{"id":437,"date":"2015-08-14T11:30:29","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T09:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=437"},"modified":"2017-04-04T09:37:53","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T07:37:53","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2012","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=437","title":{"rendered":"2012 Meta menardi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2012<\/h1>\n

The large cave spider<\/h3>\n

Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)<\/h4>\n
\"Meta

Meta menardi<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

For the 2012 spider of the year there are a number of “firsts”: a new spider family (Tetragnathidae – long-jawed spiders), a new habitat (caves) and a new joint animal of the year (it is also cave animal of the year) (link)<\/a>. But one thing after another; to begin with, a brief introduction to the spider of the year: Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804) the large cave spider.<\/p>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

The large cave spider is one of 955 species of long-jawed spider known throughout the world. In Europe we have 29 species, in central Europe 19.<\/p>\n

The large cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> is geographically widely distributed. It occurs in subterranean cavities throughout the Palaearctic region, with the exception of Japan. In central Europe it is usually found in upland regions, and is particularly common in karst areas such as the Frankish or Swabian Alps. The spider lives in subterranean caves, cellars, mineshafts and within stone runs with a medium level of humidity and a constant temperature above 7\u00b0C. Caves with high humidity or through drafts are avoided.<\/p>\n

The body length of the large cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> is 11 to 13 mm in males and 14 to 17 mm in females. Colouration is generally quite dark; the cephalothorax is red-brown, the abdomen pale or dark brown, both with black markings. Two large spots are often visible. The legs are brown with black rings. There is a chance to mistake it for the small cave spider Metellina merianae<\/em> (Scopoli, 1763). This is smaller and its colouration more grey. Nevertheless the second species builds larger webs (with more radial lines and catching threads) and is thus able to add strongly flying insects to its food preferences.
\nMeta bourneti<\/em> Simon, 1922 is, by contrast, just as large as Meta menardi<\/em> and also similarly coloured, but is only known in isolated occurrences from the Rhineland-Palatinate.<\/p>\n

In addition to these conspicuous species, subterranean caverns have a diversity of further spiders; a number of which show clear adaptations to life underground. These spiders are, except for Meta bourneti<\/em> (see above) usually much smaller then the Meta<\/em> species mentioned above and thus cannot be confused with them.<\/p>\n

Mating in these Meta<\/em> spiders generally takes place in early summer. Following this, from mid July to early August, the female builds a 2 to 3 cm diameter cocoon which hangs from a thread. The cocoon contains about 200 to 300 eggs, which the female watches over for two to three months until her death. Around the end of August the egg sac begins to disintegrate and the young spiders are visible in the cocoon as small black spots. The young spiders will not actually leave the cocoon until next spring. The offspring then make their way to the cave entrance, where they can be encountered over a number of days to weeks. Some of the young travel from here into other cave systems; the rest remain in the cave of their birth. In this way the population is both distributed and maintained. The large cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> reaches an age of 2 to 3 years, in contrast to most of our native spiders which only live for a year.
\nambien<\/a>
\nThe 20 to 30 cm web of the large cave spider can be interpreted as highly rudimentary (i.e. an orb web with an open centre) and is rarely used to catch prey. Meta menardi<\/em> tends to spend much of its time near the cave wall where it can catch woodlice, beetles, centipedes, millipedes, overwintering butterflies and moths and other small animals; occasionally even snails. Typically these are hung from the web on small threads. This hunting behaviour, without reliance on the web – which was originally used to catch prey – can be seen as an adaptation of these animals’ behavioural genetics to life in caves.
\nclomid<\/a>
\nThe large cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> is also called the cave orb-weaver, even though it doesn’t belong, like garden spiders, to the orb-weaving family, but rather to the long-jawed spiders instead. Because of its large size it is one of the most conspicuous cave animals in the temperate zone. These animals live all year round in caves, mine shafts and cellars cut into natural rock. Consequently, this spider species has also been elected “cave animal of the year 2012”. The spider thus represents a larger number of animals who depend on protected and frost-free retreats associated with mines. The society of German cave and karst researchers wish to show, through choosing this spider, that there is still much to be done in the study of subterranean ecosystems, and the animals which occur here (see also cave animal of the year). (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Together with its election as cave animal of the year, the large cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> has also been chosen as the “European spider of the year 2012”. This supports the excellent cooperation between cave biologists and specialists for those animal groups living in caves. The spider researchers (arachnologists) are reliant on the local knowledge and expertise of the cave researchers (speleologists), in order to learn more about the species found in underground habitats.<\/p>\n

Keep your eyes open next time you visit a cave: the large cave spider is somewhere nearby!
\nstromectol<\/a>
\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Contacts<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

84 jury members from 24 countries:
\nAlbania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda\u00a0(link)<\/a>
\nNATURADATA – Biodiversidade online (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Maps and photos<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

Distribution maps<\/h4>\n

Great Britain – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Pictures and photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki Commons – (link)<\/a>
\nSpinnen-Forum Wiki – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n

– BELLMANN H. (2006): Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 3. Auflage. Kosmos, Stuttgart. 304 S.<\/p>\n

– BLICK T., R. BOSMANS, J. BUCHAR, P. GAJDO\u0160, A. H\u00c4NGGI, P. VAN HELSDINGEN, V. RUZICKA, W. STAREGA & K. THALER (2004): Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (link)<\/a> (18.10.2011)<\/p>\n

– ECKERT R. & M. MORITZ (1992): Meta menardi<\/em> (Latr.) und Meta merianae (Scop.): Zur Lebensweise und Verbreitung der beiden h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnen in den H\u00f6hlen des Harzes, des Kyffh\u00e4users, Th\u00fcringens und des Zittauer Gebirges \u2013 Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 68: 345-350 \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– H\u00c4NGGI A., E. ST\u00d6CKLI & W. NENTWIG (1995): Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– HEIMER S. & W. NENTWIG (1991): Spinnen Mitteleuropas \u2013 Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg. 543 S.<\/p>\n

– HELSDINGEN P.J. VAN (2011) Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2011.1) \u2013 (link)<\/a> (18.10.2011)<\/p>\n

– LEPORE E., A. MARCHIORO, M. ISAIA, M.J. BUEHLER & N.M. PUGNO (2012): Evidence of the Most Stretchable Egg Sac Silk Stalk, of the European Spider of the Year Meta menardi<\/em> \u2013 PLoS ONE 7: e30500 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– NENTWIG W, T. BLICK, D. GLOOR, A. H\u00c4NGGI & C. KROPF (2011): Spinnen Europas. Version 6.2011 \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(18.10.2011)<\/p>\n

– NOVAK T., T. TKAVC, M. KUNTNER, A.E. ARNETT, S.L. DELAKORDA, M. PERC & F. JANZEKOVIC (2010): Niche partitioning in orbweaving spiders Meta menardi<\/em> and Metellina merianae<\/em> (Tetragnathidae) \u2013 Acta Oecologica 36: 522-529 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– NYFFELER M. & W.O.C. SYMONDSON (2001): Spiders and harvestmen as gastropod predators \u2013 Ecological Entomology 26: 617-628 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– PLATNICK N.I. (2011): The world spider catalog, version 12.0. American Museum of Natural History \u2013 (link)<\/a>\u00a0(18.10.2011)<\/p>\n

– P\u00d6TZSCH J. (1966): Notizen zur Ern\u00e4hrung und Lebensweise von Meta menardi<\/em> Latr. (Araneae; Araneidae) \u2013 Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums G\u00f6rlitz 41(10): 1-24<\/p>\n

– SMITHERS P. (2005): The diet of the cave spider Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille 1804) (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) \u2013 The Journal of Arachnology 33: 243-246 \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– STAUDT A. (2011): Nachweiskarten der Spinnentiere Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones) \u2013\u00a0(link)<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\n

<\/div>\n
--<\/span>AL<\/span>BE<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>IT<\/span>NO<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span>SL<\/span>SR<\/span><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>\n

Merimanga Europiane e vitit 2012<\/h4>\r\nMerimanga e madhe e shpellave \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nP\u00ebr merimang\u00ebn e vitit jan\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i \"p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb\", nj\u00eb familje e re e merimangave (Tetragnathidae - merimanga me nofulla t\u00eb gjata), nj\u00eb habitat i ri (shpellat) dhe nj\u00eb kafsh\u00eb e re e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt e vitit (gjithashtu, kafsha e shpellave e vitit). Le ti trajtojm\u00eb hap pas hapi duke filluar me nj\u00eb hyrje te shkurt\u00ebr p\u00ebr merimang\u00ebn e vitit: Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804) merimanga e madhe e shpellave.\r\n\r\nMerimanga e madhe e shpellave \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga 955 llojet e merimangave me nofulla te gjata e njohur n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. N\u00eb Europ\u00eb ne kemi 29 lloje, prej t\u00eb cilave 19 gjenden n\u00eb Europ\u00ebn qendrore.\r\n\r\nMerimanga e madhe e shpellave Meta menardi<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb gjer\u00ebsisht e p\u00ebrhapur gjeografikisht. Ajo ndodhet n\u00eb zgavrat n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb rajonit Palaearktik, me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb Japonis\u00eb. N\u00eb Europ\u00ebn qendrore zakonisht gjendet n\u00eb vendet mbitok\u00ebsore, dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme n\u00eb zonat karstike t\u00eb tilla sin \u00eb Franc\u00eb ose n\u00eb Alpet Swabian. Merimanga jeton n\u00eb shpellat n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore, bodrume, puset e minierave dhe brenda gurit. Ajo ec\u00ebn me nj\u00eb nivel lag\u00ebshtie mesatare mbi 7\u00b0C, duke shmangur shpellat me lag\u00ebshti t\u00eb madhe ose me ajrim.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit e merimang\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb shpellave Meta menardi<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb 11 deri n\u00eb 13 mm te meshkujt dhe 14 deri n\u00eb 17 mm te femrat.\r\nNgjyrimi \u00ebsht\u00eb zakonisht m\u00eb se i err\u00ebt me cefalotoraksin t\u00eb kuq n\u00eb kafe. Dy njolla t\u00eb m\u00ebdha jan\u00eb shpesh t\u00eb dukshme. K\u00ebmb\u00ebt jan\u00eb kafe me unaza t\u00eb zeza. Ajo ka mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet me merimang\u00ebn e vog\u00ebl t\u00eb shpellave Metellina merianae<\/em> (Scopoli, 1763). Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl dhe ngjyrimi i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb gri. Megjithat\u00eb lloji i dyt\u00eb nd\u00ebrton rrjeta t\u00eb m\u00ebdha (me m\u00eb shum\u00eb vija rrezore dhe fije ngjit\u00ebse) dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb shtoj\u00eb insekte fluturuese t\u00eb fuqishme te preferencat e tij ushqimore.\r\nMeta bourneti<\/em> Simon, 1922 \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00eb kontrast me t\u00eb, po aq e madhe sa Meta menardi<\/em> dhe gjithashtu me ngjyrim te nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur vet\u00ebm me p\u00ebrhapje t\u00eb izoluar n\u00eb Rhineland-Palatinate.\r\n\r\nN\u00eb vazhdim te k\u00ebtyre llojeve t\u00eb spikatura, shpellat n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore kan\u00eb edhe shum\u00eb lloje t\u00eb tjera, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i t\u00eb cilave shfaqin p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebri t\u00eb dukshme ndaj jet\u00ebs n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore. K\u00ebto merimanga jan\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 p\u00ebr Meta bourneti<\/em> (shiko m\u00eb sip\u00ebr) zakonisht shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla sesa llojet e gjinis\u00eb Meta t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendura m\u00eb lart dhe ndaj dhe mund t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohen me to.\r\n\r\n\u00c7ift\u00ebzimi n\u00eb k\u00ebto lloje t\u00eb merimangave t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb Meta<\/em>, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ndodh her\u00ebt n\u00eb ver\u00eb. N\u00eb vazhdim t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, nga mezi i Korrikut deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e para t\u00eb Gushtit, femra nd\u00ebrton nj\u00eb kokon me diamet\u00ebr 2 deri n\u00eb 3 cm i cili varet nga nj\u00eb fill. Kokoni p\u00ebrmban rreth 200 deri n\u00eb 300 vez\u00eb, t\u00eb cilin femra e ruan p\u00ebr dy deri n\u00eb tre muaj deri n\u00eb vdekjen e saj. Rreth fundit t\u00eb Gushtit thesi i vez\u00ebve fillon t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebhet dhe merimangat e vogla jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme ne kokon po aq t\u00eb vogla sa duken si njolla t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb zeza. Merimangat e vogla nuk e braktisin kokonin deri n\u00eb pranver\u00ebn e ardhshme. Pasardh\u00ebsit m\u00eb pas vazhdojn\u00eb rrug\u00ebn drejt hyrjes s\u00eb shpell\u00ebs, ku ata mund t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb nga disa dit\u00eb deri n\u00eb disa jav\u00eb. Disa nga t\u00eb vegjlit udh\u00ebtojn\u00eb nga k\u00ebtu deri n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb shpellave, nd\u00ebrsa pjesa tjet\u00ebr q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb shpell\u00ebn ku kan\u00eb lindur. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb popullata edhe shp\u00ebrndahet, edhe ruhet. Merimanga e madhe e shpellave Meta menardi<\/em> arrin nj\u00eb mosh\u00eb nga 2 deri n\u00eb 3 vite, n\u00eb ndryshim me shumic\u00ebn e merimangave tona vendase t\u00eb cilat jetojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit.\r\n\r\nRrjeta 20 deri 30 cm e merimang\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb shpellave mund t\u00eb interpretohet si nj\u00eb baz\u00eb e madhe (p.sh. nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb me nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb hapur) dhe shum\u00eb rrall\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pren\u00eb. Meta menardi priret p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb saj af\u00ebr murit t\u00eb shpell\u00ebs ku mund t\u00eb kap\u00eb buburreca, brumbuj, shum\u00ebk\u00ebmb\u00ebsha, flutura dim\u00ebruese dhe flutura nate si dhe disa kafsh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb vogla, madje nganj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe molusqe. Tipikisht k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb varura nga rrjeta me an\u00eb t\u00eb fijeve t\u00eb vogla. Kjo sjellje gjuetie, pa u mb\u00ebshtetur te rrjeta e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb origjinale p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pren\u00eb, mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatje e gjenetik\u00ebs s\u00eb sjelljes s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre gjallesave kundrejt jet\u00ebs n\u00eb shpella.\r\n\r\nMerimanga e madhe e shpellave Meta menardi<\/em> gjithashtu quhet merimanga rrjet\u00eb end\u00ebse e shpellave, edhe pse nuk i p\u00ebrket familjes end\u00ebse t\u00eb rrjetave, sikurse merimangat e kopshtit, por m\u00eb tep\u00ebr i ngjajn\u00eb merimangave me nofulla t\u00eb gjata. P\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb p\u00ebrmasave t\u00eb saj, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kafsh\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb shpellave n\u00eb zonat me klim\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb. K\u00ebto gjallesa jetojn\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb vitit p\u00ebrreth shpellave, puseve t\u00eb minierave dhe bodrumeve t\u00eb krijuara n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbinjve natyrore. N\u00eb vijim, kjo lloj merimange \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjedhur gjithashtu \"kafsha e shpellave e vitit 2012\". Merimanga p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh kafsh\u00ebsh t\u00eb cilat varen nga streh\u00ebt e mbrojtura t\u00eb lira e t\u00eb ftohta t\u00eb lidhura me minierat. Shoq\u00ebria e shpellave Gjermane dhe e k\u00ebrkuesve t\u00eb karsteve d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes zgjedhjes s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj merimange, q\u00eb ka shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr studimin e ekosistemeve n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore dhe t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb k\u00ebto zona (shiko gjithashtu n\u00eb www.hoehlentier.de).\r\n\r\nS\u00eb bashku me zgjedhjen si merimanga e vitit, merimanga e madhe e shpellave Meta menardi<\/em> gjithashtu \u00ebshte p\u00ebrzgjedhur si \"Merimanga Europiane e vitit 2012\". Kjo mb\u00ebshtet bashk\u00ebpunimin e shk\u00eblqyer midis biolog\u00ebve t\u00eb shpellave dhe specialist\u00ebve p\u00ebr k\u00ebto grupe t\u00eb gjallesave q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb shpella. K\u00ebrkuesit shkencor\u00eb t\u00eb merimangave (araknolog\u00ebt) jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur me njohurit\u00eb dhe ekspertiz\u00ebn e k\u00ebrkuesve shkencor\u00eb t\u00eb shpellave (speleolog\u00ebt), me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrreth llojeve q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb habitatet n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore.\r\n\r\nHer\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb do t\u00eb vizitoni nj\u00eb shpell\u00eb, jini vigjilent\u00eb! Mbajini syt\u00eb hapur!\r\nMerimanga e madhe e shpellave ndodhet diku af\u00ebr jush!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Blerina Vrenozi\r\n

