{"id":439,"date":"2015-08-14T11:30:55","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T09:30:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=439"},"modified":"2017-04-04T09:37:14","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T07:37:14","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2013","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=439","title":{"rendered":"2013 Atypus affinis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2013<\/h1>\n

The common purse-web spider<\/h3>\n

Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830<\/h4>\n
\"Atypus

Atypus affinis<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

The common purse-web spider Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 belongs to the purse-web spider family (Atypidae). These are the only central European representatives of the tarantula-like spiders (Mygalomorphae); a group characterised by their forward-projecting and parallel (i.e. orthognath) mouthparts.<\/p>\n

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World-wide there are three genera within the family Atypidae, with a total of 49 species. The three (central) European species are \u2013 from smallest to largest \u2013 the wall purse-web spider Atypus muralis<\/em>, the pitch-black purse-web spider Atypus piceus and the common purse-web spider Atypus affinis<\/em>; the latter being the most common in western Europe. Their distribution within individual countries is, however, variable. In Germany the common purse-web spider is the most common while in Austria it is the rarest of the three species. The purse-web spiders are on the Red List of most of the countries and states where they occur, where they are usually considered to be endangered or highly endangered.<\/p>\n

The purse-web spider is restricted to xerothermic regions and is thus primarily found in dry, sandy and sunny\/warm localities. Pine forests, dry overhangs \u2013 often south-facing \u2013 and also lean meadows are preferred. Unlike the other species, Atypus affinis<\/em> tends to occur in plains and low hills (up to 600 m) and the main area of distribution is in western and northern parts of (central) Europe.<\/p>\n

The body length of the male (excluding mouthparts) is 7-10 mm, for the female 10-15 mm. Colouration in males is mostly deep black, females are dark brown and juveniles are often notably paler in colour. The sternum can be clearly lighter. The long posterior spinnerets are divided into three segments. This character serves to differentiate A. affinis<\/em> from the other two species. The pitch-black purse-web spider has an un-pigmented half-ring on the terminal segment \u2013 and thus appears to have 3\u00bd segments \u2013 while the wall purse-web spider has four-segmented spinnerets. Atypus affinis<\/em> also has an un-pigmented region of the apical outer side of the 1st patella.<\/p>\n

The animals live in subterranean tubes about 10-30 cm long, which they dig themselves and line with silk. Above ground this web forms a ca. 1 cm wide and 10 cm long ‘catching tube’, which is camouflaged with particles of earth from the surroundings. The spider sits inside the tube and waits for insects to walk over the part above ground. Prey is bitten through the tube from below and then dragged inside; the resulting tear being repaired later. Typical prey includes ants, beetles and even millipedes and centipedes.<\/p>\n

You can often find males during the mating season in late autumn and they are most active from September to November. This is also different to A. piceus<\/em>, whose activity is restricted to May and July. The A. affinis<\/em> males search the ground for a partner, vibrate the catching tube and then mate in the lower part of the nest. Egg-laying subsequently takes place here too. The eggs are maintained in a cocoon below ground in a slightly enlarged part of the nest. Spiderlings hatch in autumn and remain, without feeding, throughout the winter in the mother’s tube. They leave it during the first warm days (early to middle March) and spread out by ‘ballooning’. Up to 100 spiderlings can be found. Unlike most other central European spiders, these animals can live a long time, namely up to 8-10 years.<\/p>\n

If, on an autumn walk, you come across a male purse-web spider marching across the ground in search of a mate you will have a perfect opportunity to see this year’s Spider of the Year. Or perhaps you will find the highly camouflaged tube. In either case: “It is worth taking a peek at the common purse-web spider, and it will certainly cause you neither harm nor alarm.”<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

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Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

85 jury members from 24 countries:
\nAlbania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURADATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Maps and photos<\/h4>\n

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Distribution maps<\/h4>\n

Great Britain – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (PDF)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nWiki of the Spinnen-Forum – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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– BELLMANN H. (2006): Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 3. Auflage. Kosmos, Stuttgart. 304 p.<\/p>\n

– BLICK T., R. BOSMANS, J. BUCHAR, P. GAJDO\u0160, A. H\u00c4NGGI, P. VAN HELSDINGEN, V. R\u016e\u017dI\u010cKA, W. STAR\u0118GA & K. THALER (2004): Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a> (18.10.2011)<\/p>\n

– BRISTOWE, W. 1958. The World of Spiders. Collins, London.<\/p>\n

– BROEN B. von & M. MORITZ (1964): Zur Biologie und Verbreitung der deutschen Atypus<\/em>-Arten (Araneae. Atypidae) \u2013 Zoologischer Anzeiger 172: 147-151<\/p>\n

– EHLERS M. (1937): Neues \u00fcber Vorkommen und Lebensweise der m\u00e4rkischen “Vogelspinne”, Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichw., und \u00fcber die Unterscheidung der deutschen Atypus-Arten \u2013 M\u00e4rkische Tierwelt 2: 257-276<\/p>\n

– ENOCK F. (1885): The life-history of Atypus piceus<\/em>, Sulz \u2013 Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 33: 389-420<\/p>\n

– GACK C. & A. KOBEL-LAMPARSKI (2006): Zum Vorkommen von Atypus affinis<\/em> und Atypus piceus<\/em> (Araneae: Atypidae) auf einer Sukzessionsfl\u00e4che im flurbereinigten Rebgel\u00e4nde des Kaiserstuhls \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 31: 8-15<\/p>\n

– H\u00c4NGGI A., E. ST\u00d6CKLI & W. NENTWIG (1995): Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– HELSDINGEN P.J. van (2012): Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database. European spiders and their distribution \u2013 taxonomy (Version 2012.2) \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– HIEBSCH H. & R. KRAUSE (1976): Zur Verbreitung und Lebensweise von Atypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 in der S\u00e4chsischen Schweiz \u2013 Faunistische Abhandlungen des Museums f\u00fcr Tierkunde Dresden 6: 69-88<\/p>\n

– KOMPOSCH C. & K.-H. STEINBERGER (1999): Rote Liste der Spinnen K\u00e4rntens (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 Naturschutz in K\u00e4rnten 15, 567-618<\/p>\n

– KRAUS O. & H. BAUR (1974): Die Atypidae der West-Pal\u00e4arktis. Systematik, Verbreitung und Biologie (Arach.: Araneae) \u2013 Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Hamburg 17: 85-116<\/p>\n

– NENTWIG W., T. BLICK, D. GLOOR, A. H\u00c4NGGI & C. KROPF (2012): Spinnen Europas. Version 12.2012 \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– PLATEN R., T. BLICK, P. SACHER & A. MALTEN (1996): Rote Liste der Webspinnen Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 11: 5-31<\/p>\n

– PLATNICK N.I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 13.0. American Museum of Natural History \u2013 (link)<\/a>
\n– RESSL F. (1960): Die Vogelspinnen\u00e4hnlichen (Atypidae) der Heidelandschaft von Purgstall und Umgebung (N\u00d6) \u2013 Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 100: 65-68<\/p>\n

– \u0158EZ\u00c1\u010c M., V. \u0158EZ\u00c1\u010cOV\u00c1 & S. PEK\u00c1R (2007): The distribution of purse-web Atypus<\/em> spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) in central Europe is constrained by microclimatic continentality and soil compactness \u2013 Journal of Biogeography 34: 1016-1027<\/p>\n

– SCHWENDINGER P.J. (1990): A synopsis of the genus Atypus<\/em> (Araneae, Atypidae) \u2013 Zoologica Scripta 19: 353-366<\/p>\n

– STAUDT A. (2012): Nachweiskarten der Spinnentiere Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones) \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– THALER K. & B. KNOFLACH (2002): Zur Faunistik der Spinnen (Araneae) von \u00d6sterreich: Atypidae, Haplogynae, Eresidae, Zodariidae, Mimetidae \u2013 Linzer biologische Beitr\u00e4ge 34\/1: 413-444<\/p>\n

