00f6mzsiek, az \u00e1llat a k\u00f6rnyezet\u00e9be csod\u00e1latosan beleolvad. A h\u00e1l\u00f3j\u00e1t \u00fagy fedezhetj\u00fck fel a legk\u00f6nnyebben, ha a fenyvesben napf\u00e9nnyel szemben haladunk. Ekkor az ellenf\u00e9nyben megcsillan a kb. 20 centim\u00e9teres h\u00e1l\u00f3, mely mind\u00f6ssze n\u00e9gy sug\u00e1rfon\u00e1lb\u00f3l \u00e9s az azokat \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 fonalakb\u00f3l \u00e9p\u00fcl fel. Ez val\u00f3j\u00e1ban egy kerekh\u00e1l\u00f3 h\u00e1rom cikkely\u00e9nek felel meg. A h\u00e1l\u00f3t egyik oldalr\u00f3l egy keretfon\u00e1l, vele szemben pedig a tart\u00f3 fonal fesz\u00edti ki, \u00e9s tartja, r\u00f6gz\u00edti az \u00e1gak k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. \u00d6sszess\u00e9g\u00e9ben \u00fagy n\u00e9z ki a h\u00e1l\u00f3, mint egy selyem h\u00e1romsz\u00f6g. Maga a p\u00f3k is akt\u00edv r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezi a h\u00e1l\u00f3nak. Els\u0151 l\u00e1baival fogja (\u201ek\u00e9zben\u201d tartja) a h\u00e1l\u00f3 tart\u00f3fonal\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00fagy v\u00e1rakozik a h\u00e1l\u00f3 k\u00f6zpontja (k\u00f6ld\u00f6ke) \u00e9s a r\u00f6gz\u00edt\u0151 pont k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, mintegy a tart\u00f3fonal \u00e9l\u0151 r\u00e9sze. A p\u00f3k a fon\u00f3szem\u00f6lcseivel \u00e9s a h\u00e1ts\u00f3 l\u00e1baival tartja a kapcsolatot az ellent\u00e9tes oldalon l\u00e9v\u0151 r\u00f6gz\u00edt\u0151ponttal, ami \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban szint\u00e9n egy sz\u00e1raz feny\u0151\u00e1g. Amikor rovar \u00fctk\u00f6zik a h\u00e1l\u00f3ba, a p\u00f3k a fon\u00f3szem\u00f6lcseib\u0151l fonalat bocs\u00e1jt ki, ami \u00e1ltal a tart\u00f3fonal hossza megn\u0151, a h\u00e1l\u00f3 feszess\u00e9ge cs\u00f6kken, \u00e9s \u00f6sszecsap\u00f3dik a rovar felett. A meglazul\u00f3 h\u00e1l\u00f3 fog\u00f3fonalaiba belegabalyodik a rovar, \u00edgy m\u00e1r k\u00f6nny\u0171 pr\u00e9da a p\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. A p\u00f3kokt\u00f3l irt\u00f3z\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra bizony\u00e1ra megnyugtat\u00f3 h\u00edr, hogy a t\u00f6bbi deresp\u00f3khoz hasonl\u00f3an ennek a fajnak sincsen m\u00e9regmirigye. A kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag p\u00f3kselyemmel rabul ejtett \u00e9s hat\u00e1stalan\u00edtott zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyt a \u201ccsomagol\u00f3\u201d anyaggal egy\u00fctt em\u00e9szti meg a p\u00f3k, \u00edgy az is hasznosul. Valamennyi p\u00f3k k\u00fcls\u0151 em\u00e9szt\u00e9st v\u00e9gez, mely az em\u00e9szt\u0151nedvvel felt\u00f6lt\u00f6tt pr\u00e9da test\u00e9ben zajlik. A furcsap\u00f3k egy tov\u00e1bbi jellegzetess\u00e9ge a fon\u00e1lsz\u0171r\u0151s fon\u00e1l.