Contact Albania<\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Qendra K\u00ebrkimore e Flor\u00ebs dhe Faun\u00ebs, Fakulteti i Shkencave t\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs, Tirana, Albania,\u00a0bvrenozi(a)gmail.com<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europese spin van het jaar 2012<\/h4>\r\nDe Gewone grottenspin \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nDe eer van Europese Spin van het Jaar 2012 en, voor het eerst, een dubbelverkiezing als Grottensoort van het Jaar, valt te beurt aan een bijzondere strekspin (Tetragnathidae). 84 Europese arachnologen verkozen dit jaar de Gewone grottenspin, Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804), een bewoner van ondergrondse habitats.\r\n\r\nDe Gewone grottenspin is \u00e9\u00e9n van de 955 gekende soorten strekspinnen wereldwijd. In Europa werden tot dusver 29 soorten van deze familie gevonden, waarvan in Belgi\u00eb vijftien soorten voorkomen.\r\n\r\nDe Gewone grottenspin is wijd verbreid binnen de Palearctische regio. Ze komt voor in allerlei donkere, ondergrondse habitattypes. In Belgi\u00eb betreft dit vooral grotten, spelonken of verlaten groeves in Walloni\u00eb. Onlangs pas werd ze voor het eerst offici\u00ebel gemeld in Vlaanderen (mergelgroeven in Limburg). Meta menardi<\/i> blijkt echter ook te gedijen in andere duistere, lugubere urbane milieus zoals rioleringen, oude beerputten en kelders. Een gemiddelde vochtigheid en quasi constante temperatuur boven 7\u00b0C genieten de voorkeur, terwijl tochtige en zeer vochtige leefruimtes eerder worden vermeden.\r\n\r\nDe lichaamslengte bedraagt 11 tot 13mm bij mannetjes en 14 tot 17mm bij vrouwtjes. Het donkere, roodbruine kopborststuk contrasteert met het lichte tot donkerbruine achterlijf waarop meestal twee duidelijke, donkerder plekken zijn te onderscheiden. Beide lichaamsdelen zijn getooid met een donkere, bijna zwarte tekening. De poten zijn okerkleurig tot bruin en zwart geringeld. Eigenlijk is de Gewone grottenspin enkel te verwarren met de Holenwielwebspin,Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763): een kleinere, eerder grijs gekleurde verwante soort met meer uitgebreide donkere tekening op het kopborststuk.\r\n\r\nTijdens de vroege zomermaanden heeft de voortplanting plaats. Daarna, midden juli tot augustus, spint het vrouwtje een twee tot drie cm grote cocon rond 200 \u00e0 300 eitjes. De cocon wordt aan een dunne spinseldraad opgehangen. De moederzorg duurt twee tot drie maanden, tot wanneer het vrouwtje sterft. De jonge spinnen verlaten de beschermende cocon niet tot de volgende lente. Wanneer de eerste jongen het spinsel open scheuren, migreren ze richting de ingang van de donkere verblijfplaats. Daar verblijven ze enkele dagen tot weken. Sommige jonge spinnen verlaten zo hun oude stek en begeven zich naar andere duistere plekken, anderen zijn meer honkvast en blijven. Deze vorm van 'risicospreiding' zorgt enerzijds voor de verdere verspreiding van de Gewone grottenspin maar ook voor het behoud van lokale populaties. De Gewone grottenspin bereikt een leeftijd van twee tot drie jaar, in tegenstelling tot de meeste andere inheemse spinnensoorten die amper een jaar leven.\r\n\r\nDe 20 tot 30cm grote rudimentaire wielwebben met hangende vangdraden worden nauwelijks gebruikt om prooien te vangen. Daarentegen brengt Meta menardi<\/i> veel tijd door op de rotsige of stenen wanden van haar woonst, jagend op pissebedden, kevers, duizend- en miljoenpoten, overwinterende vlinders en andere kleinere dieren; zelfs slakken staan occasioneel op het menu. Prooien worden via dunne spinseldraden aan het wielweb bevestigd. Jagen zonder het gebruik van een web wordt in dit geval gezien als een gedragsmatige aanpassing als 'grottensoort'.\r\n\r\nDe dubbelverkiezing Europese Spin \u00e9n Grottensoort van het Jaar onderlijnt de vlotte samenwerking tussen speleologen en (grotten)biologen. Biologen vertrouwen vaak blind op de lokale kennis van speleologen om kennislacunes over grot-ecosystemen in te vullen en meer inzicht te verwerven in hun functionaliteit en evolutie.\r\n\r\nIn Engeland kwam de soort in 2001 in het nieuws toen arbeiders van British Telecom een kolonie ontdekten in de nutsgangen onder Windsor Castle. De wildste verhalen deden in de media de ronde over deze kolonie (\"duizenden agressieve, giftige spinnen met een 'doormeter' van 9 cm, behorend tot een nieuwe soort\"). Toen de soort dan uiteindelijk door arachnologen kon gedetermineerd worden, en het om een onschuldige spin bleek te gaan, zette geen enkele Britse krant de kemel recht.\r\n\r\nHoud je ogen wijd open bij een bezoek aan duistere, ondergrondse plekken; de Gewone grottenspin beloert je van op een gladde rotswand!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Kevin Lambeets\r\n\r\nGegevens uit Belgi\u00eb kunnen, liefst met foto, worden ingegeven op\u00a0waarnemingen.be<\/a>. Op die manier krijgen we een goed beeld van de huidige verspreiding van de Gewone grottenspin in Belgi\u00eb.\r\n

Contact Belgi\u00eb<\/h4>\r\nRudy Jocqu\u00e9, Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging ARABEL vzw\r\njocque(a)africamuseum.be\r\nMark Alderweireldt, ondervoorzitter Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging ARABEL vzw.\u00a0mark.alderweireldt(a)oost-vlaanderen.be<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a 2012<\/h4>\r\nMeta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (Tetragnathidae \u2013 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438), \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 (\u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0438) \u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449 \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 (\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 cave animal of the year<\/a>. \u0414\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u0442, \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430r: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804) \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a.\r\n\r\n\u0413\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 955-\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0435 29 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 29, \u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 23.\r\n\r\n\u0413\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Meta menardi<\/i> \u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d, \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 7\u00b0C. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u044f\u0433\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442.\r\n\r\n\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Meta menardi<\/i> \u0435 11 \u0434\u043e 13 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 14 \u0434\u043e 17 mm \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u0422\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d; \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u044f\u0444\u044f\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435 \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763). \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u00a0 (\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438)\u00a0 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438.\r\n\r\nMeta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922\u00a0 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 M. menardi, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d e \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 Rhineland-Palatinate. \u0412 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435.\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438; \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u044f\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u00a0 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Meta<\/i> \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u044f\u0445.\r\n\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Meta<\/i> \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e. \u041e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b \u2013 2-3 \u0441\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 200-300 \u044f\u0439\u0446\u0430, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 (\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0446\u0430). \u041a\u044a\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0446\u0438. \u041c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u044a\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0438\u0446\u0430. \u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438; \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0413\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Meta menardi<\/i> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 2 \u0434\u043e 3 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u044f\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430 20-30 cm \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 (\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0440) \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438. Meta menardi<\/i> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u0431\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0431\u044a\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u044a\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442.\r\n\r\n\u0413\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Meta menardi<\/i> \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447, \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0446, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u0421 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442, \u0447\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0449\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0442 (\u0432\u0438\u0436 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e cave animal of the year<\/a>).\r\n\r\n\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a Meta menardi<\/i> \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438. \u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 (\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438)\u00a0 \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438) \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442ats.\r\n\r\n\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438\u044f \u043f\u044a\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0440\u044a\u0436\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0435 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e!\r\n\r\nChristo Deltshev & Christoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2012<\/h4>\r\nMeta temnostn\u00ed \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nV\u00a0leto\u0161n\u00edm roce se pavoukem roku stal poprv\u00e9 z\u00e1stupce \u010deledi \u010delistnatkovit\u00fdch (Tetragnathidae) a poprv\u00e9 druh \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0jeskyn\u00edch. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byla zvolena meta temnostn\u00ed (Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804)). Tomuto druhu se d\u0159\u00edve \u0159\u00edkalo k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k temnostn\u00ed, mezi prav\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky (\u010dele\u010f k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kovit\u00ed \u2013 Araneidae) v\u0161ak nepat\u0159\u00ed.\r\n\r\nDosud bylo pops\u00e1no 955 druh\u016f \u010deledi \u010delistnatkovit\u00fdch. V\u00a0Evrop\u011b m\u00e1me 29 z\u00e1stupc\u016f, v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice 15. Meta temnostn\u00ed m\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd are\u00e1l roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Vyskytuje se v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Palearktick\u00e9 oblasti, chyb\u00ed v\u00a0Japonsku. Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se vyskytuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edch, jejich\u017e geologick\u00e9 a geomorfologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky jsou p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 pro existenci podzemn\u00edch prostor. Jej\u00edm biotopem jsou jeskyn\u011b, sklepy vytesan\u00e9 ve skal\u00e1ch, \u0161toly a hlub\u0161\u00ed vrstvy kamenn\u00fdch sut\u00ed. Vhodn\u00e9 prostory jsou vlhk\u00e9 ale ne mokr\u00e9, s\u00a0konstantn\u00ed teplotou neklesaj\u00edc\u00ed pod 7\u00b0C.\r\n\r\nVelikost t\u011bla samc\u016f mety temnostn\u00ed je 11\u201313 mm, samic 14\u201317 mm. Hlavohru\u010f t\u011bchto tmav\u00fdch pavouk\u016f je \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00e1, zade\u010dek sv\u011btle nebo tmav\u011b hn\u011bd\u00fd, s\u00a0\u010dern\u00fdmi skvrnami (v\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti p\u00e1r velk\u00fdch tmav\u00fdch skvrn, v\u00a0zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti tmav\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 pruhy). Nohy jsou hn\u011bd\u00e9, s\u00a0\u010dern\u00fdmi prstenci. Metu temnostn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 si spl\u00e9st s\u00a0metou jeskynn\u00ed Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763), kter\u00e1 je v\u0161ak men\u0161\u00ed a je zbarvena v\u00edce do \u0161eda. I p\u0159es sv\u016fj men\u0161\u00ed vzr\u016fst je v\u0161ak schopna stav\u011bt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b s\u00a0v\u00edce podp\u016frn\u00fdmi radi\u00e1ln\u00edmi i lapac\u00edmi koncentrick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny, a je proto schopna ulovit v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed druhy hmyzu.\r\n\r\nMeta Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 je stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 a i podobn\u011b zbarven\u00e1 jako meta temnostn\u00ed. Nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k\u00a0n\u00e1m je ale zn\u00e1ma a\u017e v\u00a0Por\u00fdn\u00ed-Falcku v\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti N\u011bmecka.\r\n\r\nVedle t\u011bchto druh\u016f ob\u00fdv\u00e1 podzemn\u00ed prostory cel\u00e1 \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f pavouk\u016f, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich vykazuj\u00ed morfologick\u00e9 adaptace pro \u017eivot v\u00a0podzem\u00ed, jako je redukce o\u010d\u00ed, ztr\u00e1ta pigmentu nebo prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nohou. Tyto druhy jsou v\u0161ak v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e meta temnostn\u00ed, a tak je z\u00e1m\u011bna s\u00a0nimi nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1.\r\n\r\nMeta temnostn\u00ed se v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ta. Od poloviny \u010dervence do za\u010d\u00e1tku srpna samice p\u0159edou velik\u00e9 kokony o pr\u016fm\u011bru 2\u20133 cm, kter\u00e9 zav\u011b\u0161uj\u00ed za vl\u00e1kno na strop jako lucerni\u010dky. Kokon obsahuje 200 a\u017e 300 vaj\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00e1 samice 2 a\u017e 3 m\u011bs\u00edce hl\u00edd\u00e1 a\u017e do jej\u00ed smrti. Na konci srpna se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 kokon rozpadat, ji\u017e jsou v\u00a0n\u011bm mal\u00ed pavou\u010dci jev\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159es st\u011bnu jako mal\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 te\u010dky. Ml\u00e1\u010fata v\u0161ak kokon opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed a\u017e na ja\u0159e p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku. Pak se vydaj\u00ed k\u00a0vchodu podzemn\u00ed prostory, kde je m\u016f\u017eeme n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed a\u017e t\u00fddn\u016f naj\u00edt. N\u011bkter\u00e1 se odtamtud vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed kolonizovat jin\u00e9 podzemn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, jin\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se populace jak roz\u0161i\u0159uje tak udr\u017euje. Meta temnostn\u00ed se na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny na\u0161ich pavouk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed jen jeden rok, do\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 2 a\u017e 3 roky.\r\n\r\nKruhov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 mety m\u00e1 20\u201330 cm v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru. V\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi pavouky stav\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi kolov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b je zna\u010dn\u011b zredukovan\u00e1. Stejn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch z\u00e1stupc\u016f \u010deledi \u010delistnatkovit\u00fdch nem\u00e1 zap\u0159eden\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pol\u00ed\u010dko. Pavouk nesed\u00ed uprost\u0159ed s\u00edt\u011b, ale tr\u00e1v\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu pobl\u00ed\u017e st\u011bny, kde m\u016f\u017ee ulovit lezouc\u00ed st\u00ednky, brouky, stono\u017eky, mnohono\u017eky, p\u0159ezimuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u016fry \u010di p\u00ed\u010falky a dal\u0161\u00ed mal\u00e9 \u010dlenovce, n\u011bkdy dokonce i pl\u017ee. Tento zp\u016fsob lovu ko\u0159isti nez\u00e1visl\u00fd na lapac\u00ed s\u00edti se u mety temnostn\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vyvinul jako adaptace k\u00a0\u017eivotu v\u00a0podzem\u00ed, kde je nedostatek l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho hmyzu.\r\n\r\nD\u00edky sv\u00e9 velikosti je meta temnostn\u00ed jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejn\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f jeskyn\u00ed temper\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00f3ny. Proto byla pro leto\u0161n\u00ed rok z\u00e1rove\u0148 zvolena jeskynn\u00edm \u017eivo\u010dichem roku (bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed informace na\u00a0 www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nP\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b podzemn\u00edch prostor se tedy letos rozhl\u00e9dn\u011bte po st\u011bn\u00e1ch, ur\u010dit\u011b tohoto velk\u00e9ho pavouka miluj\u00edc\u00edho temnoty, nebo alespo\u0148 jeho lucerni\u010dkovit\u00e9 kokony spat\u0159\u00edte. \u00dadaje o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, pros\u00edm, pos\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu\u00a0rezac(a)vurv.cz. \u00dadaj by m\u011bl obsahovat GPS sou\u0159adnice lokality, typ stanovi\u0161t\u011b, po\u010det pozorovan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f (kokon\u016f), datum pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a va\u0161e jm\u00e9no. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dolo\u017eeno jedincem (nejl\u00e9pe v\u00a0lihu), kokonem nebo fotografi\u00ed.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d\r\n