– WIEHLE H. (1953): Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidae (Araneae). IX. Orthognatha \u2013 Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 42: 1-150<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
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--<\/span>AL<\/span>BE<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>DK<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>FR<\/span>GR<\/span>IT<\/span>LT<\/span>NL<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span>SL<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga Europiane e vitit 2013<\/h4>\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta merimanga m\u00eb e zakonshme megalomorfe europiane e cila i p\u00ebrket familjes Atypidae. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb vetmet p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs qendrore, t\u00eb cilat ngjajn\u00eb me tarantulat, pasi karakterizohen nga forma dhe pozicioni i kelicerave t\u00eb vendosura gjithmon\u00eb p\u00ebrpara dhe paralele. Anglosakson\u00ebt i p\u00ebrkufizojn\u00eb Atypidae si \u201cpurse web-spider\u201d (merimangat q\u00eb nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb rrjet\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb \u00e7ante) n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb aparatit t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb merimangat e k\u00ebsaj familjeje p\u00ebrdorin p\u00ebr kapjen e pres\u00eb.\r\n\r\nN\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn njihen vet\u00ebm tre gjini t\u00eb familjes Atypidae dhe nj\u00eb total prej 49 lloje, nga t\u00eb cilat tre lloje jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb Europ\u00eb (nga m\u00eb e madhja tek m\u00eb e vogla: Atypus muralis, Atypus piceus dhe Atypus affinis), p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat anglosakson\u00ebt kan\u00eb tre emra t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7antive t\u00eb tyre (p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht: wall purse-web spider, pitch-black purse-web spider dhe common purse-web spider).\r\n\r\nShp\u00ebrndarja e tyre n\u00eb Europ\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e ndryshme. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb Gjermani Atypus affinis \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e zakonshme, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb Austri ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb lloji m\u00eb i rrall\u00eb nga t\u00eb tre llojet e sip\u00ebr p\u00ebrmendura. A. affinis \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj i ri p\u00ebr Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb, ku sipas studimeve t\u00eb doktoratur\u00ebs s\u00eb B.Vrenozi ky lloj njihet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb rrethin e Tiran\u00ebs.\r\nN\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb vendeve europiane ku ato ndodhen, A. affinis ndodhet n\u00eb List\u00ebn e Kuqe, n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb \u201clloje n\u00eb rrezik zhdukje\u201d ose \u201clloje ekstremisht n\u00eb rrezik zhdukje\u201d.\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar vet\u00ebm n\u00eb zonat kserotermike, t\u00eb thata, t\u00eb ngrohta dhe me diell. Nd\u00ebr habitatet e preferuara p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj p\u00ebrmendim pyjet e pish\u00ebs, n\u00eb shpatet e ekspozuara me drejtimin jugor si dhe n\u00eb livadhet e thata. N\u00eb ndryshim nga llojet e tjera, A. affinis priret t\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb ult\u00ebsira dhe zona kodrinore t\u00eb ul\u00ebta deri n\u00eb 600m dhe kryesisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebt per\u00ebndimore dhe veriore t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs qendrore.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit t\u00eb mashkullit (duke p\u00ebrjashtuar pjes\u00ebt e goj\u00ebs) \u00ebsht\u00eb 7\u201310 mm, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr femr\u00ebn 10\u201315 mm. Ngjyrimi tek meshkujt \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb i zi pis, tek femrat \u00ebsht\u00eb kafe e err\u00ebt, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb vegjlit kan\u00eb kryesisht ngjyra m\u00eb t\u00eb zbehta. Sternumi \u00ebsht\u00eb qart\u00ebsisht i ndritsh\u00ebm. Spineretat e gjata posteriore jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara n\u00eb tre segmente (nj\u00eb tipar q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb dalluar A. affinis nga dy llojet e tjera). A. piceus ka nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb unaz\u00eb t\u00eb papigmentuar n\u00eb segmentin e fundit (q\u00eb e b\u00ebn t\u00eb duket sikur ka 3\u00bd), nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb A. muralis ka kat\u00ebr spinereta t\u00eb segmentuara. Gjithashtu edhe A. affinis ka nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb papigmentuar t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb maj\u00ebs s\u00eb patell\u00ebs t\u00eb \u00e7iftit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebve.\r\n\r\nT\u00eb gjith\u00eb llojet e gjinis\u00eb Atypus jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb tuba n\u00ebntok\u00ebsor rreth 10\u201330 cm t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ato i kan\u00eb g\u00ebrmuar me an\u00eb t\u00eb kelicerave t\u00eb fuqishme dhe i kan\u00eb mbushur me m\u00ebndafsh. Mbi sip\u00ebrfaqe kjo rrjet\u00eb formon \u201ctub gjuajt\u00ebs\u201d rreth 1 cm t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe 10 cm t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, i cili del nga toka dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i maskuar me th\u00ebrrmija toke nga mjedisi p\u00ebrreth. Merimanga pozicionohet n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb tubit dhe pret p\u00ebr insektet endacake tok\u00ebsore t\u00eb ecin mbi pjes\u00ebn e jashtme t\u00eb tubit gjuajt\u00ebs. N\u00eb momentin e duhur, merimanga e kafshon me shpejt\u00ebsi pren\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet tubit gjuajt\u00ebs, dhe m\u00eb pas e t\u00ebrheq n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi, ku do t\u00eb konsumohet. Brenda nj\u00eb kohe t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, pjesa e vog\u00ebl e rrjet\u00ebs s\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar do t\u00eb riparohet me sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Preja e preferuar e merimangave t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb Atypus p\u00ebrfshin n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi milingonat dhe koleopter\u00ebt, por n\u00eb shum\u00eb raste edhe shum\u00ebk\u00ebmb\u00ebshit.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00eb sezonit t\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit (nga Shtatori n\u00eb N\u00ebntor) gjenden shpesh meshkujt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt enden n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb aktive n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e tok\u00ebs. N\u00eb ndryshim nga ky lloj, A. piceus ka aktivitet m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht nga Maji n\u00eb Korrik.\r\nMeshkujt e A. affinis shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb femrave duke shkaktuar vibracione n\u00eb tubin gjuajt\u00ebs t\u00eb partneres. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb sapo i t\u00ebrheq v\u00ebmendjen femr\u00ebs, meshkujt futen n\u00eb tub dhe \u00e7ift\u00ebzohen n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00ebt t\u00eb streh\u00ebs n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore.\r\nVez\u00ebt vendosen n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e zgjeruar t\u00eb tubit n\u00ebntok\u00ebsor n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb nj\u00eb thesi me vez\u00eb \u201ckokoni\u201d. N\u00eb vjesht\u00eb dalin t\u00eb vegjlit (deri n\u00eb 100 individ\u00eb), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb tubin e n\u00ebn\u00ebs pa u ushqyer, deri n\u00eb pranver\u00eb. Me ngritjen e temperatur\u00ebs (Mars - Prill), t\u00eb vegjlit e braktisin tubin dhe shp\u00ebrndahen jasht\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet \u201cballooning\u201d (duke l\u00ebshuar nj\u00eb fill m\u00ebndafshi i cili e lejon t\u00eb transportohet me an\u00eb t\u00eb er\u00ebs). N\u00eb ndryshim nga shum\u00eb merimanga t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs qendrore, k\u00ebto gjallesa mund t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb deri n\u00eb 8\u201310 vite.\r\n\r\nN\u00ebse, gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebtitje n\u00eb vjesht\u00eb, do tju ndodh\u00eb t\u00eb rastisni nj\u00eb merimang\u00eb mashkull t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb Atypus n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb nj\u00eb femre, at\u00ebher\u00eb ju do t\u00eb keni nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi perfekte p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb Merimag\u00ebn e Vitit 2013. Ose ndoshta ju mund t\u00eb shikoni nj\u00eb tub t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm prej m\u00ebndafshi t\u00eb maskuar shum\u00eb mir\u00eb.\r\nN\u00eb secilin rast:\u201dIa vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjosh merimang\u00ebn Atypus affinis, e cila sigurisht q\u00eb nuk do tju shkaktoj\u00eb ju as d\u00ebmtim dhe as frik\u00eb.\u201d\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Blerina Vrenozi\r\n

Contact Albania<\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Qendra K\u00ebrkimore e Flor\u00ebs dhe Faun\u00ebs, Fakulteti i Shkencave t\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs, Tirana, Albania\r\ne-mail: blerina.vrenozifshn.edu.al, Mob: (+355) 069 25 01331<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