\r\n\r\nA fon\u00e1lsz\u0171r\u0151 mintegy 50 eur\u00f3pai p\u00f3kfaj eset\u00e9ben ismert sz\u0151v\u0151szerv. A legt\u00f6bb ma \u00e9l\u0151 p\u00f3k hat fon\u00f3szem\u00f6lccsel rendelkezik az ut\u00f3test\u00e9nek v\u00e9g\u00e9n. Ezek a fon\u00f3szem\u00f6lcs\u00f6k apr\u00f3 cs\u00f6vekb\u0151l, \u00fagynevezett cs\u00e9v\u00e9kb\u0151l \u00e9p\u00fclnek fel, melyek a testben l\u00e9v\u0151 sz\u00f6v\u0151mirigyekkel vannak kapcsolatban. A cs\u00e9v\u00e9ken kiv\u00e1lasztott p\u00f3kselyemb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclnek a h\u00e1l\u00f3k fonalai, illetve p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a petecsom\u00f3 k\u00fcls\u0151 burkolata is. Az \u00fagynevezett fon\u00e1lsz\u0171r\u0151s p\u00f3kok eset\u00e9ben a fon\u00f3szem\u00f6lcs\u00f6k el\u0151tt helyezkedik el a fon\u00e1lsz\u0171r\u0151, amely val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a leg\u0151sibb p\u00f3kokn\u00e1l m\u00e9g megl\u00e9v\u0151 negyedik p\u00e1r sz\u00f6v\u0151szem\u00f6lcsb\u0151l alakult ki. A fon\u00e1lsz\u0171r\u0151t szint\u00e9n apr\u00f3 cs\u00e9v\u00e9k alkotj\u00e1k. Ezeken kereszt\u00fcl sok ezer v\u00e9kony fonalat bocs\u00e1jt ki a p\u00f3k, melyet a negyedik p\u00e1r l\u00e1bon tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 f\u00e9s\u0171szer\u0171 ny\u00fcst seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel f\u00e9s\u00fcl (ny\u00fcst\u00f6l) egy rendk\u00edv\u00fcl v\u00e9konysz\u00e1l\u00fa, \u00fagynevezett fodros sz\u00f6ved\u00e9kk\u00e9. Ezeknek a fonalaknak l\u00e9nyegesen nagyobb a tapad\u00f3 k\u00e9pess\u00e9ge (adh\u00e9zi\u00f3s ereje), mint a keresztesp\u00f3k fonal\u00e1nak, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi el\u0151nye, hogy ezt a k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9t tart\u00f3san meg\u0151rzi, nem sz\u00e1rad ki, mint valami ragaszt\u00f3anyag. V\u00e9gezet\u00fcl m\u00e9g egy anat\u00f3miai k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9get \u00e9rdemes megeml\u00edteni. A p\u00f3kok h\u00edmjeire \u00e1ltal\u00e1nosan jellemz\u0151, hogy k\u00f6zvetett m\u00f3don adj\u00e1k \u00e1t a n\u0151st\u00e9nyeknek a h\u00edmivarsejtjeiket. Ezt a feladatot egy m\u00f3dosult v\u00e9gtag, a p\u00e1rz\u00f3l\u00e1b v\u00e9gzi, mely a cs\u00e1pr\u00f3g\u00f3 \u00e9s az els\u0151 j\u00e1r\u00f3l\u00e1b k\u00f6z\u00f6tt tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A legt\u00f6bb p\u00f3kn\u00e1l kicsi, vagy m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelt m\u00e9ret\u0171 ez a saj\u00e1tos p\u00e1rz\u00f3szerv. A furcsap\u00f3k p\u00e1rz\u00f3l\u00e1bai hatalmasak, gyakorlatilag az eg\u00e9sz fejtor m\u00e9ret\u00e9vel azonos nagys\u00e1g\u00faak. A sok-sok k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9g ellen\u00e9re, a furcsap\u00f3k val\u00f3j\u00e1ban gyakori faj. Nyugat-Eur\u00f3p\u00e1t\u00f3l Kelet-\u00c1zsi\u00e1ig fordul el\u0151. Kimondottan erd\u0151lak\u00f3 faj. A tudom\u00e1nyos nev\u00e9nek els\u0151 tagja \u2212 Hyptiotes \u2212 a kor\u00e1bban m\u00e1r eml\u00edtett k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges nyugalmi testtart\u00e1s\u00e1ra utal. H\u00e1ttal lefel\u00e9 cs\u00fcng a h\u00e1l\u00f3 tart\u00f3fonal\u00e1nak \u00e9l\u0151 r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt. E k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u00e1lc\u00e1z\u00f3 viselked\u00e9se a t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9nek is z\u00e1loga. Magyar k\u00f6zhaszn\u00fa nev\u00e9t, a tudom\u00e1nyos nev\u00e9nek m\u00e1sodik tagja alapj\u00e1n kapta. A furcsa \u2212 paradox \u2212 jelz\u0151 okkal kelt k\u00edv\u00e1ncsis\u00e1got az emberben.