Zbytek Czechia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, odd\u011blen\u00ed entomologie, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i., Drnovsk\u00e1 507, 161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b, \u010cesko\r\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2012<\/h4>\r\nDie Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinne \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\n2012 gibt es in Bezug auf die Spinne des Jahres gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht eine Premiere: eine neue Spinnenfamilie (Tetragnathidae - Streckerspinnen), ein neuer Lebensraum (H\u00f6hle), ein \"gemeinsames\" Jahres-Tier (gleichzeitig das H\u00f6hlentier des Jahres<\/a>). Aber alles der Reihe nach, zuerst die Kurzvorstellung der Spinne des Jahres: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804), die Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinne.\r\n\r\nDie Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinne ist eine von 955 bekannten Streckerspinnen weltweit, in Europa kennt man 29, in Mitteleuropa 19 Arten.\r\n\r\nDie H\u00f6hlenspinne Meta menardi<\/i> ist geographisch weit verbreitet. Sie besiedelt unterirdische Hohlr\u00e4ume in der gesamten Pal\u00e4arktis mit Ausnahme von Japan. In Mitteleuropa findet man die Spinne zumeist im Bergland, besonders h\u00e4ufig in gro\u00dfen Karstgebieten wie der Fr\u00e4nkischen oder der Schw\u00e4bischen Alb. Die Spinne lebt in unterirdischen H\u00f6hlen, Kellern, Bergwerksstollen und im Inneren von Blockhalden mit mittlerer Feuchtigkeit, bei konstanten Temperaturen ab 7\u00b0C. Gemieden werden H\u00f6hlen mit zu gro\u00dfer Feuchtigkeit und zu hoher Zugluft.\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge der H\u00f6hlenspinne Meta menardi<\/i> betr\u00e4gt beim M\u00e4nnchen 11 bis 13 mm, beim Weibchen 14 bis 17 mm. Die F\u00e4rbung ist insgesamt meist ziemlich dunkel, Vorderk\u00f6rper r\u00f6tlichbraun, Hinterk\u00f6rper hell- oder dunkelbraun, jeweils mit schwarzen Zeichnungen, oft sind 2 gro\u00dfe Punkte deutlich zu erkennen. Die Beine sind braun und schwarz geringelt.\r\nneurontin visa<\/a>\r\nVerwechslungsgefahr besteht unter Umst\u00e4nden mit Metellina merianae<\/i>(Scopoli, 1763), der Kleinen H\u00f6hlenspinne. Diese ist etwas kleiner und die F\u00e4rbung wirkt eher gr\u00e4ulich. Daf\u00fcr baut sie deutlich gr\u00f6\u00dfere Netze (mit mehr Speichen und Fangf\u00e4den) und ist dadurch in der Lage, verst\u00e4rkt fliegende Insekten in ihre Nahrung mit einzubinden. Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 ist hingegen genauso gro\u00df wie M. menardi<\/i> und auch \u00e4hnlich gef\u00e4rbt, ist aber nur vereinzelt aus Rheinland-Pfalz bekannt.\r\n\r\nNeben diesen auff\u00e4lligen Arten gibt es in unterirdischen Hohlr\u00e4umen noch eine Vielzahl weitere Spinnenarten, von denen ein nicht unerheblicher Teil Anpassungen an das H\u00f6hlenleben zeigt. Diese Spinnen sind, mit Ausnahme von M. bourneti<\/i> (s. oben) zumeist deutlich kleiner als die vorgenannten Arten und daher nicht zu verwechseln.\r\ngetting prednisone without prescription<\/a>\r\nDie Paarung der Spinnen findet meist im Fr\u00fchsommer statt. Das Weibchen baut dann ab Mitte Juli bis Anfang August einen etwa 2 bis 3 cm gro\u00dfen Kokon, der an einem Fadenstrang aufgeh\u00e4ngt wird. Der Kokon umh\u00fcllt die ca. 200 bis 300 Eier, die das Weibchen bis zu dessen Tod noch 2 bis 3 Monate bewacht. Gegen Ende August zerfallen die Eiballen und die Jungspinnen sind dann von au\u00dfen durch den Kokon als kleine schwarze Punkte sichtbar. Der Kokon wird von den Jungspinnen erst im Fr\u00fchjahr verlassen. Der Nachwuchs begibt sich danach zum H\u00f6hlenausgang, wo man ihn einige Tage bis Wochen antreffen kann. Ein Teil der Jungspinnen wandert von hier in andere H\u00f6hlen ab, die restlichen Spinnen verbleiben in der Herkunftsh\u00f6hle. Damit werden die Ausbreitung und der Fortbestand der Art gesichert. Die Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinneMeta menardi<\/i> erreicht ein Alter von 2 bis 3 Jahren, anders als die meisten einheimischen Spinnen, die nur ein Jahr leben.\r\n\r\nDas 20 bis 30 cm gro\u00dfe Netz der H\u00f6hlenspinne ist als stark rudiment\u00e4r anzusehen (Radnetz mit offener Nabe) und wird selten zum Beutefang genutzt.Meta menardi<\/i> h\u00e4lt sich \u00fcberwiegend in der N\u00e4he der H\u00f6hlenwand auf wo sie Asseln, K\u00e4fer, Tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer, \u00fcberwinternde Schmetterlinge und andere Kleintiere erbeutet, nicht selten auch Schnecken. Oft werden diese an kleinen F\u00e4den im Netz aufgeh\u00e4ngt. Dieses Jagdverhalten ohne Verwendung des urspr\u00fcnglich zum Beutefang gedachten Netzes kann durchaus als verhaltensm\u00e4\u00dfige genetische Anpassung an das H\u00f6hlenleben angesehen werden.\r\n\r\nDie Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinne Meta menardi<\/i> (auch H\u00f6hlenkreuzspinne genannt, obwohl sie nicht wie die Kreuzspinnen zur Familie der Radnetzspinnen, sondern zu den Strecker- oder Kieferspinnen geh\u00f6rt) ist auf Grund ihrer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe eine der auff\u00e4lligsten H\u00f6hlenbewohner in unseren Breiten. Die Tiere leben ganzj\u00e4hrig in Naturh\u00f6hlen, Bergwerksstollen und Felsenkellern. Diese Tatsache f\u00fchrte dazu, dass diese Spinnenart auch zum \"H\u00f6hlentier 2012\" gew\u00e4hlt wurde. Die Spinne steht f\u00fcr eine gro\u00dfe Zahl an Tierarten, die auf gesch\u00fctzte und frostfreie R\u00fcckzugsorte unter Tage angewiesen sind. Der Verband der deutschen H\u00f6hlen- und Karstforscher e.V. will mit der Wahl des H\u00f6hlentieres darauf hinweisen, dass gerade bei der Erforschung der unterirdischen \u00d6kosysteme und der darin vorkommenden Arten noch ein enormer Handlungsbedarf besteht (vgl. auch\u00a0 H\u00f6hlentier des Jahres<\/a>).\r\n\r\nGleichzeitig mit der Wahl zum H\u00f6hlentier des Jahres wurde die H\u00f6hlenspinneMeta menardi<\/i> auch zur \"Europ\u00e4ischen Spinne des Jahres 2012\" gew\u00e4hlt. Dies verdeutlicht die gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen den H\u00f6hlenbiologen und den Spezialisten, f\u00fcr die in H\u00f6hlen lebenden Artengruppen. Die Spinnenforscher (Arachnologen) sind dabei auf die Ortskenntnisse und Techniken der H\u00f6hlenforscher (Spel\u00e4ologen) angewiesen, um Erkenntnisse zu den Arten in unterirdischen Lebensr\u00e4umen zu erhalten.\r\n\r\nHalten Sie beim n\u00e4chsten Besuch einer H\u00f6hle die Augen offen: die Gro\u00dfe H\u00f6hlenspinne ist nicht weit!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\r\n

\u00d6sterreich und Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nMag. Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, \u00d6sterreich\r\ne-mail: christoph.hoerwegnhm-wien.ac.at<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2012<\/h4>\r\nGrotteeddekoppen \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2012 tilh\u00f8rer familien Tetragnathidae, p\u00e5 dansk kendt som hulhjulspindere;\u00a0 det danske familienavn hentyder til spindets \u00e5bne centrum (se nedenfor). Grotteedderkoppen er \u00e9n af ialt 955 arter af hulhjulspindere, som beskrevet fra hele verden. I Europa findes 29 arter, i Danmark 14.\r\n\r\nGrotteedderkoppen er geografisk vidt udbredt. Den forekommer i underjordiske huler over hele den pal\u00e6arktiske region (dvs Europa og Sibirien) med undtagelse af Japan. I Mellemeuropa findes den fortrinsvis i bjergene; den er s\u00e6rlig almindelig i Alpernes karstomr\u00e5der. Den lever i huler, k\u00e6ldre, mineskakter og lignende steder, hvor der er en konstant temperatur p\u00e5 over 7 \u00b0C og hverken er for t\u00f8rt eller for fugtigt. I Danmark er den s\u00e6rlig almindelig i grotterne p\u00e5 Bornholm, men er ogs\u00e5 kendt fra lokaliteter p\u00e5 Sj\u00e6lland og Jylland. Her er den bl.a. fundet i gravh\u00f8je og j\u00e6ttestuer, s\u00e5 den kan muligvis v\u00e6re langt hyppigere og mere udbredt end vi kender til.\r\n\r\nHannens kropsl\u00e6ngde er 11-13 mm og hunnens 14-17 mm. Den er ret m\u00f8rk i farven; forkroppen er r\u00f8dbrun, bagkroppen brun; begge med sorte tegninger, som regel i form af to sorte pletter. Benene er brune med sorte ringe. Grotteedderkoppen kan evt forveksles med skyggehjulspinderen Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763) men denne er mindre og mere gr\u00e5lig i farven. Alligevel bygger den st\u00f8rre spind (med flere radier og spiraltr\u00e5de) og kan derfor inkludere st\u00f8rre insekter i menuen. En tredje art, Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922, er af samme st\u00f8rrelse som Meta menardi<\/i> og af samme farve, men findes ikke i Danmark.\r\n\r\nUdover disse arter huser underjordiske huler adskillige andre edderkoppearter. De fleste af disse er dog meget mindre end Meta<\/i>-arterne og kan ikke forveksles med disse. Mange af dem har udpr\u00e6gede tilpasninger til huleliv, fx er \u00f8jnene reducerede og de mangler farver. Dette g\u00e6lder is\u00e6r dyr der lever s\u00e5 langt inde i hulerne at de aldrig oplever dagslys. Grotteedderkoppen findes kun i hulegange n\u00e6r \u00e5bningerne og har ingen tilpasninger til liv i m\u00f8rke.\r\n\r\nParringen finder sted tidligt p\u00e5 sommeren. I juli-august danner hunnen en \u00e6gs\u00e6k med 200-300 \u00e6g. Den er 2-3 i diameter og h\u00e6nger i en kraftig silketr\u00e5d. Hunnen vogter over \u00e6gs\u00e6kken i 2-3 m\u00e5neder indtil hun d\u00f8r. Ungerne udvikler sig inden i \u00e6gs\u00e6kken gennem sensommer og de tidlige efter\u00e5rsm\u00e5neder, hvor man kan se dem som sm\u00e5 sorte pletter gennem \u00e6gs\u00e6kkens silkelag, men de forlader ikke denne f\u00f8r til for\u00e5ret. De sm\u00e5 unger s\u00f8ger mod hulens udgang hvor de opholder sig i op til et par uger. Nogle spreder sig til andre hulesystemer, andre bliver hvor de blev f\u00f8dt. Grotteedderkoppen kan blive 2-3 \u00e5r gammel.\r\n\r\nGrotteedderkoppens spind er et hjulspind p\u00e5 kun 20-30 cm i diameter. Den tilh\u00f8rer dog ikke som korsedderkoppen den familie som kaldes hjulspindere (Araneidae), men den har samme type spind. Som de andre medlemmer af Tetragnathidae familien har spindet et \"\u00e5bent\" centrum, dvs uden silketr\u00e5de. Spindet bruges dog kun i begr\u00e6nset omfang til fangst af bytte. Meta menardi<\/i>lever af b\u00e6nkebidere, biller, skolopendre, tusindben, overvintrende sommerfugle og natsv\u00e6rmere samt mange andre sm\u00e5dyr; de kan endog tage snegle hvilket er us\u00e6dvanligt blandt edderkopper. Byttedyrene h\u00e6nges typisk op i silketr\u00e5de i spindet. At kunne jage uden brug af spindet kan ses som grotteedderkoppens tilpasning til et liv i huler, hvor der kun er f\u00e5 flyvende insekter. De mulige byttedyr kravler p\u00e5 klippev\u00e6ggen.\r\n\r\nI kraft af sin st\u00f8rrelse er grotteedderkoppen et af de mest markante huledyr i den tempererede zone. Den er derfor samtidig udn\u00e6vnt til \u00c5ret huledyr 2012 af den tyske forening for huleforskere (se http:\/\/www.hoehlentier.de). Den samtidige udn\u00e6vnelse som \u00c5rets huledyr og \u00c5rets edderkop er resultat af samarbejde (og overlap) mellem huleforskere (speleologer) og edderkoppeforskere (arachnologer). Ekspertise indenfor begge felter er n\u00f8dvendig for at vi kan l\u00e6re mere om de mange bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdige arter som lever i de underjordiske huler (se ogs\u00e5 cave animal of the year<\/a>).\r\n\r\nHold \u00f8jnene \u00e5bne n\u00e6ste gang du bes\u00f8ger en hule: grotteedderkoppen kan v\u00e6re i n\u00e6rheden!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0S\u00f8ren Toft\r\n