L'araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e 2013<\/h4>\r\nL'araign\u00e9e \"mineuse\" commune (ou mygale commune) \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nLes araign\u00e9es \"mineuses\" (famille des Atypidae) sont les seules mygales sensu stricto vivant en Europe Centrale. Elles sont facilement identifiables \u00e0 leurs ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res (crochets venimeux) parall\u00e8les dirig\u00e9s vers l'avant.\r\n\r\nLa famille des araign\u00e9es \"mineuses\" compte 49 esp\u00e8ces de part le monde. Trois esp\u00e8ces vivent en Europe Centrale, dont deux sont pr\u00e9sentes en Belgique : l'araign\u00e9e mineuse calcicole (Atypus piceus) et l'araign\u00e9e mineuse commune -\u00e9galement appel\u00e9e la mygale commune- (Atypus affinis).\r\n\r\nEn Belgique, Atypus affinis est plus commune qu'A. piceus alors qu'en Autriche, c'est l'esp\u00e8ce qui se montre la plus rare des trois... Dans tous les pays o\u00f9 ces trois mygales apparaissent, ces esp\u00e8ces sont reprises dans une liste rouge sous le statut \u00abmenac\u00e9\u00bb ou \u00abfortement menac\u00e9\u00bb. En Belgique, on retrouve Atypus affinis parmi les quatre esp\u00e8ces d'araign\u00e9es l\u00e9galement prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Flandre, ce qui n'est pas la cas ni en R\u00e9gion bruxelloise ni en Wallonie.\r\n\r\nLa mygale commune se trouve dans les r\u00e9gions plut\u00f4t s\u00e8ches et chaudes o\u00f9 elle appr\u00e9cie surtout les terrains sablonneux et ensoleill\u00e9s. Les bois de r\u00e9sineux, les pelouses s\u00e8ches lui conviennent particuli\u00e8rement mais elle peut \u00eatre \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sente dans des biotopes plus atypiques tels les jardins et les bois de feuillus. Au contraire des autres esp\u00e8ces, la mygale commune se trouve en plaine jusqu'\u00e0 600 m d'altitude et son aire de distribution occupe l'ouest et le nord de l'Europe Centrale.\r\n\r\nLa longueur du corps (pattes et ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res non compris) varie de 7 \u00e0 10 mm chez le m\u00e2le et de 10 \u00e0 15 mm chez la femelle. La coloration est noir\u00e2tre chez les m\u00e2les, brun fonc\u00e9 chez la femelle, les juv\u00e9niles pr\u00e9sentant une coloration plus claire.\r\n\r\nLa mygale commune Atypus affinis se distingue difficilement (\u00e0 vue) d'Atypus piceus. Le crit\u00e8re d'identification principal se situe au niveau des longues fili\u00e8res post\u00e9rieures (d'o\u00f9 sort la soie fabriqu\u00e9e par des glandes sp\u00e9ciales situ\u00e9es dans l'abdomen) qui sont tri-segment\u00e9es chez A. affinis.\r\n\r\nCes mygales ont une mani\u00e8re unique de capturer leurs proies. Leurs toiles sont appel\u00e9es vulgairement \"chaussettes\" et pr\u00e9sentent grosso modo deux parties: une partie a\u00e9rienne form\u00e9e d'un tube de soie, d'environ 10 cm et camoufl\u00e9 par un recouvrement de d\u00e9bris v\u00e9g\u00e9taux et de terre et une partie souterraine, \u00e9galement form\u00e9e d'un tube de soie de 10 \u00e0 30 cm, ce terrier \u00e9tant creus\u00e9 par l'araign\u00e9e. Lorsqu'une proie, -un insecte par exemple- circule sur la partie a\u00e9rienne du tube, l'araign\u00e9e remonte \u00e0 toute allure et plante ses crochets venimeux dans la proie \u00e0 travers la soie du tube, l'entra\u00eenant \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de sa toile. Plus tard, l'araign\u00e9e viendra \u00abr\u00e9parer\u00bb cette d\u00e9chirure faite dans son pi\u00e8ge. Les proies favorites de cette esp\u00e8ce sont des fourmis, des scarab\u00e9es et m\u00eame des mille-pattes\u2026. Durant la saison des amours, en automne, (de septembre \u00e0 novembre) vous pourrez observer les m\u00e2les circulant, tr\u00e8s actifs, \u00e0 la recherche d'une femelle. Une fois la retraite d'une femelle rep\u00e9r\u00e9e, le m\u00e2le signale sa pr\u00e9sence en \u00abtapotant\u00bb sur la partie a\u00e9rienne du tube \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur duquel se trouve la femelle pr\u00eate \u00e0 s'accoupler. L'accouplement ainsi que la ponte des \u0153ufs auront lieu dans la partie souterraine du tube. Les \u0153ufs -jusqu'\u00e0 une centaine- \u00e9closent en automne, les jeunes araign\u00e9es restant avec leur m\u00e8re jusqu'au printemps suivant o\u00f9 ils sortiront du tube et se disperseront \u00e0 l'aide des courants a\u00e9riens chauds. A contrario de la plupart des autres esp\u00e8ces d'araign\u00e9es europ\u00e9ennes, les mygales peuvent vivre de 8 \u00e0 10 ans.\r\n\r\nL'araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l'ann\u00e9e 2013 est remarquable \u00e0 observer! Peut-\u00eatre aurez-vous l'occasion lors d'une balade de croiser un m\u00e2le errant et un \u0153il exerc\u00e9 pourra d\u00e9couvrir au niveau du sol la \u00abchaussette\u00bb (la partie a\u00e9rienne de son tube de soie) remarquablement camoufl\u00e9e. L'observation de cette araign\u00e9e peu banale -dont vous ne risquez absolument rien- vous fascinera \u00e0 coup s\u00fbr!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg,\u00a0Robert Kekenbosch & Brigitte Segers<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f Atypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 (Atypidae). \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u043b\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 (Mygalomorphae); \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0438 (i.e. orthognath).\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Atypidae \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 3 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043e 49 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0430 3 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f Atypus muralis, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f - Atypus piceus \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f Atypus affinis; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e- \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u043a, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434 Atypus \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d.\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0441\u044a\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u044a\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\/\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u0441 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435, Atypus affinis \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0445\u044a\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0435 (\u0434\u043e 600 m), \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0449 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430) \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435) \u0435 7\u201310 mm, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 10\u201315 mm. \u041e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u044f\u0442. \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043c\u044a\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044a\u043b. \u0414\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 3 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442 A. affinis \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 3\u00bd \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438-\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, Atypus affinis \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043a \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u044a\u043d\u0448\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 1\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430.\r\n\r\n\u0416\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 10\u201330 cm, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u043d. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1 cm \u0438 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 10 cm., \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d. \u0416\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u044a\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u043e. \u041e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u0440\u044a\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u041c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u0421\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 A. piceus, \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u0439 - \u042e\u043b\u0438. \u041c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 A. affinis; \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430. \u042f\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b, \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0430\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u044e\u043f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442. \u0422\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u201e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u201c. \u0417\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 8 \u0434\u043e 10 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0410\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044a\u0431\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u201e\u0434\u0430 \u0445\u0432\u044a\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435.\u201d\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Christo Deltshev<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2013<\/h4>\r\nSkl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nV leto\u0161n\u00edm roce se pavoukem roku stal z\u00e1stupce skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f (\u010dele\u010f Atypidae). Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b byl zvolen skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd, Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci jsou na\u0161imi jedin\u00fdmi z\u00e1stupci p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b tropick\u00e9 skupiny skl\u00edpkan\u016f (infra\u0159\u00e1d Mygalomorphae). \u010cele\u010f Atypidae zahrnuje 49 druh\u016f \u0159azen\u00fdch do 3 rod\u016f, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b africk\u00e9ho rodu Calommata m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edho na Bl\u00edzk\u00fd V\u00fdchod, americk\u00e9ho rodu Sphodros a i v Evrop\u011b zastoupen\u00e9ho rodu Atypus<\/em>. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci jsou velc\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou tmav\u011b (hn\u011bd\u011b \u010di \u010dern\u011b) zbarven\u00ed pavouci bez kresby. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed jedinci, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm samci, b\u00fdvaj\u00ed tmav\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ml\u00e1\u010fata. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed mohutn\u00fdmi chelicerami rovnob\u011b\u017en\u011b sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmi dop\u0159edu, s extr\u00e9mn\u011b dlouh\u00fdmi dr\u00e1pky. T\u011blo skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f je dob\u0159e uzp\u016fsobeno k pohybu v no\u0159e, je v\u00e1lcovit\u00e9 s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdma robusn\u00edma nohama. Samc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se po dosp\u011bn\u00ed vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed hledat samice, se v\u0161ak nohy p\u0159i posledn\u00edm svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1padn\u011b prodlou\u017e\u00ed. Hloub\u00ed si jednoduch\u00e9 nory, nadzemn\u00ed, lapac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st doup\u011bte je u rodu Calommata kruhov\u00e9 pol\u00ed\u010dko zapu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 do zem\u011b, u rodu Sphodros vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed trubice upnut\u00e1 na kmen a u rodu Atypus<\/em> horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed trubice le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na zemi.\r\ngetting prednisone without prescription<\/a>\r\nCentrem druhov\u00e9 diverzity rodu Atypus<\/em> je jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, odkud je dosud zn\u00e1mo 25 druh\u016f. Krom\u011b toho je tento rod zastoupen druhem A. snetsingeri<\/em> Sarno, 1973 ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed USA a t\u0159emi druhy vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edmi se v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Palearktu, v\u010detn\u011b na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd se vyskytuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, hlavn\u011b na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, ale jeho are\u00e1l sah\u00e1 p\u0159es st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu a\u017e do B\u011bloruska, Mold\u00e1vie a na Ukrajinu. Tento druh skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka expandoval tak\u00e9 nejd\u00e1le na sever, je zn\u00e1m z Anglie, D\u00e1nska \u010di ji\u017en\u00edho \u0160v\u00e9dska. Mo\u017en\u00fd je jeho v\u00fdskyt i v severn\u00ed Africe.\r\nambien<\/a>\r\nV\u0161echny na\u0161e t\u0159i druhy skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f jsou si morfologicky velice podobn\u00e9. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1\u0161 nejmen\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1stupce rodu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je z na\u0161ich druh\u016f nejsv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed, okrov\u00fd a\u017e hn\u011bd\u00fd. Nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozli\u0161ovac\u00edm znakem jsou v\u0161ak jeho troj\u010dlenn\u00e9 (u skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka pontick\u00e9ho \u010dty\u0159\u010dlenn\u00e9) zadn\u00ed postrann\u00ed bradavky, jejich\u017e koncov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek je jen 1,5kr\u00e1t del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159edposledn\u00ed (u skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka \u010dern\u00e9ho je 2x del\u0161\u00ed).\r\n\r\n\u017dij\u00ed v jednoduch\u00fdch pom\u011brn\u011b hlubok\u00fdch vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch nor\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 si hloub\u00ed pomoc\u00ed mohutn\u00fdch baz\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f chelicer. Hloubka nor z\u00e1vis\u00ed na hloubce substr\u00e1tu. U dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jedinc\u016f neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed nory m\u011bl\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e deset centimetr\u016f, ve spra\u0161i mohou b\u00fdt a\u017e jeden metr hlubok\u00e9. Nory pavouci vyst\u00fdlaj\u00ed hustou pavu\u010dinou, kter\u00e1 pokra\u010duje na povrchu p\u016fdy v podob\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00e9 trubice. U dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jedinc\u016f se d\u00e9lka trubic v\u011bt\u0161inou pohybuje od 10 do 20 cm. Trubice jsou polo\u017eeny vodorovn\u011b, jen vz\u00e1cn\u011b vy\u010dn\u00edvaj\u00ed kolmo k povrchu p\u0159ichyceny ke sk\u00e1le nebo k b\u00e1zi rostlin. Pr\u016fm\u011br trubice odpov\u00edd\u00e1 velikosti zv\u00ed\u0159ete. Jej\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed povrch je maskov\u00e1n \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dkami p\u016fdy a kousky rostlin. P\u0159\u00edtomnost nory skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka je \u010dasto prozrazena hrom\u00e1dkou \u010derstv\u011b vykopan\u00e9 hl\u00edny vyhrnut\u00e9 z konce trubice. Doupata skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016fm slou\u017e\u00ed nejen jako ochrana p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdmi klimatick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami, ale poskytuj\u00ed jim \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd \u00fakryt p\u0159ed \u00fatoky p\u0159irozen\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm hrabalek. U n\u00e1s se na lov skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f specializuj\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 hrabalky Aporus pollux (Kohl, 1888) a A. unicolor (Spinola, 1808). Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st trubice pak slou\u017e\u00ed k lovu ko\u0159isti. Kdy\u017e skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek zaregistruje \u017eivo\u010dicha pohybuj\u00edc\u00edho se po nadzemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jeho doup\u011bte, vyb\u011bhne k n\u011bmu, zasekne dr\u00e1pky chelicer p\u0159es st\u011bnu trubice do nebo okolo t\u011bla ko\u0159isti a p\u0159im\u00e1\u010dkne ji do poddajn\u00e9 pavu\u010diny. Tento zp\u016fsob lovu vedl u skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f k n\u00e1padn\u00e9mu prodlou\u017een\u00ed dr\u00e1pk\u016f chelicer. Pavouk pak pavu\u010dinu prod\u011brav\u00ed a vt\u00e1hne ko\u0159ist do nory. D\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e za\u010dne ko\u0159ist konzumovat, vr\u00e1t\u00ed se k d\u00ed\u0159e a vysprav\u00ed ji. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci nejsou v potrav\u011b nijak vyb\u00edrav\u00ed, konzumuj\u00ed v\u0161e, co mohou takov\u00fdmto zp\u016fsobem ulovit, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mnohono\u017eky, st\u00ednky, brouky (hlavn\u011b st\u0159evl\u00edky), ale i pl\u017ee, \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy, cvr\u010dky, \u0161kvory, \u0161v\u00e1by, v\u010dely, mravence \u010di mouchy. Zbytky ko\u0159isti vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pavouk ven nebo je ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 na dn\u011b sv\u00e9 nory. Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem odkl\u00edz\u00ed po svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed i sv\u00e9 exuvie. V\u00fdkaly vyst\u0159ikuje na konci nadzemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti trubice ven z nory.\r\ncheap antabuse<\/a>\r\nPo dosp\u011bn\u00ed opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed samci sv\u00e9 nory a v noci p\u00e1traj\u00ed po nor\u00e1ch samic. Svoje n\u00e1mluvy zah\u00e1j\u00ed rytmick\u00fdm \u0165uk\u00e1n\u00edm na lapac\u00ed trubici samice. K samotn\u00e9mu mnohahodinov\u00e9mu p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed v no\u0159e samice. Dosp\u011bl\u00e9 samce skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka hn\u011bd\u00e9ho lze na povrchu zastihnout na ja\u0159e a na podzim (samci ostatn\u00edch dvou na\u0161ich druh\u016f jsou pohlavn\u011b aktivn\u00ed v l\u00e9t\u011b). Podzimn\u00ed samci se p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed s \u010derstv\u011b dosp\u011bl\u00fdmi samicemi, kde\u017eto jarn\u00ed samci se p\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se star\u0161\u00edmi samicemi, kter\u00e9 na podzim vychov\u00e1valy ml\u00e1\u010fata z p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9ho p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco samci hynou kr\u00e1tce po kopulaci, samice se mohou do\u017e\u00edt 8\u201310 let. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci se tak do\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b del\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed st\u0159edoevrop\u0161t\u00ed pavouci. V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm jevem ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9 arachnofaun\u011b souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s d\u00e9lkou \u017eivota je tak\u00e9 svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed pohlavn\u011b dosp\u011bl\u00fdch samic skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f. Vaj\u00ed\u010dka kladou v l\u00e9t\u011b. U skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka hn\u011bd\u00e9ho kladou na ja\u0159e oplozen\u00e9 samice vaj\u00ed\u010dka z\u00e1hy po kopulaci, na podzim oplozen\u00e9 samice a\u017e v l\u00e9t\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho roku. Kokon s 40\u2013170 vaj\u00ed\u010dky zav\u011b\u0161uj\u00ed v podzemn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti doup\u011bte. Ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed v mate\u0159sk\u00e9 no\u0159e a v prvn\u00edch tepl\u00fdch jarn\u00edch dnech ji opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jedinci se pouze rozl\u00e9zaj\u00ed do okol\u00ed. Jin\u00ed si na vrcholc\u00edch vegetace vytvo\u0159\u00ed vodorovnou plachetkovitou pavu\u010dinu, z jej\u00edch\u017e okraj\u016f se spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed na vl\u00e1kn\u011b, dokud je v\u00edtr i s vl\u00e1knem neodtrhne a neodvane. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd m\u00e1 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi na\u0161imi druhy nejleh\u010d\u00ed ml\u00e1\u010fata, co\u017e je pro schopnost \u0161\u00ed\u0159it se pomoc\u00ed v\u011btru p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9. Po nalezen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta si vytvo\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed noru, kterou zpravidla u\u017e nikdy, s v\u00fdjimkou dosp\u011bl\u00fdch samc\u016f, neopust\u00ed. Pouze j\u00ed, jak rostou, roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed a prohlubuj\u00ed. Za 3 a\u017e 4 roky dosp\u011bj\u00ed.\r\n\r\nV\u0161echny t\u0159i druhy skl\u00edpk\u00e1nk\u016f se u n\u00e1s vyskytuj\u00ed v pom\u011brn\u011b tepl\u00fdch a relativn\u011b such\u00fdch oblastech, v nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce nep\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed 700 m. Ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed sluncem siln\u011b vyh\u0159\u00edvan\u00e9 svahy orientovan\u00e9 k jihu a\u017e jihoz\u00e1padu s pom\u011brn\u011b m\u011blkou kamenitou p\u016fdou, na kter\u00fdch hornina m\u00edsty vystupuje a\u017e k povrchu. Mocnost p\u016fdy v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed relativn\u011b hlubok\u00e9 nory. Proto skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci osidluj\u00ed v r\u00e1mci skalnat\u00fdch lokalit pouze m\u00edsta s hlub\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdou.\r\n\r\nkl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd je u n\u00e1s nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1stupcem rodu. Vyskytuje se v oblastech s \u010dlenit\u00fdm reli\u00e9fem s v\u00fdchozy hornin. Na mikroklimaticky vhodn\u00fdch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch je schopen p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat i v chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a vlh\u010d\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech na\u0161\u00ed republiky, horsk\u00fdm oblastem se v\u0161ak vyh\u00fdb\u00e1. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je na skalnat\u00fdch svaz\u00edch v \u00fadol\u00edch \u0159ek a p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch postrann\u00edch \u00fadol\u00ed, n\u011bkdy i v \u00fadol\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch potok\u016f. Vhodn\u00e1 stanovi\u0161t\u011b mu v\u0161ak poskytuj\u00ed i temena a \u0159\u00edmsy p\u00edskovcov\u00fdch skal ve skaln\u00edch m\u011bstech, krasov\u00e9 oblasti a svahy kopc\u016f. Vyskytuje se jak na miner\u00e1ln\u011b bohat\u00fdch tak i chud\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch. Je schopen osidlovat i kapsy s p\u016fdou na vysloven\u011b skalnat\u00fdch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch. Jeho stanovi\u0161t\u011b v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bna stromy \u010di ke\u0159\u00edky proti mikroklimatick\u00fdm extr\u00e9m\u016fm. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se vyskytuje v pro\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch zakrsl\u00fdch such\u00fdch acidofiln\u00edch doubrav\u00e1ch nebo reliktn\u00edch borech. Chud\u00e9mu bylinn\u00e9mu patru zde \u010dasto dominuje v\u0159es nebo kost\u0159ava ov\u010d\u00ed. Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st jeho doup\u011bte je v\u011bt\u0161inou skryta pod vegetac\u00ed, sta\u0159inou, opadem, obvykle dubov\u00fdm nebo borov\u00fdm, v\u011btvemi \u010di kameny, velice \u010dasto lze doupata tohoto druhu nal\u00e9zt v ke\u0159\u00edc\u00edch v\u0159esu (u s. \u010dern\u00e9ho a u s. pontick\u00e9ho le\u017e\u00ed trubice v\u011bt\u0161inou voln\u011b na povrchu p\u016fdy).\r\nSkl\u00edpk\u00e1nci se vyskytuj\u00ed pouze na stanovi\u0161t\u00edch s dlouhou kontinuitou. Nikdy nebyli zaznamen\u00e1ni na druhotn\u00e9m nebo pravideln\u011b naru\u0161ovan\u00e9m stanovi\u0161ti. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je z\u0159ejm\u011b jejich \u0161patn\u00e1 migra\u010dn\u00ed schopnost a dlouh\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus. Na povrchu jsou tito \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 zna\u010dn\u011b nemotorn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 jejich kon\u010detiny jsou p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny pouze k pohybu v \u00fazk\u00e9 no\u0159e. Proto se na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mohou \u0161\u00ed\u0159it jen pasivn\u011b pomoc\u00ed v\u011btru. A to jen ml\u00e1\u010fata po opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mate\u0159sk\u00e9 nory. Nav\u00edc pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k dosa\u017een\u00ed pohlavn\u00ed dosp\u011blosti 3\u20134 roky, rozmno\u017eovat se tedy mohou op\u011bt pouze na m\u00edstech s dlouhodob\u011b stabiln\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm vysok\u00fdm n\u00e1rok\u016fm na stabilitu stanovi\u0161t\u011b spolehliv\u011b indikuj\u00ed zachoval\u00e9 xerotermn\u00ed biotopy. Proto jsou v\u0161ichni na\u0161i skl\u00edpk\u00e1nci na \u010derven\u00e9m seznamu. Skl\u00edpk\u00e1nek hn\u011bd\u00fd zat\u00edm v nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kategorii, proto\u017ee jeho stanovi\u0161t\u011b nejsou ohro\u017eena zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm d\u0159evinami tolik jako stanovi\u0161t\u011b ostatn\u00edch na\u0161ich druh\u016f. D\u00edky \u017eivotu v celoro\u010dn\u011b relativn\u011b snadno dohledateln\u00fdch doupatech se jedn\u00e1 o ide\u00e1ln\u00ed modelov\u00e9 druhy pro monitoring dopad\u016f ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f v chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch s xerotermn\u00edmi spole\u010denstvy na ohro\u017een\u00e9 bezobratl\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy.\r\n\r\nP\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b such\u00fdch oslun\u011bn\u00fdch kamenit\u00fdch str\u00e1n\u00ed s \u0159\u00eddkou stromovou vegetac\u00ed se tedy letos pozorn\u011b pod\u00edvejte pod padl\u00e9 kmeny, kameny, ke\u0159\u00edky v\u0159esu \u010di trsy trav, dost mo\u017en\u00e1 naraz\u00edte na lapac\u00ed trubice skl\u00edpk\u00e1nka hn\u011bd\u00e9ho. A po \u010dtvrthodin\u011b opatrn\u00e9ho kop\u00e1n\u00ed se v\u00e1m z trubice vybatol\u00ed jeden z nejskryt\u011bji \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch a nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pavouk\u016f na\u0161\u00ed fauny. \u00dadaje o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pos\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu rezac(a)vurv.cz. \u00dadaj by m\u011bl obsahovat GPS sou\u0159adnice lokality, typ stanovi\u0161t\u011b, po\u010det pozorovan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f (trubic), datum pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a va\u0161e jm\u00e9no. Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dolo\u017eeno jedincem (nejl\u00e9pe v lihu), nebo fotografi\u00ed.\r\n\r\nMilan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d\r\n