\r\n\r\n\u00c9rdemes felkeresni \u00e9s \u201emeglesni\u201d a furcsap\u00f3kot \u201esaj\u00e1t otthon\u00e1ban\u201d. A szem\u00e9lyes tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t k\u00edn\u00e1lja egy pihentet\u0151 ny\u00e1ri s\u00e9ta az illatoz\u00f3 \u00fcde lucfenyvesben, melyet minden term\u00e9szet ir\u00e1nt \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u0151nek j\u00f3 sz\u00edvvel aj\u00e1nlhatunk.\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger\u00a0&\u00a0Szinet\u00e1r Csaba<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski Paj\u0105k Roku 2009<\/h4>\r\nHyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C. L. Koch) \u2013 prz\u0105stnik\r\n\r\nW ci\u0105gu milion\u00f3w lat ewolucji natura zaowocowa\u0142a r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015bci\u0105 organizm\u00f3w, ich zachowa\u0144 i wytwor\u00f3w, przybieraj\u0105c czasami najdziwniejsze formy. Paj\u0105ki i ich sieci to z pewno\u015bci\u0105 jeden z najbardziej spektakularnych przejaw\u00f3w biologicznej ewolucji. Dotyczy to tak\u017ce Hyptiotes paradoksus<\/i> - Europejskiego Paj\u0105ka Roku 2009. Ma on kilka niezwyk\u0142ych cech, kt\u00f3re zapewne zdecydowa\u0142y o nadaniu mu nazwy gatunkowej (paradoxus<\/i> = dziwny, paradoksalny).\r\n\r\nJego rozmiary s\u0105 niewielkie (d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 3\u20136 mm), ubarwienie nie rzuca si\u0119 w oczy (jasnoszare, br\u0105zowawe lub ciemniejsze, cz\u0119sto z ja\u015bniejszym wzorem jasnych, cz\u0119\u015bciowo pierzastych w\u0142os\u00f3w) a tryb \u017cycia skryty - g\u0142\u00f3wnie w\u015br\u00f3d suchych patyczk\u00f3w w lasach iglastych. Jego odw\u0142ok ma kszta\u0142t lekko sto\u017ckowaty a sylwetka jest do\u015b\u0107 kr\u0119pa, zar\u00f3wno gdy idzie o nogi, jak i reszt\u0119 cia\u0142a.\r\nDo osobliwych cech prz\u0105stnika nale\u017cy niew\u0105tpliwie jego sie\u0107. Ma ona ok. 20 cm d\u0142ugo\u015bci i wygl\u0105da jak jedwabny tr\u00f3jk\u0105t. W por\u00f3wnaniu z kompletn\u0105, promienist\u0105 sieci\u0105 spotykan\u0105 np. u krzy\u017cak\u00f3w, zawiera tylko 4 promienie i 3 sektory z rozpi\u0119t\u0105 nici\u0105 \u0142own\u0105. Z wierzcho\u0142ka tr\u00f3jk\u0105tnej konstrukcji wychodzi ni\u0107 mocuj\u0105ca, pe\u0142ni\u0105ca jednocze\u015bnie funkcj\u0119 sygnalizacyjn\u0105. Prz\u0105stnik jest elementem tej nici, gdy\u017c trzyma j\u0105 w przednich odn\u00f3\u017cach, za\u015b drugi jej fragment umocowany jest do k\u0105dzio\u0142k\u00f3w prz\u0119dnych. Je\u015bli owad zaczepi o nici \u0142owne, paj\u0105k gwa\u0142townie wysnuwaj ni\u0107 z k\u0105dzio\u0142k\u00f3w, zmniejszaj\u0105c napr\u0119\u017cenie sieci, kt\u00f3ra opada na ofiar\u0119, opl\u0105tuj\u0105c j\u0105. Niestety, ulega przy tym zniszczeniu i musi by\u0107 ka\u017cdorazowo odbudowana.\r\n\r\nInn\u0105 cech\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 \u201etr\u00f3jk\u0105tny paj\u0105k\u201d dzieli z ok. 50 europejskimi gatunkami, jest budowa aparatu prz\u0119dnego i specyficzny rodzaj prz\u0119dzy. Zazwyczaj paj\u0105ki maj\u0105 3 pary k\u0105dzio\u0142k\u00f3w prz\u0119dnych - w postaci kr\u00f3tkich wyrostk\u00f3w na ko\u0144cu odw\u0142oka. Na ich wierzcho\u0142kach znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 brodawki prz\u0119dne, po\u0142\u0105czone z gruczo\u0142ami wewn\u0105trz