Kontakt Danmark<\/h4>\r\nLektor S\u00f8ren Toft, Biologisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, Bygn. 1540, 8000 \u00c5rhus C\r\ne-mail: soeren.toftbiology.au.dk<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

La ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o 2012<\/h4>\r\nLa ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nCon la ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o 2012 se produce una serie de novedades: una nueva familia de ara\u00f1as (Tetragnathidae, las ara\u00f1as de grandes 'mand\u00edbulas' -en realidad, quel\u00edceros-), un nuevo h\u00e1bitat (cuevas) y una nueva elecci\u00f3n conjunta del animal del a\u00f1o (es tambi\u00e9n el animal cavern\u00edcola del a\u00f1o). Pero vayamos paso a paso; para empezar, procede hacer una breve introducci\u00f3n a la ara\u00f1a del a\u00f1o: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804) la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande es una de las 955 especies de ara\u00f1as de grandes 'mand\u00edbulas' conocidas en todo el mundo. En Europa se conocen 29 especies, de las cuales 19 habitan en Europa central y 20 en la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica.\r\n\r\nLa ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande Meta menardi<\/i> tiene una distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica amplia. Aparece en cavidades subterr\u00e1neas de toda la regi\u00f3n Pale\u00e1rtica, con la excepci\u00f3n de Jap\u00f3n. En Europa central se encuentra generalmente en regiones montanas. En la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica aparece en el tercio septentrional -excepto Galicia- y puntualmente en Guadalajara y Portugal. Adem\u00e1s de en cuevas, aparece en s\u00f3tanos, pozos de minas y dentro de tuber\u00edas de piedra con una humedad moderada y una temperatura superior a 7\u00b0C. Evita cuevas muy h\u00famedas.\r\n\r\nLa longitud corporal de la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande Meta menardi<\/i> es de 11 a 13 mm en los machos y de 14 a 17 mm en las hembras. Su color es generalmente bastante oscuro; el cefalot\u00f3rax es pardo-rojizo, el abdomen marr\u00f3n claro u oscuro, ambos con marcas negras. A menudo muestra dos manchas grandes. Las patas son pardas con anillos negros. A veces puede confundirse con la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola menor Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763). Esta \u00faltima es menor y de color m\u00e1s gris\u00e1ceo. En cualquier caso, esta segunda especie construye telas mayores (con m\u00e1s hilos radiales y de captura) y por tanto es capaz de a\u00f1adir a su dieta insectos de vuelo m\u00e1s poderoso. Otra especie emparentada, Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 es, por el contrario, tan grande como Meta menardi<\/i> y de coloraci\u00f3n similar. Aunque en Europa central s\u00f3lo se conoce en enclaves aislados, en la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9ricaMeta bourneti<\/i> est\u00e1 m\u00e1s distribuida que Meta menardi<\/i> y se encuentra tambi\u00e9n en provincias mediterr\u00e1neas como Baleares, C\u00e1diz, M\u00e1laga, Murcia y Tarragona.\r\n\r\nAdem\u00e1s de estas especies consp\u00edcuas, las cuevas subterr\u00e1neas albergan una diversidad de ara\u00f1as, de las cuales una proporci\u00f3n notable muestra claras adaptaciones a la vida cavern\u00edcola. Estas ara\u00f1as son, excepto la ya mencionada Meta bourneti<\/i>, normalmente mucho menores que las especies deMeta<\/i> y no pueden por tanto confundirse con ellas.\r\n\r\nLa reproducci\u00f3n de estas especies de Meta<\/i> tiene lugar por lo general a comienzos de verano. Tras el apareamiento, de mediados de julio a comienzos de agosto, la hembra construye un capullo, de 2 a 3 cm de di\u00e1metro, que cuelga de un hilo. El capullo contiene unos 200 a 300 huevos, que la hembra vigila hasta que muere, durante dos a tres meses. A finales de agosto el saco de huevos comienza a desintegrarse y las j\u00f3venes ara\u00f1itas se hacen visibles como peque\u00f1os puntos negros. Las ara\u00f1itas no dejar\u00e1n el capullo hasta la primavera siguiente. La prole sale entonces hasta la entrada de la cueva, donde pueden verse de d\u00edas a semanas. Algunos de los j\u00f3venes viajan hasta otros sistemas de cuevas; el resto permanece en su cueva natal. De este modo las poblaciones se mantienen y se propagan. La ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande Meta menardi<\/i> alcanza 2 a 3 a\u00f1os de edad, en contraste con la mayor parte de las ara\u00f1as nativas de Europa, que s\u00f3lo viven un a\u00f1o.\r\n\r\nLa tela que construye la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande es de tipo circular, de 20 a 30 cm, y con una abertura central. Puede considerarse muy rudimentaria y rara vez se usa para capturar presas. Meta menardi<\/i> tiende a pasar mucho tiempo cerca de la pared de la cueva, donde caza cochinillas de la humedad, escarabajos, ciempieses, milpieses, mariposas y polillas invernantes y otros peque\u00f1os animales, incluidos algunos caracoles ocasionales. Es t\u00edpico observar todas esas presas colgando de un hilo en la red. Este comportamiento de caza, desligado de la red -que era originalmente utilizada para capturar las presas- puede considerarse una adaptaci\u00f3n conductual a la vida cavern\u00edcola.\r\n\r\nTAunque la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande Meta menardi<\/i> construye telas de tipo circular, no pertenece a la misma familia que la ara\u00f1a de jard\u00edn. Por su gran tama\u00f1o, es uno de los animales cavern\u00edcolas m\u00e1s consp\u00edcuos de la zona templada. Estas ara\u00f1as viven todo el a\u00f1o en cuevas, pozos de minas y s\u00f3tanos excavados en la roca. Por ello, esta ara\u00f1a ha sido tambi\u00e9n elegida 'animal cavern\u00edcola del a\u00f1o 2012'. As\u00ed que esta ara\u00f1a representa a un gran n\u00famero de animales que dependen de refugios libres de heladas asociados con las cavidades. La Sociedad Alemana de Investigadores de Cuevas y Sistemas K\u00e1rsticos quiere mostrar, al elegir esta ara\u00f1a, que queda mucho por hacer en el estudio de los ecosistemas subterr\u00e1neos y su fauna asociada (v\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n\u00a0 www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nLa elecci\u00f3n conjunta de Meta menardi<\/i> como animal cavern\u00edcola del a\u00f1o y como ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o 2012 ilustra la excelente cooperaci\u00f3n entre los investigadores de distintas disciplinas. Los investigadores de las ara\u00f1as (aracn\u00f3logos) se basan en el conocimiento y experiencia local de los investigadores de las cuevas (espele\u00f3logos), para aprender m\u00e1s sobre las especies presentes en h\u00e1bitats subterr\u00e1neos.\r\n\r\nMant\u00e9n los ojos abiertos la pr\u00f3xima vez que visites una cueva: \u00a1la ara\u00f1a cavern\u00edcola grande est\u00e1 probablemente en las proximidades!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Marcos M\u00e9ndez\r\n

Contacto Espa\u00f1a<\/h4>\r\nMarcos M\u00e9ndez, \u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c\/ Tulip\u00e1n s\/n., E-28933 M\u00f3stoles, Madrid, Espa\u00f1a\r\nmarcos.mendez(a)urjc.es<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2012<\/h4>\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nVuoden 2012 eurooppalaiseen h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiin liittyy useita \"uutuuksia\" (ensimm\u00e4isi\u00e4 tapauksia vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien historiassa): uusi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiheimo (Tetragnathidae - sauvaristih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit), uusi elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6 (luolat) ja uusi \"yhteinen\" vuoden el\u00e4in (se on my\u00f6s vuoden luolael\u00e4in). Seuraavassa on lyhyt vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin, Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804), luola- tai luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin esittely.\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on yksi heimonsa 955 maailmanlaajuisesti tunnetusta lajista. Euroopassa niit\u00e4 on 29 ja Suomessa 14 lajia.\r\n\r\nLaji on maantieteellisesti laajalle levinnyt. Se esiintyy maanalaisissa onkaloissa kautta Palearktisen alueen, pohjoisia osia lukuun ottamatta. Keski-Euroopassa sit\u00e4 tavataan erityisesti karstialueilla. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki el\u00e4\u00e4 luolissa, kellareissa, kaivosaukoissa ja kivikkokentiss\u00e4; paikoissa, joissa on kohtalainen kosteus ja jatkuvasti l\u00e4mp\u00f6asteita. Hyvin kosteita tai kuivia paikkoja se v\u00e4lttelee. Suomessa luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on harvinainen, se on katsottu vaarantuneeksi (VU) vuoden 2010 uhanalaisarvioinnissa. Meill\u00e4 lajia on tavattu luolista, kellareista ja kivikoista vain Ahvenanmaalta ja suppealta alueelta Turun l\u00e4hist\u00f6ll\u00e4.\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin koiraiden ruumiin pituus on 11-13 mm ja naaraiden 14-17 mm. Yleisv\u00e4ritys on melko tumma, eturuumis on punaruskea, takaruumis vaalean tai tumman ruskea, molemmissa on mustaa kuviointia. Takaruumiin selk\u00e4puolella on usein n\u00e4ht\u00e4viss\u00e4 kaksi suurta t\u00e4pl\u00e4\u00e4. Jalat ovat ruskeat, ja niiss\u00e4 on mustia rengaskuvioita. Meta menardi<\/i> on mahdollista sekoittaa pienemp\u00e4\u00e4n samanlaisissa paikoissa el\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4n ja paljon yleisemp\u00e4\u00e4n lajiinMetellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1863). Se on kuitenkin selv\u00e4sti pienempi ja v\u00e4ritykselt\u00e4\u00e4n harmaampi. Mutta t\u00e4m\u00e4 laji kutoo selv\u00e4sti suuremman pyyntiverkon kuin Meta menardi<\/i>. Luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin l\u00e4hisukulainen, Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922, on sen sijaan kooltaan ja v\u00e4ritykselt\u00e4\u00e4n samanlainen, mutta se on levinnyt paljon suppeammalle alueelle eik\u00e4 sit\u00e4 tunneta Pohjoismaista.\r\n\r\nN\u00e4iden n\u00e4kyvien ja n\u00e4ytt\u00e4vien lajien ohella luolissa esiintyy runsaasti muita h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkej\u00e4; joukko lajeja, jotka ovat sopeutuneet maanalaiseen el\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n. N\u00e4m\u00e4 ovat kuitenkin selv\u00e4sti Meta-lajeja pienempi\u00e4 eik\u00e4 niit\u00e4 voi sekoittaa n\u00e4ihin.\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit parittelevat alkukes\u00e4ll\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n j\u00e4lkeen naaras rakentaa 2-3 cm mittaisen valkean munakotelon, joka riippuu seitiss\u00e4. Munakotelossa on 200-300 munaa; naaras vartioi niit\u00e4 muutamia kuukausia, kunnes kuolee. Nuoret h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit voi n\u00e4hd\u00e4 pienin\u00e4 mustina pistein\u00e4 v\u00e4hitellen hajoavan munakotelon sis\u00e4ll\u00e4. Nuoret h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit eiv\u00e4t kuitenkaan j\u00e4t\u00e4 munakoteloa ennen seuraavaa kev\u00e4tt\u00e4. Silloin ne siirtyv\u00e4t luolan suuaukolle, jossa ne voivat viipy\u00e4 useita p\u00e4ivi\u00e4 tai viikkoja. Osa nuorista liikkuu kauemmas pyrkien l\u00f6yt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n uusia luolia elinpaikakseen; muut j\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t synnyinluolaansa. N\u00e4in populaatio sek\u00e4 levitt\u00e4ytyy ett\u00e4 s\u00e4ilytt\u00e4\u00e4 esiintymispaikkansa. Luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki saavuttaa 2-3 vuoden i\u00e4n, kun useimmat meik\u00e4l\u00e4isist\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keist\u00e4 el\u00e4v\u00e4t vain vuoden ajan.\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin 20-30 cm kokoinen verkko on huomattavasti muuttunut, \"yksinkertaistunut\" heimon alkuper\u00e4isest\u00e4 ratasverkosta, ja sit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n harvoin saaliin pyyntiin. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki viett\u00e4\u00e4 valtaosan ajastaan l\u00e4hell\u00e4 luolan (tai kellarin) sein\u00e4\u00e4 tai kattoa. Siell\u00e4 se pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 maasiiroja, kovakuoriaisia, tuhatjalkaisia, talvehtivia perhosia ja muita pieni\u00e4 el\u00e4imi\u00e4, joskus jopa kotiloita. Tyypillisesti n\u00e4m\u00e4 saaliit roikkuvat verkosta lyhyiss\u00e4 seiteiss\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4 saalistusk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen, hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4m\u00e4tt\u00e4 pyyntiverkkoa (joka on alkuper\u00e4inen saalistustapa), voidaan tulkita n\u00e4iden el\u00e4inten k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen geneettiseksi sopeutumaksi luolael\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n.\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki Meta menardi<\/i> on suuren kokonsa vuoksi yksi n\u00e4ytt\u00e4vimmist\u00e4 lauhkean vy\u00f6hykkeen luolien selk\u00e4rangattomista el\u00e4imist\u00e4. Se el\u00e4\u00e4 vuoden ymp\u00e4ri luolissa, kaivosaukoissa ja kellareissa. Siksi luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on valittu my\u00f6s vuoden 2012 luolael\u00e4imeksi. N\u00e4in se edustaa laajempaa joukkoa el\u00e4imi\u00e4, jotka ovat riippuvaisia suojaisista luolista ja vastaavista paikoista, joissa l\u00e4mp\u00f6tila s\u00e4ilyy pakkasen yl\u00e4puolella. Saksan luola- ja karstialueiden tutkijoiden yhdistys pyrkii osoittamaan t\u00e4m\u00e4n h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin valinnalla, ett\u00e4 viel\u00e4 on paljon teht\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 maanalaisten ekosysteemien ja niiss\u00e4 esiintyvien el\u00e4inten tutkimuksessa (katso www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nLuola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki Meta menardi<\/i> on siis valittu vuoden luolael\u00e4imeksi ja vuoden eurooppalaiseksi h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi 2012. T\u00e4m\u00e4 osoittaa l\u00e4heist\u00e4 yhteisty\u00f6t\u00e4 luolien biologian tutkijoiden ja luolissa esiintyvien el\u00e4inryhmien erikoistuntijoiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkitutkijat (araknologit) tukeutuvat luolatutkijoiden (speleologien) tietoihin ja kokemuksiin lis\u00e4t\u00e4kseen tiet\u00e4myst\u00e4\u00e4n maanalaisten elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6jen lajistosta.\r\n\r\nOlkaapa tarkkaavaisia ensi kerralla luolassa k\u00e4ydess\u00e4nne: luola-aukkoh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki voi olla jossakin l\u00e4hettyvill\u00e4. Sek\u00e4 h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki ett\u00e4 munakotelo on helppo tunnistaa!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Seppo Koponen\r\n