Zbytek Czechia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, odd\u011blen\u00ed entomologie, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i., Drnovsk\u00e1 507, 161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b, \u010cesko\r\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2013<\/h4>\r\nDie Gemeine Tapezierspinne \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nDie Gemeine Tapezierspinne Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Tapezierspinnen (Atypidae). Diese sind die einzigen Vertreter in Mittel-, Nord- und Westeuropa, die den Vogelspinnenartigen (Mygalomorphae) angeh\u00f6ren, charakterisiert durch die waagrecht nach vorne stehenden (orthognathen) Giftklauen.\r\n\r\nWeltweit gibt es innerhalb der Familie Atypidae drei Gattungen mit insgesamt 49 Arten. Die drei (mittel-)europ\u00e4ischen Atypus<\/em>-Arten sind, geordnet nach abnehmender K\u00f6rpergr\u00f6\u00dfe, die Mauer-Tapezierspinne Atypus muralis<\/em>, die Pechschwarze Tapezierspinne Atypus piceus<\/em> und die Gemeine Tapezierspinne Atypus affinis<\/em>, die in Westeuropa am h\u00e4ufigsten anzutreffen ist. Die Verbreitung in den einzelnen L\u00e4ndern ist aber unterschiedlich: in Deutschland ist die Gemeine Tapezierspinne die h\u00e4ufigste, in \u00d6sterreich z.B. sogar die seltenste der 3 Arten. Die Tapezierspinnen sind auch auf den Roten Listen einzelner L\u00e4nder bzw. Bundesl\u00e4nder zu finden; dort werden sie in der Vorwarnstufe, oder als gef\u00e4hrdet bzw. stark gef\u00e4hrdet eingestuft.\r\n\r\nDie Tapezierspinnen sind auf xerotherme Gebiete beschr\u00e4nkt, kommen also in trockenen sandigen und sonnigen-w\u00e4rmebeg\u00fcnstigten Standorten vor. Als Lebensr\u00e4ume werden Kiefernw\u00e4lder, trockene H\u00e4nge \u2013 oft s\u00fcdexponiert \u2013 aber auch magere Wiesen bevorzugt. Atypus affinis kommt im Vergleich zu den anderen Arten mehr im Flachland und in niedrigen Berglagen (bis 600m) vor. Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt im westlichen und n\u00f6rdlichen (Mittel-)Europa.\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge des M\u00e4nnchens (ohne Cheliceren) betr\u00e4gt 7-10 mm, die des Weibchens 10-15 mm. Die F\u00e4rbung ist beim M\u00e4nnchen meist tiefschwarz, Weibchen sind dunkelbraun und Jungtiere oft auffallend hell gef\u00e4rbt. Das Sternum kann eindeutig heller sein. Die langen hinteren Spinnwarzen sind dreigliedrig. Dieses Merkmal dient neben andern auch zur Unterscheidung von den anderen beiden Arten, die Pechschwarze Tapezierspinne hat am Endglied der hinteren Spinnwarzen einen unpigmentierten Halbring (dadurch erscheint sie 3\u00bd gliedrig) und die Mauer-Tapezierspinne hat viergliedrige Spinnwarzen. Auch hat A. affinis<\/em> eine pigmentfreie Stelle apikal-au\u00dfen an der Patella des ersten Vorderbeines.\r\n\r\nDie Tiere leben in unterirdischen R\u00f6hren von 10-30 cm L\u00e4nge, die sie selbst graben und innen mit Spinnseide austapezieren. Oberirdisch bildet dieses Gespinst einen ca. 1 cm dicken und 10 cm langen \"Fangschlauch\", der mit Erdpartikel aus der Umgebung getarnt wird. Die Spinne sitzt im Inneren der R\u00f6hre und lauert auf Insekten, die \u00fcber den Fangschlauch laufen. Die Beute wird von unten durch die Schlauchwand hindurch gebissen und hereingezogen; der entstandene Riss wird dann sp\u00e4ter wieder verschlossen. Als Nahrung kommen Ameisen, K\u00e4fer, sowie Tausendf\u00fc\u00dfer in Frage.\r\n\r\nSpeziell zur Paarungszeit im Sp\u00e4therbst kann man die M\u00e4nnchen au\u00dferhalb ihrer Fangschl\u00e4uche entdecken. Diese haben ihre Hauptaktivit\u00e4t in den Monaten September bis November. Auch das ist ein Unterschied zu A. piceus, wo die Hauptaktivit\u00e4tszeit au\u00dferhalb der R\u00f6hren auf Mai bis Juli beschr\u00e4nkt ist. Denn dann laufen die M\u00e4nnchen von A. affinis<\/em> auf der Suche nach einer Partnerin am Boden umher, betrillern zun\u00e4chst deren Fangschlauch und paaren sich im unteren Teil des Schlauches. Sp\u00e4ter findet hier auch die Eiablage statt. Die Eier werden in einen Kokon im unteren, leicht erweiterten Teil der Wohnr\u00f6hre aufgeh\u00e4ngt. Die im Herbst schl\u00fcpfenden Jungspinnen bleiben, ohne Nahrung aufzunehmen, den Winter hindurch im m\u00fctterlichen Gespinst und verlassen dieses erst in den ersten w\u00e4rmeren Tagen (Anfang\/Mitte M\u00e4rz) und verteilen sich via \"ballooning\" \u2013 also mittels eines Fadenflo\u00dfes durch die Luft. Mitunter konnten bis zu 100 Jungspinnen in einem Fangschlauch gefunden werden.\r\nIm Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen mitteleurop\u00e4ischen Spinnen k\u00f6nnen die Tiere ein hohes Alter, n\u00e4mlich 8-10 Jahre erreichen.\r\n\r\nAuf einer Herbstwanderung bietet sich vermutlich die g\u00fcnstigste Gelegenheit, der diesj\u00e4hrigen Spinne des Jahres zu begegnen, wenn die M\u00e4nnchen auf Partnersuche umherstreifen. Oder man entdeckt den gut getarnten Gespinstschlauch. Wie dem auch sei, in beiden F\u00e4llen gilt: \"Es lohnt sich Ausschau zu halten nach der Gemeinen Tapezierspinne\"!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\r\n