cia\u0142a. Wydostaj\u0105ca si\u0119 z brodawek prz\u0119dza przyjmuje na og\u00f3\u0142 posta\u0107 nici, s\u0142u\u017c\u0105cych do budowy sieci, asekuracji, tkania oprz\u0119d\u00f3w czy kokon\u00f3w. Niekt\u00f3re paj\u0105ki, w tym nasz wybraniec, maj\u0105 dodatkow\u0105 struktur\u0119. Jest ni\u0105 siteczko prz\u0119dne, tzw. cribellum<\/i> [st\u0105d nazwa: paj\u0105ki Cribellate<\/i>, odnosz\u0105ca si\u0119 do przedstawicieli r\u00f3\u017cnych rodzin]. Siteczko po\u0142o\u017cone jest przed kadzio\u0142kami i pochodzi prawdopodobnie od ich zmodyfikowanej czwartej pary (spotykanej u kopalnych paj\u0105k\u00f3w pierwotnych i niekt\u00f3rych wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych). Prz\u0119dza jest wyczesywana z cribellum<\/i> przez grzebie\u0144 prz\u0119dny zwany calamistrum<\/i>. Jest on zbudowany ze szczecin i zlokalizowany na ostatniej parze n\u00f3g. Wysnute z cribellum<\/i> nici \u0142owne s\u0105 bardzo delikatne, we\u0142niste i przypominaj\u0105 moher. S\u0105 przy tym 4-krotnie bardziej chwytne ni\u017c nici krzy\u017cak\u00f3w, wykazuj\u0105 te\u017c wi\u0119ksz\u0105 trwa\u0142o\u015b\u0107, bo brak im kropel lepkiej substancji, kt\u00f3ra mog\u0142aby \u0142atwo wysycha\u0107.\r\n\r\nZ punktu widzenia arachnofob\u00f3w, zalet\u0105 prz\u0105stnika jest to, \u017ce, podobnie jak inne gatunki z rodziny Uloboridae, nie ma gruczo\u0142\u00f3w jadowych. Uleg\u0142y one redukcji w trakcie ewolucji, ofiara jest wi\u0119c unieruchamiana prz\u0119dz\u0105. Przed posi\u0142kiem nale\u017cy zdobycz \u201erozpakowa\u0107\u201d a nici zje\u015b\u0107. Ich bia\u0142ko jest zbyt cenne, aby mia\u0142o si\u0119 zmarnowa\u0107. Podobnie jak u innych paj\u0105k\u00f3w, trawienie odbywa si\u0119 poza cia\u0142em: przy u\u017cyciu enzym\u00f3w \u015bliny. Potem p\u0142ynna zawarto\u015b\u0107 jest wsysana.\r\n\r\nKolejne dziwactwo prz\u0105stnika zwi\u0105zane jest z rozrodem. Podobnie jak inne paj\u0105ki, Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i> nie ma penisa a narz\u0105dy kopulacyjne nie s\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 uk\u0142adu rozrodczego. Zlokalizowane na nogog\u0142aszczkach, s\u0142u\u017c\u0105 do transferu spermy i maj\u0105 skomplikowan\u0105 struktur\u0119 - dopasowan\u0105 do \u017ce\u0144skich narz\u0105d\u00f3w kopulacyjnych jak klucz do zamka. Prawie u wszystkich paj\u0105k\u00f3w narz\u0105dy te s\u0105 ma\u0142e lub \u015bredniej wielko\u015bci, natomiast u Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i> dor\u00f3wnuj\u0105 d\u0142ugo\u015bci g\u0142owotu\u0142owia (!!!).\r\n\r\nPrz\u0105stnik jest pospolitym gatunkiem, wyst\u0119puj\u0105cym od zachodniej Europy, po wschodni\u0105 Azj\u0119. \u017byje w borach (w Polsce g\u0142\u00f3wnie w \u015bwierkowych, rzadziej w sosnowych), siedz\u0105c zwykle w pozycji \u201ezrelaksowanej\u201d (st\u0105d nazwa rodzajowa Hyptiotes<\/i> = le\u017c\u0105cy na grzbiecie, leniwy, nieaktywny). Kamufla\u017c i niewielka ruchliwo\u015b\u0107 s\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 strategii, zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105cej szanse prze\u017cycia.\r\n\r\nLetnie i wczesnojesienne w\u0119dr\u00f3wki sprzyjaj\u0105 obserwacjom przyrody. Mo\u017ce warto rozejrze\u0107 si\u0119 uwa\u017cniej, by znale\u017a\u0107 Europejskiego Paj\u0105ka Roku 2009 i podziwia\u0107 jego niezwyk\u0142e, po\u0142yskuj\u0105ce w s\u0142o\u0144cu sieci?