Yhteydenotot Suomi<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, 20014 Turun yliopisto\r\nsepkopo(a)utu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

L'Araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'Ann\u00e9e 2012<\/h4>\r\nLa grande araign\u00e9e des grottes \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nPour l'araign\u00e9e de l'ann\u00e9e 2012, nous pouvons \u00e9voquer plusieurs \"premi\u00e8res\": une nouvelle famille (Tetragnathidae - araign\u00e9es aux longues ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res), un nouvel habitat (grottes) et un nouvel animal commun (c'est aussi l'animal des grottes de l'ann\u00e9e). Mais une chose apr\u00e8s l'autre; pour commencer, une br\u00e8ve introduction pour cette esp\u00e8ce de l'ann\u00e9e: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804) la grande araign\u00e9e des grottes.\r\n\r\nLa grande araign\u00e9e des grottes est l'une des 955 esp\u00e8ces de la famille connues \u00e0 travers le monde. Dans toute l'Europe nous avons 29 esp\u00e8ces, et en Europe centrale 19.\r\n\r\nMeta menardi<\/i> a une large distribution g\u00e9ographique. Elle se rencontre dans les cavit\u00e9s souterraines de la zone pal\u00e9arctique, \u00e0 l'exception du Japon. En Europe centrale elle est habituellement trouv\u00e9e dans les r\u00e9gions montagneuses et en particulier commune dans les r\u00e9gions karstiques telles que dans les Alpes fran\u00e7aises. L'araign\u00e9e vit dans les grottes, caves, puits de mines ou pierriers subm\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens avec un niveau moyen d'humidit\u00e9 et une temp\u00e9rature constante au-dessus de 7\u00b0C. Les grottes avec une humidit\u00e9 forte ou des courants d'air sont \u00e9vit\u00e9es.\r\n\r\nLa taille du corps de cette grande araign\u00e9e est de 11 \u00e0 13mm chez les m\u00e2les et de 14 \u00e0 17mm chez les femelles. La coloration est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement assez sombre; le c\u00e9phalothorax est rouge-brun, l'abdomen p\u00e2le \u00e0 brun sombre, les deux avec des marques noires. Deux larges taches sont souvent visibles. Les pattes sont brunes annel\u00e9es de noir. Il peut y avoir un risque d'erreur avec une autre esp\u00e8ce des grottes, Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763). N\u00e9anmoins cette seconde esp\u00e8ce est plus petite avec une couleur plus grise et elle construit des toiles plus grandes (avec plus de rayons et de fils de capture) ce qui lui permet d'ajouter de puissants insectes volants \u00e0 son r\u00e9gime alimentaire. Meta bourneti<\/i>Simon, 1922 est par contraste juste aussi grande que M. menardi<\/i> et de coloration similaire quoique sans dessin; mais tout en \u00e9tant assez commune dans le sud de la France et l'ouest m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, elle n'est seulement connue que de points isol\u00e9s vers l'est.\r\n\r\nEn plus de ces esp\u00e8ces remarquables, les cavernes pr\u00e9sentent une diversit\u00e9 d'araign\u00e9es suppl\u00e9mentaires dont un certain nombre montrent clairement des adaptations \u00e0 la vie souterraine. Ces araign\u00e9es sont, \u00e0 l'exception de Meta bourneti<\/i> (voir plus haut) habituellement plus petites ainsi les esp\u00e8ces de Meta<\/i>signal\u00e9es au dessus ne peuvent v\u00e9ritablement \u00eatre confondues avec elles.\r\n\r\nL'accouplement chez ces araign\u00e9es du genre Meta<\/i> a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement lieu en d\u00e9but d'\u00e9t\u00e9. Ensuite, de mi-juillet \u00e0 d\u00e9but ao\u00fbt, la femelle confectionne un cocon de 2-3cm de diam\u00e8tre qu'elle acccroche \u00e0 un fil. Le cocon contient environ 200 \u00e0 300 oeufs sur lesquels la femelle veille pendant 2 \u00e0 3 mois jusqu'\u00e0 sa mort. Vers la fin du mois d'ao\u00fbt, le cocon commence \u00e0 se d\u00e9sint\u00e9grer et les jeunes araign\u00e9es sont visibles \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur jusqu'au printemps suivant. Puis la prog\u00e9niture se fraye un chemin \u00e0 l'entr\u00e9e de la grotte, o\u00f9 elle peut \u00eatre rencontr\u00e9e sur un certain nombre de jours voire de semaines. Quelques-uns des jeunes partent de l\u00e0 vers d'autres syst\u00e8mes de grottes; les autres restent dans la grotte de leur naissance. De cette fa\u00e7on, la population est \u00e0 la fois distribu\u00e9e et maintenue. L'araign\u00e9e atteint l'\u00e2ge de 2 \u00e0 3 ans, contrairement \u00e0 la plupart de nos araign\u00e9es indig\u00e8nes qui ne vivent qu'un an.\r\n\r\nLa toile de 20 \u00e0 30cm de diam\u00e8tre de cette grande araign\u00e9e des grottes peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme tr\u00e8s rudimentaire (\u00e0 savoir une toile g\u00e9om\u00e9trique avec un moyeu ouvert) et elle est rarement utilis\u00e9e pour attraper une proie. Meta menardi<\/i> a tendance \u00e0 passer beaucoup de son temps pr\u00e8s de la paroi de la grotte o\u00f9 elle peut attraper cloportes, col\u00e9opt\u00e8res, mille-pattes, papillons et mites hivernant ou d'autres petits animaux, occasionnellement m\u00eame des escargots. Typiquement les proies sont suspendues \u00e0 partir de la toile sur de petits fils. Ce comportement de chasse, sans liaison \u00e0 la toile - qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement utilis\u00e9e pour attraper la proie - peut \u00eatre vu comme une adaptation de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique comportementale de ces animaux \u00e0 la vie dans les grottes.\r\n\r\nLa grande araign\u00e9e des grottes Meta menardi<\/i> est aussi appel\u00e9e la tisseuse \u00e0 toile orbiculaire des grottes, m\u00eame si elle n'appartient pas, comme les araign\u00e9es du jardin, \u00e0 la famille des araign\u00e9es \u00e0 toile g\u00e9om\u00e9trique typique, mais plut\u00f4t aux araign\u00e9es \u00e0 longues ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res. A cause de sa grande taille, c'est l'un des animaux des grottes les plus remarquables dans la zone temp\u00e9r\u00e9e. Ces araign\u00e9es vivent toute l'ann\u00e9e dans ces habitats ainsi que dans des puits de mine et cavit\u00e9s dans les roches naturelles. En cons\u00e9quence, cette esp\u00e8ce a aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lue \"araign\u00e9e des grottes de l'ann\u00e9e 2012\". L'araign\u00e9e repr\u00e9sente donc un plus grand nombre d'animaux qui d\u00e9pendent des retraites prot\u00e9g\u00e9es et sans givre associ\u00e9s aux mines. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des chercheurs allemands sur les grottes et karsts a souhait\u00e9 montrer, en choisissant cette araign\u00e9e, qu'il y a encore beaucoup \u00e0 faire dans l'\u00e9tude des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes souterrains, et des animaux qui y vivent (voir aussi l'animal des grottes de l'ann\u00e9e<\/a>).\r\n\r\nAvec son \u00e9lection comme animal des grottes de l'ann\u00e9e, Meta menardi<\/i> a aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie comme \"l'araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e 2012\". Cela confirme l'excellente coop\u00e9ration entre les biologistes des grottes et les sp\u00e9cialistes des groupes d'animaux vivant dans ces milieux. Les chercheurs sur les araign\u00e9es (arachnologues) sont tributaires des connaissances locales et de l'expertise des chercheurs sur les grottes (sp\u00e9l\u00e9ologues) afin d'en apprendre davantage sur les esp\u00e8ces pr\u00e9sentes dans les habitats souterrains.\r\n\r\nGardez les yeux ouverts la prochaine fois que vous visitez ce type de milieu, la grande araign\u00e9e des grottes est quelque part \u00e0 proximit\u00e9!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Christine Rollard\r\n\r\n <\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Il Ragno Europeo dell\u2019anno 2012<\/h4>\r\nIl grande ragno delle grotte \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nIl ragno dell\u2019anno 2012 si presenta con una serie di novit\u00e0 rispetto agli anni passati: una famiglia diversa, un habitat peculiare ed un doppio riconoscimento ufficiale. Meta menardi<\/i> appartiene alla famiglia dei Tetragnathidae, vive in ambienti sotterranei ed \u00e8 stata recentemente insignita dalla societ\u00e0 tedesca di speleologia \u201cAnimale cavernicolo dell\u2019anno\u201d (www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nMa andiamo con ordine: il grande ragno delle grotte (come al solito in italiano non esiste una traduzione del nome volgare, passatemi questa!) \u00e8 una delle 955 specie di Tetragnathidae presenti al mondo. A livello Europeo sono note 29 specie\u00a0 di Tetragnathidae di cui la quasi totalit\u00e0 sono presenti in area mediterranea e soltanto 19 in Europa centrale.\r\n\r\nMeta menardi<\/i> \u00e8 una specie ad ampia distribuzione che si ritrova in cavit\u00e0 sotterranee in tutto il Paleartico, con l\u2019eccezione del Giappone. In Europa si ritrova perlopi\u00f9 in grotte e altri anfratti in aree montane. \u00c8 frequente in ambienti sotterranei, come grotte, cantine, miniere o nelle fessure aperte tra grandi massi, in ambienti con livello medio di umidit\u00e0 e temperature costanti comprese tra i 7 e i 12\u00b0C. Grotte con troppa umidit\u00e0 sono in genere evitate.\r\n\r\nLe dimensioni di questo ragno variano tra 11 e 13 mm nei maschi e tra 14 e 17 nelle femmine. La colorazione \u00e8 generalmente scura, il cefalotorace \u00e8 bruno-rossiccio e l\u2019addome \u00e8 gialliccio o bruno con due grandi macchie che possono ricordare vagamente un teschio. La colorazione degli arti \u00e8 annulata. La specie si pu\u00f2 confondere con Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763), che \u00e8 pi\u00f9 piccolo e presenta una colorazione grigiastra. Nonostante le dimensioni pi\u00f9 piccole, quest\u2019ultima specie tesse per\u00f2 tele pi\u00f9 grandi, con pi\u00f9 fili radiali e pi\u00f9 fili di cattura (motivo per cui preda facilmente insetti volatori anche di dimensioni maggiori delle sue). Un'altra specie con cui \u00e8 possibile confondere il ragno dell\u2019anno \u00e8 Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 che presenta addome bruno chiaro-gailliccio, \u00e8 pi\u00f9 grande e presenta, almeno nel Nord Italia, popolazioni estremamente isolate, in grotte decisamente pi\u00f9 secche e pi\u00f9 calde (sopra i 12\u00b0C). La specie \u00e8 invece ampiamente segnalata in Italia meridionale (si tratta di una specie tipicamente mediterranea).\r\n\r\nIn grotta si possono ritrovare anche molte altre specie di ragni che presentano adattamenti pi\u00f9 spinti alla vita sotterranea (ad esempio minore pigmentazione e assenza di occhi). In genere per\u00f2 queste sono di dimensioni molto pi\u00f9 ridotte e sono molto meno \u201cappariscenti\u201d dei tessitori orbicolari come Meta<\/i> e Metellina<\/i>.\r\n\r\nAlmeno per l\u2019Europa Centrale, l\u2019accoppiamento di Meta menardi<\/i> avviene generalmente in estate. Subito dopo l\u2019accoppiamento, tra luglio e Agosto la femmina tesse un ovisacco (cocoon) di 2-3 cm di diametro che viene appeso al soffitto della grotta in aree ventilate. Il cocoon contiene circa 200-300 uova, che la femmina sorveglia per circa due o tre mesi. Dopo la fine di Agosto la tela che costituisce il cocoon tende a degenerare e i piccoli ragni all\u2019interno diventano visibili in trasparenza. I piccoli rimangono nell\u2019ovisacco fino alla primavera successiva e, dopo l\u2019uscita dall\u2019ovisacco si dirigono verso le aperture della cavit\u00e0, zone in cui sono ritrovabili per alcune settimane dopo la schiusa. Da qui alcuni piccoli rimangono nella grotta dove sono nati, mentre altri, seguendo la luce, si dirigono all\u2019esterno, dove, tramite ballooning, vanno a colonizzare altre grotte vicine, assicurando cos\u00ec sia il mantenimento della popolazione che la sua dispersione. A differenza di molte specie europee, che vivono in genere un solo anno, i ragni di questa specie possono vivere fino a due o tre anni.\r\n\r\nLa tela che costituisce il cocoon di Meta menardi<\/i> \u00e8 stata recentemente oggetto di un\u2019interessante ricerca nata dalla collaborazione tra l\u2019Universit\u00e0 e il Politecnico di Torino. Prove sperimentali condotte sulla tela di alcuni cocoon raccolti direttamente nel loro ambiente d\u2019origine hanno dimostrato propriet\u00e0 meccaniche straordinarie in termini di resistenza e di allungamento. Tali propriet\u00e0 sono state messe in relazione con la reale funzione di questo tipo di tela, che, svolge un\u2019azione di protezione sia dall\u2019eventuale attacco di parassiti sia da sbalzi termici.\r\n\r\nLa piccola tela di Meta menardi<\/i> (20-30 cm di diametro, struttura orbicolare con il centro aperto) \u00e8 piuttosto rudimentale e raramente \u00e8 usata per catturare le prede. Gli adulti preferiscono passare la maggior parte del tempo sulle pareti della grotta, dove possono cacciare attivamente isopodi, centopiedi, coleotteri, millepiedi, farfalle notturne o altri piccoli animali, comprese le piccole chiocciole di grotta. Questo comportamento predatorio \u201canomalo\u201d rispetto a quello di un classico ragno tessitore, pu\u00f2 essere inteso come un adattamento comportamentale alla vita in grotta.\r\n\r\nInsieme al riconoscimento fornito dalla societ\u00e0 speleologica tedesca, la European Society of Arachnology ha eletto Meta menardi<\/i> \u201cragno dell\u2019anno 2012\u201d, sottolineando la necessit\u00e0 di collaborazione tra i gruppi speleologici e il mondo scientifico.\r\n\r\nIn piena sintonia con quanto succede in Germania, anche in Italia il sodalizio tra speleologia e biologia \u00e8 forte. Recentemente sono stati pubblicati diversi articoli che legano biologia e grotte, come le recenti scoperte sulle propriet\u00e0 della tela del neo-eletto ragno dell\u2019anno, la pubblicazione di un\u2019intera monografia dedicata agli Aracnidi sotterranei delle Alpi Occidentali e l\u2019avvio di un ampio progetto di studio interdisciplinare sulle grotte del Piemonte, coordinato dall\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Torino.\r\n\r\nTenete gli occhi aperti la prossima volta che visitate una grotta: il ragno dell\u2019anno potrebbe essere vicinissimo a voi!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marco Isaia\r\n