Kontakt \u00d6sterreich und Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nMag. Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, \u00d6sterreich\r\ne-mail: christoph.hoerwegnhm-wien.ac.at<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets edderkop i Europa 2013<\/h4>\r\nFugleedderkoppen \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nI Danmark lever en enkelt art af fugleedderkopperne (Mygalomorphae). P\u00e5 latin hedder den Atypus affinis<\/em>, p\u00e5 dansk bliver den kaldt nordlig fugleedderkop eller tapets\u00e9r-edderkoppen. Det f\u00f8rste navn hentyder til at det er den nordligst forekommende af alle fugleedderkoppearter i Europa. Det andet navn henviser til at dyret forer sin underjordiske gang med et silketapet. Denne type spind findes hos alle arterne i familien, som derfor kaldes tapets\u00e9r-edderkopper (familie Atypidae). Der findes flere andre familier af fugleedderkopper, hvoraf nogle ogs\u00e5 forekommer i Sydeuropa, men Atypidae er den eneste som n\u00e5r nord for Alperne (3 arter af Atypus<\/em>). Vor danske art (A. affinis<\/em>) har nordgr\u00e6nsen for sin udbredelse i Danmark (nordligste fund er ved Hadsund). Fugleedderkopperne adskiller sig fra andre edderkopper ved at k\u00e6berne (chelicererne) er fremadrettede og giftkrogene bev\u00e6ges parallelt med dyrets l\u00e6ngdeakse (kaldes orthognathe chelicerer).\r\n\r\nI Danmark findes fugleedderkoppen over store dele af landet: \u00d8stjylland, Fyn, Sj\u00e6lland, M\u00f8n og Bornholm (se udbredelseskort p\u00e5 www.fugleognatur.dk<\/a>). Den mangler tilsyneladende helt i Vestjylland, Thy og Vendsyssel.\r\nVerden over findes tre sl\u00e6gter af familien Atypidae med i alt 49 arter. De tre mellemeurop\u00e6iske arter er (stigende i st\u00f8rrelse): Atypus muralis, Atypus piceus og Atypus affinis. Sidstn\u00e6vnte er n\u00e6sten overalt i Europa den almindeligste art og hos os den eneste. Kun i \u00d8strig synes den at v\u00e6re mindre hyppig end de \u00f8vrige. Alle arterne er r\u00f8dlistede i de fleste europ\u00e6iske lande som mere eller mindre truede. I Danmark er den kategoriseret som \u201dn\u00e6sten truet\u201d (NT). Dette kan begrundes med at den fortsat findes p\u00e5 et ganske stort antal lokaliteter, men p\u00e5 mange af disse er den truet af tilgroning. P\u00e5 grund af dyrets ringe spredningsevne er lokaliteterne indbyrdes isolerede, s\u00e5 hvis en bestand et sted udd\u00f8r, vil der ikke blive genetableret en ny, selv hvis forholdene skulle v\u00e6re i orden.\r\n\r\nFugleedderkoppen forekommer i sol\u00e5bne, varme (xerotherme) biotoper, dvs t\u00f8rre, sandede steder, helst p\u00e5 sydvendte skr\u00e5ninger. I Danmark er den temmelig udbredt p\u00e5 hedebakker i Midt- og \u00d8stjylland (S\u00f8h\u00f8jlandet) samt Bornholm, samt spredt p\u00e5 kystskr\u00e6nter i Jylland og p\u00e5 \u00f8erne (Helgen\u00e6s, Sams\u00f8, R\u00f8sn\u00e6s, M\u00f8n m. fl.). L\u00e6ngere sydp\u00e5 kan den ogs\u00e5 findes i \u00e5bne skove. De forekommer kun i lavlandet (op til 600 m.o.h.).\r\nKropsl\u00e6ngden (fraregnet de meget store k\u00e6ber) hos hannerne er 7-10 mm og hos hunnerne 10-15 mm. Hannernes farve er for det meste dybt sort, mens hunnerne er m\u00f8rkebrune og ungerne endnu lysere. De lange bageste spindevorter er delt i 3 led. Man kan kende A. affinis<\/em> fra de \u00f8vrige arter p\u00e5 disse spindevorter, idet A. muralis<\/em> har 4-leddede spindevorter, mens A. piceus<\/em> har en ufarvet ring p\u00e5 det yderste led som f\u00e5r det til at se ud som om den ogs\u00e5 har 4 led.\r\n\r\nDyrene lever i 10-30 cm lange underjordiske r\u00f8r, som de selv graver og bekl\u00e6der med silke. R\u00f8ret forts\u00e6tter over jorden i et ca. 10 cm langt og 1 cm bredt cigar-lignende r\u00f8r, som er lukket i enden. Dette overjordiske fangst-r\u00f8r er kamoufleret med jordpartikler og planterester fra omgivelserne, hvilket kan g\u00f8re det meget vanskeligt at finde. Edderkoppen lever inden i det helt lukkede r\u00f8r og venter p\u00e5 at insekter skal vandre over den overjordiske del. De fanges ved at edderkoppen bider dem gennem silker\u00f8ret med sine meget lange giftkl\u00f8er og tr\u00e6kker dem ind til sig i r\u00f8ret. Dette repareres herefter. Bytterne udg\u00f8res typisk af biller, myrer, b\u00e6nkebidere, skolopendre og evt tusindben.\r\n\r\nHannerne kan ses i parringss\u00e6sonen som ligger i det sene efter\u00e5r (september \u2013 november). Hos A. piceus<\/em> ligger parringstiden derimod i for\u00e5ret (maj \u2013 juni). De l\u00f8ber da rundt p\u00e5 jordoverfladen for at finde hunnernes spind. Parringen foreg\u00e5r under jorden i hunnens rede, hvor hun ogs\u00e5 efterf\u00f8lgende l\u00e6gger sine \u00e6g, som spindes ind i en silkekokon. Ungerne kl\u00e6kker af \u00e6ggene i efter\u00e5ret, men bliver i reden vinteren over. P\u00e5 varme dage i marts-april spreder de sig ved \u201dflyvende sommer\u201d, men n\u00e5r dog ikke ret langt v\u00e6k. De er flere \u00e5r om at blive voksne og lever alt i alt i 8-10 \u00e5r.\r\n\r\nHunnernes spind kan findes gennem hele s\u00e6sonen, mens hannerne som n\u00e6vnt kan ses p\u00e5 overfladen i det sene efter\u00e5r. Det skal indr\u00f8mmes at det ikke er nemt at komme til at se \u00e5rets europ\u00e6iske edderkop, fugleedderkoppen, men er man ih\u00e6rdig og har heldet med sig, er det en oplevelse ud over det s\u00e6dvanlige. Emil Nielsen skriver i sin bog \u201dDe danske edderkoppers biologi\u201d fra 1928 at \u201ddet m\u00e5 gl\u00e6de enhver ven af den danske fauna, at edderkopper med en s\u00e5 egenartet levem\u00e5de hos os finder deres nordgr\u00e6nse og er repr\u00e6senteret ved en art\u201d og slutter sin beskrivelse med ordene: \u201det lille dyrs livshistorie kan vanskeligt v\u00e6re mere interessant\u201d. S\u00e5 der er al mulig grund til at ops\u00f8ge den og studere den n\u00e6rmere. Heldigvis kan den fortsat findes p\u00e5 mange lokaliteter i landet.\r\n\r\nHold \u00f8jnene \u00e5bne n\u00e6ste gang du bes\u00f8ger en hule: grotteedderkoppen kan v\u00e6re i n\u00e6rheden!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg och S\u00f8ren Toft\r\n