\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger &\u00a0Marek \u017babka<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets europeiska spindel 2009<\/h4>\r\nTriangelspindeln \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nS\u00e5 gott som alla \u00e4r bekanta med korsspindelns typiska hjulformade spindeln\u00e4t. V\u00e4lk\u00e4nt \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 att genom \u00e5rmiljonernas evolution har m\u00e4rkliga former, beteenden och andra egenskaper utvecklats. Hos \u00c5rets spindel 2009 har det klassiska hjulformade n\u00e4tet blivit f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrat till ett genialiskt och f\u00f6rminskat f\u00e5ngstredskap.\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets spindel triangelspindeln, Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>, \u00e4r en t\u00e4mligen sm\u00e5vuxen spindel, bara 3-6 mm l\u00e5ng. Den \u00e4r vackert skyddsf\u00e4rgad s\u00e5 att den \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att se. F\u00e4rgen kan vara ljusgr\u00e5, orange eller brunaktigt m\u00f6rk, oftast med ett ljusare m\u00f6nster som best\u00e5r av delvis fj\u00e4dergrenade h\u00e5r. Den lever g\u00f6md bland torra kvistar i barrskogar, i Sverige oftast under de gr\u00f6na barrf\u00f6rsedda grenarna hos gran. Den \u00e4r \u00e4ven k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n tall och idegran. Spindeln \u00e4r m\u00e4rkbart satt, med korta kraftiga ben och kropp. Bakkroppen har formen av en upph\u00f6jd triangel.\r\nN\u00e4tet \u00e4r triangelformat och \u00e4r det som gett spindeln dess namn. N\u00e4r man g\u00e5r genom en skog d\u00e4r triangelspindeln finns kan solens str\u00e5lar ibland avsl\u00f6ja det ca 20 cm l\u00e5nga n\u00e4tet. Det liknar ett hjuln\u00e4t som blivit av med det mesta av tr\u00e5darna och bara har en liten t\u00e5rtbit kvar. Som helhet ser det ut som en sidentriangel n\u00e4r ljuset faller p\u00e5 r\u00e4tt s\u00e4tt, annars kan n\u00e4tet vara n\u00e4stan hoppl\u00f6st att f\u00e5 syn p\u00e5. N\u00e4tet best\u00e5r av endast fyra radi\u00e4ra tr\u00e5dar och av de d\u00e4remellan g\u00e5ende f\u00e5ngsttr\u00e5darna (se bild). Hela n\u00e4tet best\u00e5r av bara tre sektioner. Det h\u00e5lls p\u00e5 plats av st\u00f6dtr\u00e5dar p\u00e5 den breda sidan och med en signaltr\u00e5d \u00e5t andra h\u00e5llet. Triangelspindeln h\u00e5ller med sina ben i signaltr\u00e5den och d\u00e4rmed n\u00e4tet. Kan ni se spindeln p\u00e5 bilden med n\u00e4tet? Bak\u00e5t, \u00e5t andra h\u00e5llet, sitter en tr\u00e5d mellan spindelns bakkropp och ett f\u00e4ste p\u00e5 en gren. Hyptiotes<\/i> bildar p\u00e5 det s\u00e4ttet en levande och sp\u00e4nd del av signaltr\u00e5den. Om en insekt landar mot n\u00e4tets f\u00e5ngsttr\u00e5dar s\u00e5 l\u00e5ter spindeln direkt n\u00e4tet sl\u00e5 ihop genom att f\u00f6rl\u00e4nga f\u00e4sttr\u00e5den bak\u00e5t. N\u00e4r tr\u00e5den f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngs minskar sp\u00e4nningen i n\u00e4tet och f\u00e5ngsttr\u00e5darna ramlar \u00f6ver bytet som blir effektivt snarat. Sen \u00e4r det bara f\u00f6r spindeln att g\u00f6ra sig klar f\u00f6r att suga ut bytesdjuret.