Contatti Italia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marco Isaia, Lab. di Ecologia - Ecosistemi terrestri, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino\r\ne-mail: marco.isaiaunito.it\r\nhttp:\/\/www.personalweb.unito.it\/marco.isaia\/<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkopp - 2012<\/h4>\r\nDen store kjelleredderkoppen \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\n\u00c5rets edderkopp for 2012 er den f\u00f8rste kjeveedderkoppen (Tetragnathidae) som f\u00e5r denne utmerkelsen, den er ogs\u00e5 den f\u00f8rste edderkoppen som hovedsakelig lever i huler og er samtidig \u00e5rets leddyr og \u00e5rets huledyr! Men f\u00f8rst en kort introduksjon til \u00e5rets eddderkopp; Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804), den store kjelleredderkoppen.\r\n\r\nDen store kjeveedderkoppen er en av verden 955 kjente arter av kjeveedderkopper. I Europa finnes det 29 arter, 19 av disse I sentrale deler, mens det finnes 13 arter I Norge.\r\n\r\nMeta menardi<\/i> er vidt utbredt. Den finnes i diverse underjordiske lokaliteter, b\u00e5de naturlige og menneskeskapte, gjennom hele den palearktiske regionen, med unntak av Japan. I sentrale deler av Europa finnes den hovedsakelig i h\u00f8yereliggende omr\u00e5der og er spesielt vanlig i omr\u00e5der som de frankiske og svabiske alper. Edderkopper lever i huler og grotter, kjellere, gruvesjakter og andre lignende hulrom som har et middels niv\u00e5 av luftfuktighet og en konstant temperatur over 7\u00b0C. Edderkoppen unng\u00e5r huler med veldig h\u00f8y luftfuktighet og mye trekk.\r\n\r\nKroppslengden til den store kjelleredderkoppen er 11 til 13 mm hos hannene mens hunnene kan bli mellom 14 og 17 mm. Fargen er gjennomg\u00e5ende m\u00f8rk, forkroppen er r\u00f8dbrun, bakkroppen er brun eller m\u00f8rkebrun; begge kroppsdelene har ulike m\u00f8rke markeringer og tegninger. Den kan forveksles med fuktkrattveveren Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763). Denne er imidlertid mindre og mer gr\u00e5 av farge. Den bygger dessuten st\u00f8rre nett med flere radi\u00e6r- og fangsttr\u00e5der og kan s\u00e5ledes fange st\u00f8rre og sterke insekter.\r\n\r\nM. bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 er derimot like stor som M. menardi<\/i> og har de same fargene og tegningene, men er bare kjent fra isolerte forekomster I Rhin-omr\u00e5det og er aldri funnet i Norge.\r\n\r\nI tillegg til disse store artene nevnt ovenfor huser huleomr\u00e5der og underjordiske hulrom Ganske mange og ulike typer edderkopper; flere av disse er tilpasset ett liv under jorda. Disse artene, med unntak av M. bourneti<\/i>, er mye mindre ennMeta<\/i>-artene nevnt ovenfor og kan ikke forveksles med dem.\r\n\r\nParring foreg\u00e5r hovedsakelig tidlig om sommeren. Etter parringen, I perioden juli til august, bygger hunnen en eggkokong som er 2-3 cm I diameter som hun henger i en tr\u00e5d. Denne kokongen kan inneholde opptil 200 til 300 egg og hunnen bevokter kokongen I to tilt re m\u00e5neder til hun d\u00f8r. Rundt omkring slutten av august begynner eggkokongen \u00e5 g\u00e5 I oppl\u00f8sning og de sm\u00e5 edderkopplarvene vil da v\u00e6re synlige som sm\u00e5 svarte flekker, men de forlater ikke kokongen f\u00f8r neste v\u00e5r.\r\n\r\nDe sm\u00e5 edderkoppene beveger seg da mot huleinngangen hvor man finner dem de neste dagene og ukene. Noen av de ungen edderkoppene flytter seg til andre hulesystemer, mens andre lever hele livet seg I hulen de ble f\u00f8dt i. P\u00e5 denne m\u00e5ten kan populasjonen b\u00e5de spre seg og opprettholdes. Den store kjelleredderkoppen kan bli to til tre \u00e5r gammel, I motsetning til de fleste av v\u00e5re arter som kun lever ett \u00e5r.\r\n\r\nNettet til den store kjelleredderkoppen kan oppfattes om ett meget redusert hjulnett (d.v.s. ett hjulformet nett med ett \u00e5pent senter) og brukes kun unntaksvis til \u00e5 fange byttedyr med. Meta menardi<\/i> tilbringer det meste av tiden sin n\u00e6r huleveggene hvor den fanger skrukketroll, biller, tusenbein, skolopendre, overvintrende sommerfugler og m\u00f8ll og andre sm\u00e5kryp; den kan til og med ta enkelte snegler. Byttedyrene henges ofte fra tr\u00e5der i huletaket. Denne m\u00e5ten \u00e5 jakte p\u00e5, uten \u00e5 bruke ett net til byttefangst, kan ses p\u00e5 som en tilpasning til livet I m\u00f8rke huler.\r\n\r\nDen store kjelleredderkoppen tilh\u00f8rer ikke hjulveverene (familie Araneidae) hvor vi finner den vanlige korsedderkoppen (Araneus diadematus<\/i>), selv om den kan ligne p\u00e5 noen av disse artene. P\u00e5 grunn av st\u00f8rrelsen er den en av de mest i\u00f8ynefallende hulelevende dyrene I den tempererte sonen. Arten har derfor ogs\u00e5 blitt valgt som \u00e5rets huledyr for 2012. Den tilbringer hele livet I naturlige huler, gruver, tuneller og ikke minst m\u00f8rke og litt fuktige kjellere. I og med at det finnes relativt f\u00e5 naturlige huler I Norge er de kunstige eller menneskeskapte habitatene viktige for arten her til lands. Arten representerer ett st\u00f8rre antall arter som er avhengig av beskyttede og frostfrie steder slik som gruveganger. Den tyske foreningen for hule og grotteforskere \u00f8nsker med utnevnelsen \u00e5 vise at det fremdeles er mye \u00e5 gj\u00f8re n\u00e5r det gjelder forskning p\u00e5 underjordiske \u00f8kosystemer og dyrene som lever der (se cave animal of the year<\/a>).\r\n\r\nSammen med utnevnelsen som \u00e5rets huledyr, er Meta menardi<\/i> som nevnt ogs\u00e5 valgt som \u00e5rets edderkopp for 2012. Denne utnevnelsen st\u00f8tter det utmerkede samarbeidet mellom hulebiologer og spesialister som jobber med dyregrupper som lever i huler. Edderkoppforskerne (araknologene) er avhengig av den lokale kunnskapen og ekspertisen til huleforskerne (speleologene) slik at man kan l\u00e6re mer om dyrene som lever i underjordiske habitater.\r\n\r\nHold \u00f8ynene oppe neste gang du bes\u00f8ker en hule eller tar en tur ned I en m\u00f8rk potetkjeller eller \u00e5pner en septiktank; den store kjelleredderkoppen er I n\u00e6rheten!\r\n\r\nKjetil \u00c5kra & Christoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejskim Paj\u0105kiem Roku 2012<\/h4>\r\nSieciarz jaskiniowy \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nJest kilka powod\u00f3w dla kt\u00f3rych Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804) wybrano paj\u0105kiem roku 2012. Po pierwsze, gatunek jest reprezentantem fascynuj\u0105cej rodziny kwadratnikowatych (Tetragnathidae) \u2013 dotychczas niewyr\u00f3\u017cnianej. Po drugie, jako mieszkaniec jaski\u0144 mo\u017ce funkcjonowa\u0107 w roli bohatera dw\u00f3ch kategorii: w\u015br\u00f3d paj\u0105k\u00f3w jako takich i w\u015br\u00f3d \u201ejaskiniowc\u00f3w\u201d.\r\n\r\nOto kr\u00f3tka prezentacja naszego bohatera\r\nSieciarz jaskiniowy (Meta menardi<\/i>) jest jednym z 955 gatunk\u00f3w Tetragnathidae znanych z ca\u0142ego \u015bwiata. W Europie wyst\u0119puje 29 gatunk\u00f3w, w tym 19 odnotowano w Europie \u015arodkowej. Ma szerokie rozmieszczenie geograficzne; znany jest z ca\u0142ej Palearktyki, z wyj\u0105tkiem Japonii. W centralnej Europie zamieszkuje tereny krasowe, np. w Alpach Franko\u0144skich i Szwabskich. W Polsce spotykany jest m. in. w Ojcowskim Parku Narodowym. \u017byje w jaskiniach, piwnicach, wyrobiskach g\u00f3rniczych i rumowiskach skalnych o \u015brednim poziomie wilgotno\u015bci, w temperaturze powy\u017cej 7\u00b0C.\r\n\r\nCia\u0142o samc\u00f3w osi\u0105ga 11-13 mm d\u0142ugo\u015bci, samice mierz\u0105 14-17 mm. Ubarwienie jest raczej ciemne: g\u0142owotu\u0142\u00f3w czerwonobr\u0105zowy a odw\u0142ok w r\u00f3\u017cnych odcieniach br\u0105zu z delikatnym ja\u015bniejszym wzorem i dwiema owalnymi plamami. Br\u0105zowe nogi maj\u0105 czarne obw\u00f3dki.\r\n\r\nMeta menardi<\/i> mo\u017cna pomyli\u0107 z innym mieszka\u0144cem jaski\u0144, np. z Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763), ten drugi jest jednak mniejszy, ubarwiony w szarych odcieniach. Ponadto, buduje rozleglejsze sieci z wi\u0119ksz\u0105 liczb\u0105 promieni i nici \u0142ownych a jego ulubion\u0105 zdobycz\u0105 s\u0105 owady lataj\u0105ce.\r\nR\u00f3wnie du\u017cy i podobnie ubarwiony jest inny krewniak naszego bohatera, Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922. Ten z kolei znany jest tylko z izolowanych stanowisk w Nadrenii Palatynacie (Niemcy).\r\n\r\nFauna jaskiniowa obejmuje wiele innych gatunk\u00f3w paj\u0105k\u00f3w, wykazuj\u0105cych przystosowania do podziemnego \u017cycia. S\u0105 one zwykle znacznie mniejsze (np. Linyphiidae) i trudno je pomyli\u0107 z przedstawicielami rodzaju Meta<\/i>, zw\u0142aszcza z naszym bohaterem. Jako wyraz adaptacji do \u017cycia w ciemno\u015bci, niekt\u00f3re z nich wykazuj\u0105 tendencj\u0119 do regresji oczu.\r\n\r\nZaloty u wymienionych gatunk\u00f3w z rodzaju Meta<\/i> zwykle maj\u0105 miejsce wczesnym latem. Nast\u0119pnie, od po\u0142owy lipca do pocz\u0105tk\u00f3w sierpnia, samica buduje kokon o \u015brednicy 2-3 cm, zawiesza go na nici i strze\u017ce przez kilka tygodni po czym umiera. W ko\u0144cu sierpnia m\u0142ode s\u0105 widoczne wewn\u0105trz jako czarne kropki. Nie opuszczaj\u0105 jednak kokonu a\u017c do wiosny nast\u0119pnego roku. Wtedy kieruj\u0105 si\u0119 do wyj\u015bcia jaskini i mo\u017cna je obserwowa\u0107 przez kilka tygodni. W tym czasie niekt\u00f3re kolonizuj\u0105 inne jaskinie, cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 pozostaje w starej. Meta menardi<\/i> osi\u0105ga wiek 2-3 lat \u2013 w odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od wi\u0119kszo\u015bci gatunk\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re \u017cyj\u0105 jeden rok.