Kontakt Danmark<\/h4>\r\nS\u00f8ren Toft, Institut for Bioscience, Aarhus Universitet, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C.\r\ne-mail: soeren.toftbiology.au.dk<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o 2013<\/h4>\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 pertenece a la familia Atypidae. En Centroeuropa son las \u00fanicas representantes de las ara\u00f1as tipo \"tar\u00e1ntula\" (Mygalomorphae), caracterizadas por tener sus piezas bucales paralelas y proyectadas hacia adelante (o sea, ortognatas). En la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, no obstante, la diversidad de Mygalomorphae es relativamente alta e incluye otras cinco familias (Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Hexathelidae, Nemesiidae y Theraphosidae).\r\n\r\nEn todo el mundo existen solamente tres g\u00e9neros dentro de la familia Atypidae, con un total de 49 especies. Las tres especies (centro)europeas son -de menor a mayor tama\u00f1o- Atypus muralis<\/em>, Atypus piceus<\/em> y Atypus affinis<\/em>; \u00e9sta \u00faltima es la m\u00e1s com\u00fan en Europa occidental y la \u00fanica de la familia presente en la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica. En otros pa\u00edses de Europa puede ser la m\u00e1s com\u00fan de las tres especies de Aytpidae, como en Alemania, mientras que en Austria es la m\u00e1s rara. En muchos pa\u00edses europeos las Atypidae est\u00e1n incluidas en las listas rojas como amenazadas o muy amenazadas. En Espa\u00f1a no se encuentra incluida en ninguna lista de proteccion.\r\n\r\nEn Espa\u00f1a, Atypus affinis<\/em> se encuentra en la mitad septentrional. Se ha citado de 12 provincias, principalmente de la zona norte (La Coru\u00f1a, Lugo, Asturias, Vizcaya, Guip\u00fazcoa y Navarra), aunque tambi\u00e9n hay citas en zonas piren\u00e1icas (Huesca) y mediterr\u00e1neas (Baleares, Barcelona, Madrid, Salamanca y Zaragoza). En total, no llegan a 20 las citas existentes en Espa\u00f1a y s\u00f3lo existen seis citas en Portugal.Se ha encontrado en bosques de robles, de alcornoques y de otros bosques mediterr\u00e1neos, as\u00ed como en aulagares y en pinares. Aunque en Centroeuropa se considera una ara\u00f1a de baja altitud, ausente por encima de los 600 m, en Espa\u00f1a s\u00ed supera esa cota altitudinal en el Sistema Central.\r\n\r\nLa longitud del cuerpo del macho (excluidas las piezas bucales) es de 7-10 mm y de 10-11 mm en la hembra. El color de los machos es principalmente negro oscuro, mientras que las hembras son de color pardo oscuro y los juveniles de un color m\u00e1s p\u00e1lido. El esterno puede ser patentemente m\u00e1s claro. Las largas hileras posteriores est\u00e1n divididas en tres segmentos. Este car\u00e1cter sirve para diferenciar a A. affinis<\/em> de las otras dos especies. Atypus affinis<\/em> tambi\u00e9n tiene una regi\u00f3n no pigmentada en el lado externo apical de la primera patela.\r\n\r\nVive en tubos subterr\u00e1neos de unos 10-30 cm de longitud, que cava ella misma y recubre con seda. Por encima del suelo, esta tela forma un \"tubo de captura\" de un cm de ancho y 10 de largo, camuflado con part\u00edculas de tierra de los alrededores. La ara\u00f1a se sienta dentro del tubo y espera a que los insectos caminen sobre la parte a\u00e9rea del mismo. Las presas son mordidas desde abajo, a trav\u00e9s del tubo, y arrastradas a su interior. Ello deja una abertura que es reparada posteriormente. De esta manera se suelen capturar hormigas, escarabajos e incluso ciempi\u00e9s y milpi\u00e9s.\r\n\r\nLos machos se pueden encontrar a menudo durante la estaci\u00f3n de apareamiento a finales de oto\u00f1o y son m\u00e1s activos de septiembre a noviembre. Los machos de A. affinis rastrean el terreno en busca de pareja, hacen vibrar el tubo de captura y se aparean en la parte inferior del nido. Aqu\u00ed es donde se produce tambi\u00e9n la puesta de huevos. Los huevos se mantienen en un capullo subterr\u00e1neo en una parte ligeramente ensanchada del nido. Las ara\u00f1itas eclosionan en oto\u00f1o y permanecen en el nido materno todo el invierno, sin alimentarse. Abandonan el nido durante los primeros d\u00edas c\u00e1lidos de marzo y se dispersan mediante aerodispersi\u00f3n. Puede haber hasta 100 ara\u00f1itas en un nido. A diferencia de la mayor\u00eda de las ara\u00f1as europeas, pueden vivir largo tiempo, hasta 8-10 a\u00f1os.\r\n\r\nEn cualquier paseo oto\u00f1al, puedes cruzarte con un macho de A. affinis en busca de una hembra; es una ocasi\u00f3n perfecta para avistar la ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o. Con m\u00e1s atenci\u00f3n, puedes descubrir el camuflado tubo de captura. En cualquier caso, vale la pena detenerse a observar este peqe\u00f1o migalomorfo, tan fascinante como inofensivo.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg y Marcos M\u00e9ndez\r\n