\r\n\r\nDen som har spindelfobi kan kanske k\u00e4nna sig l\u00e4ttad \u00f6ver att tr\u00e4ffa p\u00e5 triangelspindeln som liksom \u00f6vriga spindlar av familjen krusn\u00e4tspindlar, Uloboridae, helt saknar gift. I Sverige har vi en art till som tillh\u00f6r familjen, den i v\u00e4xthus ofta hittade tofsspindeln, Uloborus plumipes<\/i>. Deras giftk\u00f6rtlar har under evolutionen blivit bortreducerade. Bytet blir ihoprullat till ett litet runt paket d\u00e4r bytet inte kan r\u00f6ra sig. P\u00e5 paketet avges en v\u00e4tska med enzymer fr\u00e5n spindeln. Som alla spindlar kan triangelspindeln bara suga i sig v\u00e4tska. Bytet som l\u00f6ses upp av enzymerna, b\u00f6rjar sugas ut, mer eller mindre levande.\r\n\r\nEn annan ovanlig egenskap som triangelspindeln har gemensamt med ett femtiotal andra spindelarter i Europa \u00e4r s. k. cribellata tr\u00e5dar. Spinnk\u00f6rtlarna hos dessa spindlar \u00e4r annorlunda. Hos de flesta spindlar finns tre par spinnk\u00f6rtlar l\u00e4ngst bak p\u00e5 bakkroppen. P\u00e5 spinnk\u00f6rtlarna finns m\u00e5nga spinnv\u00e5rtor ur vilka spinntr\u00e5darna kommer ut. Dessa har ocks\u00e5 de cribellata spindlarna, men f\u00f6rutom detta har de \u00e4ven en platta, kallad cribellum, som sitter framf\u00f6r spinnv\u00e5rtorna. Den har med st\u00f6rsta sannolikhet utvecklats ur ett fj\u00e4rde par spinnk\u00f6rtlar som man hittar hos tidiga, nu till st\u00f6rsta delen utd\u00f6da, spindlar. P\u00e5 cribellum bildas, ur en m\u00e4ngd mycket tunna spinnv\u00e5rtor, massvis med fina tr\u00e5dar. Dessa kammas ut till ulliknande tr\u00e5dar av en kamliknande bildning p\u00e5 bakbenen som kallas calamistrum. Dessa tr\u00e5dar har en oerh\u00f6rd f\u00e4stf\u00f6rm\u00e5ga. De \u00e4r fyra g\u00e5nger s\u00e5 vidh\u00e4ftande j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med korsspindelns limtr\u00e5dar i deras hjuln\u00e4t. De fastnar till och med p\u00e5 naglar. Dessutom har de cribellata tr\u00e5darna den f\u00f6rdelen att de inte beh\u00f6ver g\u00f6ras om var och varannan dag utan fungerar bra under mycket l\u00e5ng tid. En nackdel \u00e4r att de \u00e4r k\u00e4nsliga f\u00f6r regndroppar.\r\n\r\nEn annan anatomisk absurditet hos triangelspindeln b\u00f6r n\u00e4mnas. Hanspindlar av alla de slag saknar penis och \u00f6verf\u00f6r sperman ist\u00e4llet via sina boxhandskliknande palper som sitter p\u00e5 huvudet som ett par korta armar. Hanarnas palper \u00e4r hos de flesta spindelhanar n\u00e5gorlunda sm\u00e5. Hos triangelspindeln \u00e4r det stora, n\u00e4stan lika stora som spindelns framkropp.\r\n\r\nTrots alla dessa m\u00e4rkv\u00e4rdigheter \u00e4r triangelspindeln ingen ovanlig spindel. I Sverige finns den p\u00e5 m\u00e5nga lite solvarma platser i s\u00f6dra Sverige, i G\u00f6taland och Svealand. Den finns i hela Danmark, i Norge och Finland dock bara i de sydligaste delarna. S\u00f6derut finns den i V\u00e4steuropa, Centraleuropa och \u00f6sterut till Mellersta \u00d6stern. I varmare delar av Medelhavsomr\u00e5det ers\u00e4tts den av en n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende art. Den \u00e4r vuxen p\u00e5 sensommaren och h\u00f6sten, fr\u00e5n juli till oktober.