\r\n\r\nSie\u0107 Meta menardi<\/i> ma 20-30 cm \u015brednicy, zawiera nieliczne nici \u0142owne i mo\u017cna j\u0105 uzna\u0107 za szcz\u0105tkow\u0105 (w por\u00f3wnaniu np. do krzy\u017caka ogrodowego). St\u0105d, rzadko jest skutecznym narz\u0119dziem do polowania. Sieciarz jaskiniowy sp\u0119dza wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 czasu na \u015bcianach jaskini, gdzie \u0142owi stonogi, chrz\u0105szcze, wije, \u0107my i inne motyle, \u015blimaki i inne ma\u0142e zwierz\u0119ta. Ofiary zawiesza na niciach paj\u0119czyny. Zar\u00f3wno dieta, jak i spos\u00f3b polowania s\u0105 adaptacj\u0105 do jaskiniowego \u017cycia. Paj\u0105k ma opini\u0119 zwierz\u0119cia jadowitego: jego uk\u0105szenie powoduje b\u00f3l por\u00f3wnywalny do u\u017c\u0105dlenia osy.\r\n\r\nSieciarz jaskiniowy bywa nazywany krzy\u017cakiem jaskiniowym, mimo, \u017ce nie nale\u017cy do rodziny krzy\u017cakowatych (Araneidae). Z powodu swych rozmiar\u00f3w jest jednym z najbardziej charakterystycznych i wa\u017cnych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w jaski\u0144 i wyrobisk g\u00f3rniczych strefy klimatu umiarkowanego, reprezentuj\u0105c ca\u0142\u0105 grup\u0119 organizm\u00f3w, cz\u0119sto rzadkich i chronionych. Wyb\u00f3r Meta menardi<\/i>, jak podkre\u015blaj\u0105 m. in. cz\u0142onkowie German Cave and Karst Researchers, jest pr\u00f3b\u0105 skierowania wi\u0119kszej uwagi na jaskinie i podobne \u015brodowiska \u2013 jako miejsca zamieszkiwane przez fascynuj\u0105ce zgrupowania zwierz\u0105t. Wyb\u00f3r jest tak\u017ce dowodem owocnej wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy arachnolog\u00f3w i speleolog\u00f3w.\r\n\r\nZatem: gdy jeste\u015b w jaskini - miej oczy otwarte: sieciarz jaskiniowy czai si\u0119 w pobli\u017cu!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Marek \u017babka<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets europeiska spindel 2012<\/h4>\r\nK\u00e4llarspindeln \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\n\u00c5r 2012 \u00e4r det m\u00e5nga f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen f\u00f6r \u00e5rets spindel: en ny spindelfamilj, en ny livsmilj\u00f6 och som en nyhet en gemensam utn\u00e4mning, den \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 utn\u00e4mnd till \u00e5rets grottdjur.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4llarspindelns vetenskapliga namn \u00e4r Meta menardi<\/i>. Den beskrevs av fransmannen Latreille 1804. Spindeln eller dess boxbollsliknande \u00e4ggkokong har v\u00e4ldigt m\u00e5nga m\u00e4nniskor tr\u00e4ffat p\u00e5 i grottor, i jordk\u00e4llare och i fuktiga k\u00e4llare.\r\n\r\nI spindelfamiljen k\u00e4kspindlar (Tetragnathidae) \u00e4r n\u00e4stan 1000 arter k\u00e4nda. Europa har 29 och Sverige 15 arter av familjen.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4llarspindeln, Meta menardi<\/i>, har en vid utbredning. Den finns b\u00e5de i Europa och i norra Asien. I Sverige finns den k\u00e4nd norrut till Medelpad, l\u00e4ngre in i inlandet till Dalarna. Troligtvis \u00e4r den p\u00e5 l\u00e5ngsam spridning norrut. Den lever i m\u00f6rka, dragfria och lagom fuktiga utrymmen som h\u00e5ller en medeltemperatur p\u00e5 \u00e5tminstone 7\u00b0 C. \u00c4r det f\u00f6r torrt eller v\u00e5tt s\u00e5 trivs de inte. Man kan f\u00f6rutom i svala k\u00e4llare, jordk\u00e4llare, grottor och gruvor \u00e4ven finna den i avloppsr\u00f6r, tunnlar, brunnar och liknande st\u00e4llen d\u00e4r de ibland kan finnas i stora m\u00e4ngder. Mer f\u00f6rv\u00e5nansv\u00e4rt \u00e4r kanske att de \u00e4ven lever i tr\u00e5nga passager som bland stenskravel i rasbranter.\r\n\r\nKroppsl\u00e4ngden hos Meta menardi<\/i> \u00e4r 14-17 mm hos vuxna honor och 11-13 hos vuxna hanar. N\u00e4r man ser dem verkar de oftast helt m\u00f6rka. I kraftigt ljus ser man mera av f\u00e4rgteckningen. Framkroppen \u00e4r r\u00f6dbrun, bakkroppen m\u00f6rk- eller ljusbrun. Den har p\u00e5 kroppen m\u00f6rkare och ofta \u00e4ven gula m\u00f6nster. Tv\u00e5 m\u00f6rka fl\u00e4ckar syns ofta h\u00f6gst upp p\u00e5 bakkroppsryggen. Benen \u00e4r bruna med svarta ringar.\r\n\r\nDen kan blandas ihop med den n\u00e4rbesl\u00e4ktade, men mindre, bryggspindeln,Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763) som ofta ocks\u00e5 lever i grottor. I grottor hittar man oftare bryggspindeln n\u00e4rmare mynningen och inte s\u00e4llan n\u00e4rmare grottgolvet. Denna spindel hittar man \u00e4ven ofta under bryggor (d\u00e4rav namnet), broar och grova tr\u00e4dr\u00f6tter n\u00e4ra vatten. Den \u00e4r gr\u00e5are och har ett mer finsp\u00e4ckligt m\u00f6nster. Till skillnad mot k\u00e4llarspindeln g\u00f6r bryggspindeln ett stort hjulformat n\u00e4t.\r\n\r\nS\u00f6derut i Europa, fr\u00e5n s\u00f6dra England och Holland och s\u00f6derut, lever den till k\u00e4llarspindeln n\u00e4rbesl\u00e4ktade och fr\u00e5n denna sv\u00e5rskiljda arten Meta bourneti<\/i>Simon, 1922. Den \u00e4r anpassad till h\u00f6gre genomsnittlig temperatur men lever annars p\u00e5 samma s\u00e4tt som Meta menardi<\/i>. P\u00e5 Japan och i Nordamerika finns andra n\u00e4rbesl\u00e4ktade arter.\r\n\r\nM\u00e5nga tycker att Meta menardi<\/i> borde heta grottspindel och inte k\u00e4llarspindel eftersom det \u00e4r en stor spindel som man ofta ser i grottor, men namnet grottspindel har getts \u00e5t en annan spindelart, en betydligt mindre och vacker spindel som har det vetenskapliga namnet Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck, 1757). P\u00e5 m\u00e5nga andra spr\u00e5k heter Meta menardi<\/i> n\u00e5got som har med grottor att g\u00f6ra, t.ex. p\u00e5 engelska kallas k\u00e4llarspindeln f\u00f6r \"the large cave spider\" eller \"the cave orb-weaver\" och p\u00e5 tyska \"Die grosse H\u00f6hlenspinne\".\r\n\r\nF\u00f6rutom dessa spindlar s\u00e5 hittar kan man dessutom hitta andra spindelarter i grottor, b\u00e5da arter som har anpassningar f\u00f6r att leva i grottor och arter som f\u00e5r ses som mer tillf\u00e4lliga g\u00e4ster. Dessa \u00e4r vanligtvis betydligt mindre \u00e4n Meta menardi<\/i>.\r\n\r\nParningen hos Meta menardi<\/i> sker normalt p\u00e5 f\u00f6rsommaren. Fr\u00e5n mitten av juli och in i augusti s\u00e5 bygger honan stora, ljusa, n\u00e4stan vita \u00e4ggkokonger med en diameter p\u00e5 2-3 cm som h\u00e4nger i grova tr\u00e5dar fr\u00e5n tak eller v\u00e4gg. \u00c4ggkokongen inneh\u00e5ller 200-300 \u00e4gg. Dessa vakar honan i par-tre m\u00e5nader. Hon vakar tills hon d\u00f6r.\r\n\r\nSent p\u00e5 sommaren s\u00e5 b\u00f6rjar \u00e4ggkokongen att bli gles och ungarna syns d\u00e5 som sm\u00e5 svarta fl\u00e4ckar inuti kokongen. De sm\u00e5 ungarna sitter kvar i kokongen och tar sig d\u00e4rifr\u00e5n f\u00f6rst n\u00e4sta v\u00e5r. De drar sig d\u00e5 mot ljus och hamnar i en grottmynning eller liknande. De tar sig sedan ut och sprider sig till andra grottor och andra lagom m\u00f6rka, fuktiga st\u00e4llen. Resten av livet s\u00e5 \u00e4r de ljusskygga och dras mot m\u00f6rker. En del ungar blir kvar d\u00e4r de f\u00f6ddes.\r\n\r\nK\u00e4llarspindeln blir 2-3 \u00e5r gammal innan den blir vuxen. Den tillh\u00f6r allts\u00e5 de spindlar som blir flera \u00e5r, medan de allra flesta lever h\u00f6gst ett \u00e5r.\r\n\r\nN\u00e4tet hos k\u00e4llarspindeln \u00e4r ett hjulformat n\u00e4t liksom hos \u00f6vriga k\u00e4kspindlar. Till skillnad mot hjulspindlarna (familjen Araneidae) s\u00e5 l\u00e4mnar k\u00e4kspindlarna hjuln\u00e4tets mitt \u00f6ppet. K\u00e4llarspindelns n\u00e4t \u00e4r dock \u00e4nnu enklare och mindre \u00e4n \u00f6vriga k\u00e4kspindlars. Det f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandevis lilla n\u00e4tet, bara 2-3 dm, sitter ofta f\u00e4st med sina tr\u00e5dar direkt mot stenv\u00e4ggar. Bytesdjuren kan man ofta hitta h\u00e4ngande fr\u00e5n sm\u00e5 tr\u00e5dar som g\u00e5r fr\u00e5n n\u00e4tet.\u00a0 Vanligt verkar vara att de letar l\u00e4ngs v\u00e4ggar och tak efter l\u00e4mpliga bytesdjur. De m\u00f6jliga bytesdjur som finns i en grotta \u00e4r ofta l\u00e5ngsamma djur s\u00e5 k\u00e4llarspindeln beh\u00f6ver inte vara s\u00e5 snabb f\u00f6r att hitta och f\u00e5nga sina byten. Grottor och k\u00e4llare har s\u00e4llan m\u00e5nga sm\u00e5kryp vilket nog \u00e4r orsaken till att k\u00e4llarspindeln \u00e4ter i stort sett allt n\u00e5gorlunda \u00e4tligt som den kan hitta: gr\u00e5suggor, m\u00e5ngfotingar (tusenfotingar), skalbaggar, \u00f6vervintrande fj\u00e4rilar och flugor, och t.o.m. sniglar. De flesta av dessa bytesdjur hade andra spindlar ratat f\u00f6r att de smakar illa, \u00e4r sv\u00e5ra att suga ut eller \u00e4r sv\u00e5ra att f\u00e5nga.\r\n\r\nMeta menardi<\/i> har f\u00f6rutom att bli vald till \u00e5rets spindel 2012 ocks\u00e5 blivit vald till \u00e5rets grottdjur (se www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>). Som grottlevande f\u00e5r den representera ett stort antal djur som \u00e4r beroende av st\u00e4llen som har en j\u00e4mn temperatur, \u00e4r frostfria och utan bl\u00e5st. Mycket finns fortfarande att ta rda p\u00e5 om de grottlevande djuren. Valet av Meta menardi<\/i> till b\u00e5de \u00e5rets spindel och till \u00e5rets grottdjur \u00e4r ett samarbete mellan grottforskare (speleologer) och spindelforskare (arachnologer). Vi \u00e4r beroende av varandras expertkunskaper f\u00f6r att l\u00e4ra oss mer om dessa fascinerande djur.\r\n\r\nN\u00e4sta g\u00e5ng du bes\u00f6ker en grotta s\u00e5 titta dig omkring, kanske kan du i ett h\u00f6rn hitta en k\u00e4llarspindel och om du inte g\u00f6r det s\u00e5 m\u00e4rker den kanske dig.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Lars Jonsson\r\n