Contacto Espa\u00f1a<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marcos M\u00e9ndez, \u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c\/ Tulip\u00e1n s\/n., E-28933 M\u00f3stoles, Madrid, Espa\u00f1a\r\nCorreo electr\u00f3nico: marcos.mendezurjc.es<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2013<\/h4>\r\nVerhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nVerhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 kuuluu putkih\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Atypidae). T\u00e4m\u00e4 on ainoa Keski-Euroopan lintuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkim\u00e4inen (ryhm\u00e4 Mygalomorphae) heimo; n\u00e4it\u00e4 luonnehtivat eteenp\u00e4in suuntautuvat suuosat, myrkkyleuat. Ryhm\u00e4\u00e4 kutsutaankin oikoleukah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4keiksi.\r\n\r\nMaailmanlaajuisesti heimossa Atypidae on kolme sukua ja yhteens\u00e4 49 lajia. Kolme (keski-) eurooppalaista lajia -- pienimm\u00e4st\u00e4 suurimpaan -- ovat Atypus muralis, A. piceus<\/em> ja A. affinis<\/em>. Viimeksi mainittu, verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki, on yleisin l\u00e4ntisess\u00e4 Euroopassa. Suomessa n\u00e4it\u00e4 lajeja ei tavata lainkaan. Meit\u00e4 l\u00e4himm\u00e4t verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkil\u00f6yd\u00f6t ovat etel\u00e4isimm\u00e4st\u00e4 Ruotsista, Skoonesta. Atypus<\/em>-lajit ovat useimmissa esiintymismaissaan uhanalaisiksi arvioituja Punaisen kirjan lajeja.\r\n\r\nVerhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin esiintyminen on rajoittunut l\u00e4mpimiin elinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ihin, ja se on l\u00f6ydett\u00e4viss\u00e4 etenkin kuivilta, hiekkaisilta ja aurinkoisilta paikoilta. M\u00e4ntymets\u00e4t ja kuivat rinteet -- usein etel\u00e4\u00e4n viett\u00e4v\u00e4t -- ja my\u00f6s ketomaiset niityt ovat suosittuja elinpaikkoja. Toisin kuin muut kaksi Atypus<\/em>-lajia, verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki esiintyy tasankoalueilla ja matalilla kukkuloilla (600 m asti) ja sen p\u00e4\u00e4levinneisyysaluetta ovat Keski-Euroopan l\u00e4nsi- ja pohjoisosat.\r\n\r\nKoirash\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin ruumiin pituus (suuosia lukuun ottamatta) on 7-10 mm ja naaraan 10-15 mm. Koiraat ovat v\u00e4rilt\u00e4\u00e4n yleens\u00e4 mustia, naaraat ovat tummanruskeita ja nuoret yksil\u00f6t ovat usein selv\u00e4sti vaaleampia v\u00e4ritykselt\u00e4\u00e4n. Pitk\u00e4t kehruunystyt ovat kolmijaokkeiset. Kehruunystyjen v\u00e4ri ja rakenne auttavat erottamaan kolme Atypus<\/em>-lajia toisistaan. Verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kille on tyypillist\u00e4 my\u00f6s ensimm\u00e4isen jalkaparin polven (patella) k\u00e4rkiosan ulkosivulla pigmentti\u00e4 vailla oleva alue.\r\n\r\nLaji el\u00e4\u00e4 maanalaisissa 10-30 cm pituisissa putkissa, jotka se kaivaa itse ja vuoraa seitill\u00e4\u00e4n. T\u00e4m\u00e4 seitti muodostaan maan pinnalle noin 1 cm halkaisijaltaan olevan kymmenkunta senttimetri\u00e4 pitk\u00e4n \"pyyntiputken\", joka on naamioitu ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n maahiukkasilla. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on putkensa sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 ja odottaa hy\u00f6nteisten k\u00e4velev\u00e4n putken maanp\u00e4\u00e4llisen osan yli. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki puree saalista alhaaltap\u00e4in seittiputken l\u00e4pi ja vet\u00e4\u00e4 sitten sen sis\u00e4\u00e4n putkeen; syntynyt aukko korjataan my\u00f6hemmin. Tyypillist\u00e4 saalista ovat muurahaiset, kovakuoriaiset ja jopa kaksois- ja juoksujalkaiset.\r\n\r\nVerhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkikoiraita voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 parittelukauden aikana my\u00f6h\u00e4issyksyll\u00e4, ne ovat aktiivisimmillaan Keski-Euroopassa syyskuusta marraskuuhun. T\u00e4ss\u00e4 ne eroavat l\u00e4hilajista A. piceus, jonka koiraiden aktiviteetti on rajoittunut alkukes\u00e4\u00e4n, toukokuusta hein\u00e4kuuhun. Verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kin koiraat etsiv\u00e4t naaraita maan pinnalla liikkuen, v\u00e4risytt\u00e4en l\u00f6yt\u00e4mi\u00e4\u00e4n pyyntiputkia ja paritellen pes\u00e4putken alaosassa. Muninta tapahtuu my\u00f6s siell\u00e4. Munat ovat munakotelossa, joka on pes\u00e4putken laajentumassa maan alla. Nuoret h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit kuoriutuvat syksyll\u00e4 ja j\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t, mit\u00e4\u00e4n sy\u00f6m\u00e4tt\u00e4, koko talveksi emonsa seittiputkeen. Ne j\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4t putken kev\u00e4\u00e4n ensimm\u00e4isin\u00e4 l\u00e4mpimin\u00e4 p\u00e4ivin\u00e4 (Keski-Euroopassa maaliskuussa) ja levitt\u00e4ytyv\u00e4t siimansa varassa tuulen mukana lent\u00e4en (\"ballooning\"). Jopa 100 nuorta h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u00e4 voi l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 yhdest\u00e4 munakotelosta. Toisin kuin useimmat eurooppalaiset h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajit, verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit ovat pitk\u00e4ik\u00e4isi\u00e4 ja voivat el\u00e4\u00e4 jopa 8-10 vuotta.\r\n\r\nT\u00e4m\u00e4 vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki on mahdollista n\u00e4hd\u00e4 syksyisell\u00e4 k\u00e4velyretkell\u00e4, jos kohtaa koiraan etsim\u00e4ss\u00e4 kumppania tai jos l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 naamioidun seittiputken. Joka tapauksessa silloin on syyt\u00e4 katsella verhoilijah\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki\u00e4, eik\u00e4 siit\u00e4 ole tarkkailijalle mit\u00e4\u00e4n harmia tai huolenaihetta. Valitettavasti Suomessa lajia ei p\u00e4\u00e4se n\u00e4kem\u00e4\u00e4n.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Seppo Koponen\r\n