\r\n\r\nTriangelspindelns sl\u00e4ktnamn Hyptiotes<\/i> betyder den som ligger p\u00e5 rygg, den vilande, vilket kan passa f\u00f6r denna spindel som inte verkar beh\u00f6va anstr\u00e4nga sig f\u00f6r att h\u00e5lla tr\u00e5darna och normalt h\u00e5ller sig v\u00e4ldigt stilla. Artnamnet paradoxus<\/i> betyder den m\u00e4rkliga eller paradoxa och anspelar p\u00e5 dess udda utseende och beteende.\r\n\r\nUt\u00f6ver namnet triangelspindel har flera personer har kallat den trekantspindel. En av de som kallat den trekantspindel, sa vid ett tillf\u00e4lle att triangelspindel kan den ju inte heta d\u00e5 triangel \u00e4r ett musikinstrument. Namnet trekantspindel \u00e4r dock i 2000-talets Sverige inte s\u00e5 l\u00e4mpligt d\u00e5 de flesta t\u00e4nker sig en spindel som har ett f\u00f6r spindlar ovanligt sexualliv, vilket inte \u00e4r fallet. Endast en hane och hona parar sig med varandra \u00e5t g\u00e5ngen.\r\n\r\nVisst f\u00e5r man lust att iaktta och l\u00e4ra sig mer om denna m\u00e4rkliga spindel. Om man v\u00e4l har hittat den uppe under grangrenarna kan man gl\u00e4dja sig en stund med att titta p\u00e5 detta under och kanske bjuda den p\u00e5 en liten mygga eller annan insekt.\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger & Lars J. Jonsson<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropski pajek leta 2009<\/h4>\r\nSmrekov pajek \u2013 Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)\r\n\r\nVsak verjetno pozna tipi\u010dno kolesasto mre\u017eo pajka kri\u017eevca. Prav tako je splo\u0161no znano, da je narava skozi milijone let nekatere organizme in njihovo vedenje spremenila do v\u010dasih prav bizarnih oblik. Pajek leta 2009 nam ka\u017ee, kako je lahko klasi\u010dna pajkova mre\u017ea spremenjena v genialno lovilno napravo.\r\n\r\nNajprej pa: protagonist je neopazno majhen (dol\u017eina telesa zna\u0161a 3-6 mm), neopazno obarvan (svetlo siv, rjav ali temnej\u0161i, navadno s svetlimi, delno peresastimi dlakami) in \u017eivi skrit (prete\u017eno med suhimi vejami v notranjosti iglastih gozdov). Pajek ima tako vpadljivo \u010dokato telo, kot tudi noge, in je izvrstno skrit v svojem okolju. Zadek ima obliko dvignjenega trikotnika, kar je verjetno odlo\u010dilno vplivalo na pajkovo ime v angle\u0161kem in nem\u0161kem jeziku. Vseeno pa je mre\u017ea tista, ki pajka najhitreje izda. Med sprehodom po iglastem gozdu je najbolje, da po\u010dakamo na sonce, ki nam osvetli pribli\u017eno 20 cm veliko mre\u017eo: ta je sestavljena iz vsega \u0161tirih \u017earkov in med njimi napeljanih lovilnih niti, torej iz treh delov celotne kolesaste mre\u017ee. Mre\u017eo na eni strani dr\u017ei nit okvirja, na drugi pa iz sredi\u0161\u010da izhajajo\u010da signalna nit. Celotna mre\u017ea tako izgleda kot svilen trikotnik. Hyptiotes sam, ima tako reko\u010d vse niti v svojih rokah, saj pre\u017ei med sredi\u0161\u010dem mre\u017ee in zato\u010di\u0161\u010dem kot \u017eiv vmesni \u010dlen, vgrajen v signalno nit. \u010ce insekt pristane v lovilnih nitih, pajek sunkovito spro\u017ei past, kar stori tako, da podalj\u0161a nit za seboj in tako zmanj\u0161a napetost mre\u017ee. Na ta na\u010din se lovilne niti nad plenom prekri\u017eajo, kar lastniku mre\u017ee olaj\u0161a delo.