Kontakt Sverige<\/h4>\r\nLars Jonsson, H\u00f6gskolan Kristianstad, 291 88 Kristianstad\r\nlars.jonsson(a)hkr.se<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropski pajek leta 2012<\/h4>\r\nVeliki jamski pajek \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nV izboru za pajka leta 2012 je nekaj \u201cnovosti\u201d: nova dru\u017eina pajkov (Tetragnathidae \u2013 pajki \u010deljustarji), nov \u017eivljenjski prostor (jame), novost pa je tudi skupen izbor za \u017eival leta (ta vrsta je tudi jamska \u017eival leta). Vendar ena stvar za drugo; za za\u010detek kratek uvod o pajku leta: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804), veliki jamski pajek.\r\n\r\nVeliki jamski pajek je ena od 955 vrst pajkov \u010deljustarjev, ki se pojavljajo povsod po svetu. V Evropi imamo 29 vrst, od tega v srednji Evropi 19.\r\n\r\nVeliki jamski pajek Meta menardi<\/i> je geografsko \u0161iroko raz\u0161irjen. Pojavlja se v podzemnih prostorih v vsej palearkti\u010dni regiji z izjemo Japonske. V srednji Evropi ga najdemo tako v ni\u017einah kot gorskih regijah, posebej pogost pa je v obmo\u010dju krasa in Alp. Pajek \u017eivi v podzemnih jamah, kleteh, rudnikih in med skalami kjer je srednje visoka zra\u010dna vla\u017enost in konstanta temperature nad 7\u00b0C. Izogibajo se jam z visoko zra\u010dno vla\u017enostjo ali prepihom.\r\n\r\nDol\u017eina telesa pri velikem pajku Meta menardi<\/i> je 11 do 13 mm pri samcih in 14 do 17 mm pri samicah. V glavnem precej temno obarvan; glavoprsje je rde\u010de-\u010drno, zadek je bledo ali temno rjav, obe telesni regiji pa vsebujeta \u010drne lise. Na zadku sta pogosto vidni dve ve\u010dji pegi. Noge so rjave s \u010drnimi lisami. V\u010dasih ga lahko zamenjate za majhnega jamskega pajka Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763), ki je manj\u0161i in sivkasto obarvan. Vseeno pa slednji gradi ve\u010dje mre\u017ee (z ve\u010d \u017earkastih in lepljivih niti) in je tako sposoben dodati k svoji prehrani tudi hitreje lete\u010de \u017eu\u017eelke.\r\nMeta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922 na drugi strani je tako velik pajek kot Meta menardi<\/i>in tudi podobno obarvan, vendar znan zgolj iz nekaterih delov zahodne Nem\u010dije.\r\n\r\nZa razliko od tega o\u010ditnega pajka, vsebujejo jamski sistemi tudi raznovrstnost drugih pajkov; med njimi mnogi ka\u017eejo jasne adaptacije na jamsko \u017eivljenje. Ti pajki so za razliko od Meta bourneti<\/i> (glej zgoraj) navadno veliko manj\u0161i in jih tako ne moremo zamenjati z velikim jamskim pajkom.\r\n\r\nVeliki jamski pajek se navadno pari v za\u010detku poletja. Nekje med sredo julija in za\u010detkom avgusta nato samica zgradi kokon, ki v premeru meri 2 do 3 cm in obe\u0161en na svileno nit. Kokon vsebuje 200 do 300 jajc, ki jih samica \u010duva nadaljnja dva do tri mesece, vse do svoje smrti. Okoli konca avgusta se kokon za\u010dne razkrajati, v njem pa so kot majhne \u010drne to\u010dke \u017ee vidni mladi pajki. Vseeno pa mladi pajki kokona ne bodo zapustili vse do naslednje pomladi. Takrat se mladi pajki napotijo do vhoda jame, kjer jih lahko sre\u010damo nekaj dni do nekaj tednov. Od tukaj nekateri migrirajo v druge jamske sisteme, drugi pa ostanejo v isti jami. Na tak na\u010din se populacija tako raz\u0161irja kot tudi ohranja. Za razliko od ve\u010dine na\u0161ih pajkov, ki \u017eivijo zgolj eno leto, veliki jamski pajek dose\u017ee \u017eivljenjsko starost dveh do treh let.\r\n\r\nNa 20 do 30 cm veliko mre\u017eo velikega jamskega pajka lahko gledamo kot na precej rudimentarno (kolesasta mre\u017ea z odprtim sredi\u0161\u010dem), saj jo Meta menardi<\/i> redko uporablja za lov. Veliko \u010dasa namre\u010d \u017edi ob steni, kjer pre\u017ei na mimoido\u010de mokrice, hro\u0161\u010de, strige, ka\u010dice, prezimujo\u010de metulje in ve\u0161\u010de ter ostale majhne \u017eivali, v\u010dasih se hrani celo s pol\u017ei. Tak\u0161no plenjenje, brez uporabe lovilne mre\u017ee, lahko vsekakor razumemo kot vedenjsko adaptacijo na \u017eivljenje v jamah.\r\n\r\nVelikega jamskega pajka Meta menardi<\/i> v\u010dasih imenujejo tudi jamski kri\u017eevec, \u010deprav ne spada v dru\u017eino pajkov kri\u017eevcev, ampak v dru\u017eino pajkov \u010deljustarjev. Zaradi svoje velikosti je eden bolj opaznih prebivalcev jam zmernega pasu. Ti pajki celo leto \u017eivijo v jamah, rudnikih in kleteh. Ta vrsta pajka je bila posledi\u010dno izbrana tudi za \u201cjamsko \u017eival leta 2012\u201d. Ta pajek tako predstavlja ve\u010dje \u0161tevilo \u017eivali, ki so odvisne od za\u0161\u010ditenih habitatov s stalno temperaturo in se pojavljajo tudi v rudnikih. Dru\u0161tvo nem\u0161kih raziskovalcev jam in krasa z izbiro tega pajka sku\u0161a opozoriti na dejstvo, da nas v raziskovanju podzemnih ekosistemov in \u017eivali, ki tam prebivajo, \u010daka \u0161e veliko dela (glej tudiwww.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nSkupaj z izborom jamska \u017eival leta je veliki jamski pajek Meta menardi<\/i> zmagal tudi v izboru \u201cEvropski pajek leta 2012\u201d. To ka\u017ee na sijajno sodelovanje med raziskovalci jam in specialisti za tiste skupine, ki v njih prebivajo. Da bi zvedeli ve\u010d o podzemni favni pajkov, se arahnologi (biologi, ki se raziskujejo pajke) zana\u0161ajo ravno na znanje speleologov (raziskovalcev jam).\r\n\r\nNaslednji\u010d ko obi\u0161\u010dete jamo imejte o\u010di odprte: veliki jamski pajek je v bli\u017eini.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropski pauk godine za 2012<\/h4>\r\nVeliki pe\u0107inski pauk \u2013 Meta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)\r\n\r\nPromocija \u00abPauka godine za 2012\u00bb nosi sa sobom nekoliko novina: nova familija paukova (Tetragnathidae \u2013 dugo\u010deljusni paukovi), novo stani\u0161te (pe\u0107ina) i po prvi put dupla promocija iste vrste (vrsta je takodje izabrana za \u00abPe\u0107insku \u017eivotinju godine za 2012\u00bb). Ali jedno po jedno; da krenemo sa kratkim predstavljanjem \u00abpauka godine\u00bb: Meta menardi<\/i> (Latreille, 1804) veliki pe\u0107inski pauk.\r\n\r\nVeliki pe\u0107inski pauk je jedna od 955 vrsta dugo\u010deljusnih paukova poznatih \u0161irom sveta. U Evropi imamo 29 vrsta, a u centralnoj Evropi 19.\r\n\r\nVeliki pe\u0107inski pauk je geografski \u0161iroko rasprostranjen. Obitava u podzemnim \u0161upljinama du\u017e Palearkti\u010dkog regiona, sa izuzetkom Japana. U centralnoj Evropi obi\u010dno se mo\u017ee na\u0107i u brdskim regionima, a posebno je \u010desta u kra\u0161kim predelima kao \u0161to su \u0160vapski i Frana\u010dki alpi. Pauk \u017eivi u podzemnim pe\u0107inama, podrumima, rudarskim oknima i izmedju stena, gde je vla\u017enost srednjeg stepena, a temperatura stalno iznad 7\u00b0C. Pe\u0107ine velike vla\u017enosti ili one u kojima je protok vazduha suvi\u0161e jak izbegava.\r\n\r\nDu\u017eina tela velikog pe\u0107inskog pauka Meta<\/i> menardi kre\u0107e se od 11 do 13mm kod mu\u017ejaka i od 14 do 17mm kod \u017eenke. Obojenost je uglavnom prili\u010dno tamna; glavenogrudni region je crveno-braon, stomak svetlo do tamno braon, oba sa crnim oznakama, i obi\u010dno su 2 velike ta\u010dke jasno vidljive. Noge su braon sa tamnim prstenovima. Postoji odredjena \u0161ansa da se pogre\u0161i i da se pauk zameni sa jednom drugom vrstom,\u00a0 malim pe\u0107inskim paukom Metellina merianae<\/i> (Scopoli, 1763). To je ipak manji pauk, a po obojenosti vi\u0161e siv. Uostalom vrsta Meta menardi<\/i> gradi ve\u0107u mre\u017eu ( sa vi\u0161e radijalnih linija i hvataju\u0107ih niti) i zato je sposobna da insekte koji su dobri leta\u010di doda na svoj jelovnik. Nasuprot tome vrsta Meta bourneti<\/i> Simon, 1922, je iste veli\u010dine kaoMeta menardi<\/i> \u010dak i sli\u010dno obojena, ali ona se sporadi\u010dno pojavljuje samo u saveznoj nema\u010dkoj dr\u017eavi Rajna \u2013 Palatinat.\r\n\r\nPored ovih upadljivih vrsta, u podzemnim pe\u0107inama mogu se na\u0107i veoma raznoliki drugi paukovi; veliki broj njih pokazuje jasne adaptacije na podzemni \u017eivot. Te vrste su, sa izuzetkom\u00a0 Meta bourneti<\/i> (pogledaj iznad), uglavnom mnogo manje nego ve\u0107 spomenuta vrsta Meta<\/i>, tako da se ne mo\u017ee pobrkati sa njima.\r\n\r\nParenje kod ove vrste uglavnom se de\u0161ava po\u010detkom leta. Posle toga, od sredine jula do po\u010detka avgusta, \u017eenka pravi kokon veli\u010dine 2 do 3 cm u pre\u010dniku, koji visi sa niti. U kokonu se nalazi 200 do 300 jaja, koje \u017eenka pazi dva-tri meseca do svoje smrti. Obi\u010dno krajem avgusta vre\u0107ica za jaja po\u010dinje da se raspada i mali paukovi se mogu videti unutar kokona kao tamne ta\u010dkice. Mladunci ustvari ne\u0107e napustiti kokon do slede\u0107eg prole\u0107a. Tek tada podmladak pronalazi svoj put do otvora pe\u0107ine gde se mo\u017ee videti par dana ili nedelja. Neki od njih se upute ka drugim pe\u0107inskim sistema, dok ostali ostaju u pe\u0107ini u kojoj su rodjeni. Na ovaj na\u010din populacija se i \u0161iri i odr\u017eava. Veliki pe\u0107inski pauk Meta menardi<\/i> dosti\u017ee starost od 2 ili 3 godine, za razliku od ve\u0107ine na\u0161ih doma\u0107ih vrsta koje \u017eive svega godinu dana.\r\n\r\nDvadeset do trideset santimetara velika mre\u017ea, ovog pe\u0107inskog pauka, mo\u017ee se okarakterisati kao veoma rudimentirana (kao npr. kru\u017ena mre\u017ea sa otvorenim centrom) i retko se koristi za hvatanje plena. Meta menardi<\/i> provodi ve\u0107inu svog vremena na zidu pe\u0107ine u blizini mre\u017ee gde mo\u017ee da uhvati mokrice, bube, stonoge (centipedes, millipedes), prezimljuju\u0107e leptire ili moljce i druge male \u017eivotine; ponekad \u010dak i pu\u017eeve. Obi\u010dno ovi paukovi vise sa svoje mre\u017ee na tankim nitima. Ovakav na\u010din lova, bez oslanjanja na mre\u017eu \u2013 koja se prvobitno koristila za lov \u2013 mo\u017ee se okarakterisati kao adaptacija pona\u0161anja ove \u017eivotinje na \u017eivot u pe\u0107ini.\r\n\r\nZbog svoje veli\u010dine ovaj pauk Meta menardi<\/i> spada u najupadljivije pe\u0107inske \u017eivotinje umerene zone. Ceo svoj \u017eivot provodi u prirodnim pe\u0107inama, rudnicima ili kamenim podrumima. Zbog te svoje osobine takodje je izabrana i za \u00ab Pe\u0107insku vrstu godine za\u00a0 2012\u00bb. Ovaj pauk predstavlja jednu od mnogobrojnih vrsta \u017eivotinja koje zavise od za\u0161ti\u0107enih podzemnih skloni\u0161ta koja zimi nesmrzavaju. Udru\u017eenje Nema\u010dkih istra\u017eiva\u010da pe\u0107ina i kra\u0161kih podru\u010dja, time \u0161to su izabrali ovog pauka, \u017eele da poka\u017eu, da jo\u0161 uvek puno toga traba da se uradi na polju istra\u017eivanja podzemnih ekosistema i \u017eivotinja koje tamo obitavaju (pogledaj takodje www.hoehlentier.de<\/a>).\r\n\r\nIstovremeno sa izborom za \u00abPe\u0107insku \u017eivotinju godine za 2012\u00bb, Meta menardi<\/i>je izabrana i za \u00abEvropskog pauka godine za 2012\u00bb. To potvrdjuje dobru saradnju izmedju biologa koji proi\u010davaju pe\u0107ine i specijalista za odredjene grupe pe\u0107inskih \u017eivotinja. Arahnolozi koji prou\u010davaju paukove se oslanjaju na znanje i stu\u010dnost speleologa sa ciljem da nau\u010de \u0161to vi\u0161e o vrstama koje obitavaju u podzemnim stani\u0161tima.\r\n\r\nDoro obratite pa\u017enju slede\u0107i put kad posetite pe\u0107inu: veliki pe\u0107inski pauk je sigurno negde u blizini!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\u00a0&\u00a0Gordana Grbi\u0107<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2012
\nThe large cave spider
\nMeta menardi<\/em> (Latreille, 1804)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

For the 2012 spider of the year there are a number of “firsts”: a new spider family (Tetragnathidae – long-jawed spiders), a new habitat (caves) and a new joint animal of the year (it is also cave animal of the year) (link)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":321,"menu_order":93,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-437","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=437"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2668,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437\/revisions\/2668"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}