\r\n\r\nZa arahnofobe ta vrsta pomeni \u017earek upanja, saj tako kot ostali predstavniki dru\u017eine Uloboridae, nima strupnih \u017elez. Tudi te so bile, tako kot njihova kolesasta mre\u017ea, reducirane med evolucijo. Plen enostavno zavijejo v nepremi\u010dno kepo, kar pomeni, da morajo prebaviti tudi predivo, da lahko pridejo do hranilnih delov plena. To se kot pri vseh ostalih pajkih zgodi s preoralno prebavo pred usti.\r\n\r\n\u0160e ena posebnost, ki si jo smrekov pajek deli s pribli\u017eno 50 drugimi evropskimi vrstami, je kribelatno predivo. Za njegovo razumevanje je pomembna zgradba predilnih bradavic. Navadno imajo pajki \u0161est predilnih bradavic. To so kratki priveski za zadnjem delu zadka, nastali z redukcijo okon\u010din. Na teh so izvodila, povezana s predilnimi \u017elezami v notranjosti telesa. Iz pipic izhaja predivo, ki se lahko uporabi za npr. niti okvirja mre\u017ee ali gradnjo kokona. Kribelatni pajki imajo razen \u0161estih predilnih bradavic neposredno pred njimi \u0161e situ podoben kribelum. Ta bi naj bil homologen \u010detrtemu paru predilnih bradavic, ki je bil prisoten pri prednikih pajkov in je \u0161e ohranjen pri nekaterih redkih pajkih danes. Majhna izvodila kribeluma izlo\u010dajo tiso\u010de posameznih niti. Te z glavniku podobnim kalamistrumom (to je vrsta \u0161\u010detin na zadnjih nogah) raz\u010de\u0161e v \u00bbvolnate\u00ab lovilne niti. Kribelatne niti so \u0161tirikrat bolj lepljive od npr. lepljivih niti kri\u017eevca in imajo \u0161e dodatno prednost, da jih zaradi izsu\u0161evanja kapljic lepila ni potrebno obnoviti tako pogosto.\r\n\r\nZa konec je potrebno omeniti \u0161e eno morfolo\u0161ko absurdnost vrste Hyptiotes paradoxus<\/i>. Vsi samci pajkov morajo zaradi odsotnosti penisa prenesti spermo indirektno, kar storijo s pomo\u010djo kopulacijskih organov na pedipalpih \u2013 okon\u010dinah med usti in prvimi hodilnimi nogami. Pri skoraj vseh vrstah so ti organi majhni do srednje veliki, pri tej vrsti pa paren organ dose\u017ee skupno velikost, ki ustreza skoraj velikost celotnega sprednjega dela telesa.\r\n\r\nPoleg vseh na\u0161tetih posebnosti je smrekov pajek tudi \u010disto obi\u010dajen pajek: je \u0161iroko raz\u0161irjen, pojavlja se v iglastih gozdovih od zahodne Evrope do vzhodne Azije, celo njegovo ime (po njegovi dr\u017ei \u00bbtisti, ki le\u017ei na hrbtu\u00ab, \u00bblenoben\u00ab) nakazuje na nekaj spro\u0161\u010dujo\u010dega, \u010deprav je samoumevno, da je za kamufla\u017eo potrebna tudi mirnost. Vrstno ime \u00bbparadoxus\u00ab (\u00bbneobi\u010dajen\u00ab, \u00bb\u010duden\u00ab) pa v nas spet vzbuja \u017eeljo, da bi o tem pajku izvedeli ve\u010d. \u010ce boste imeli v \u010dasu odraslosti te vrste pajka (od julija do oktobra) nekaj ur \u010dasa, da odpo\u010dijete svoj hrbet med sprehodom po di\u0161e\u010dih in mehkih tleh iglastega gozda, zakaj jih ne bi namenili obisku smrekovega pajka v njegovem svetu!\r\n\r\nPeter J\u00e4ger &\u00a0Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2009
\nThe Triangle Spider
\nHyptiotes paradoxus<\/em> (C.L. Koch 1843)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

Almost everyone is familiar with the typical orb-web of the garden spider. It is also widely known that over millions of years nature has altered some organisms and their behaviours into sometimes quite bizarre forms.<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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