Yhteydenotot Suomi<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, Turun yliopisto, 20014 Turku\r\ne-mail: sepkopoutu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

L\u2019araign\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2013<\/h4>\r\nL\u2019araign\u00e9e commune \u00e0 toile tubulaire \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 est une esp\u00e8ce commune qui appartient \u00e0 une famille d\u2019araign\u00e9es \u00e0 toile tubulaire, les Atypidae. C\u2019est la seule famille de mygales (Mygalomorphae) avec des repr\u00e9sentants en Europe centrale; ce sous-ordre est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par ses ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res parall\u00e8les dirig\u00e9es vers l\u2019avant (position orthognathe).\r\n\r\nTrois genres appartenant \u00e0 la famille des Atypidae sont pr\u00e9sents dans le monde entier, renfermant 49 esp\u00e8ces. Les trois esp\u00e8ces europ\u00e9ennes sont \u2013 de la plus petite \u00e0 la plus grande - Atypus muralis, Atypus piceus<\/em> et Atypus affinis<\/em>, cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9tant la plus commune en Europe de l\u2019ouest. Leur distribution dans les diff\u00e9rents pays est cependant variable. En France ou en Allemagne, Atypus affinis<\/em> est plus fr\u00e9quente alors qu\u2019en Autriche, cette esp\u00e8ce est plus rare. Elle est d\u2019ailleurs inscrite en Liste Rouge dans la plupart des pays (pas en France) ou \u00e9tats dans lesquels elle est pr\u00e9sente, o\u00f9 elle est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme menac\u00e9e voire gravement menac\u00e9e.\r\n\r\nCette mygale est limit\u00e9e aux r\u00e9gions x\u00e9rothermiques et se rencontre donc principalement dans des milieux secs, sablonneux, chauds et ensoleill\u00e9s. Des pin\u00e8des, des surplombs secs \u2013 souvent orient\u00e9s vers le sud \u2013 ainsi que des prairies sont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9es. Contrairement aux autres esp\u00e8ces, Atypus affinis<\/em> tend \u00e0 fr\u00e9quenter les plaines et les collines de basse altitude (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 600m) et la zone principale de distribution se situe dans les parties ouest et nord d\u2019Europe centrale.\r\n\r\nLa longueur du corps du m\u00e2le (sans les ch\u00e9lic\u00e8res) est de 7-10mm et pour les femelles entre 10-15mm. La coloration des m\u00e2les est le plus souvent d\u2019un noir profond, les femelles sont plut\u00f4t brun fonc\u00e9 et les juv\u00e9niles significativement plus p\u00e2les. Le sternum peut \u00eatre nettement plus clair. Les longues fili\u00e8res post\u00e9rieures sont divis\u00e9es en trois segments ; ce caract\u00e8re sert d\u2019ailleurs en partie \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier A. affinis<\/em> des deux autres esp\u00e8ces : chez A. piceus<\/em> il existe un demi article non pigment\u00e9 sur le segment terminal (ce qui donne une apparence de 3 segments \u00bd) alors que A. muralis<\/em> a des fili\u00e8res quadri segment\u00e9es. Atypus affinis a \u00e9galement une r\u00e9gion non pigment\u00e9e sur la c\u00f4t\u00e9 apical externe de la premi\u00e8re patelle.\r\n\r\nCes animaux vivent dans des tubes souterrains d\u2019environ 10-30cm de profondeur, qu\u2019ils creusent eux-m\u00eames et tapissent de soie. Ce tube de soie blanche se prolonge \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur au-dessus du sol sur quelques centim\u00e8tres et est camoufl\u00e9 par des particules de terre environnante \u2013 il correspond \u00e0 la zone de pi\u00e9geage. L\u2019araign\u00e9e habite \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de cette sorte de chaussette de soie, s\u2019installant au repos vers le fond, et dans la partie a\u00e9rienne quand elle est en activit\u00e9 de chasse, attendant alors les proies qui se d\u00e9placeraient sur le pi\u00e8ge. Les proies sont mordues \u00e0 travers le tube en soie puis tir\u00e9es vers l\u2019int\u00e9rieur, la d\u00e9chirure occasionn\u00e9e \u00e9tant r\u00e9par\u00e9e imm\u00e9diatement ou plus tard. Les proies principales sont typiquement des fourmis, des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res et m\u00eame des millepattes.\r\n\r\nVous pouvez trouver le plus souvent des m\u00e2les errant pendant la saison de reproduction vers la fin de l\u2019automne \u2013 ils sont les plus actifs de septembre \u00e0 novembre. La p\u00e9riode est diff\u00e9rente pour Atypus piceus<\/em> dont l\u2019activit\u00e9 est restreinte \u00e0 mai et juillet. Les m\u00e2les d\u2019A. affinis<\/em> recherchent leur partenaire au sol, font vibrer le tube de capture et s\u2019accouplent ensuite dans la partie basse de la \u00ab chaussette \u00bb. Les \u0153ufs sont maintenus dans un cocon au niveau d\u2019une zone l\u00e9g\u00e8rement \u00e9largie du tube souterrain. Les jeunes \u00e9closent \u00e0 l\u2019automne et restent, sans se nourrir, tout l\u2019hiver avec leur m\u00e8re. Ils la quittent aux premiers jours chauds (d\u00e9but \u00e0 mi-mars) et se dispersent par voie a\u00e9rienne (ballooning). Plus de 100 petites araign\u00e9es peuvent \u00eatre trouv\u00e9es ainsi. Contrairement \u00e0 la plupart des araign\u00e9es d\u2019Europe centrale qui ont un cycle annuel, ces mygales peuvent vivre plus longtemps, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8-10 ans.\r\n\r\nSi, lors d\u2019une balade automnale, vous voyez un m\u00e2le de \u00ab mygale \u00e0 chaussette \u00bb marchant sur le sol \u00e0 la recherche d\u2019une femelle, vous aurez l\u00e0 une occasion id\u00e9ale pour voir cette Araign\u00e9e de l\u2019Ann\u00e9e. Ou peut-\u00eatre trouverez-vous un tube bien camoufl\u00e9 au pied d\u2019un arbre. Dans les deux cas : \u00ab Il faut y jeter un coup d\u2019\u0153il et, de toute fa\u00e7on, cette araign\u00e9e commune ne vous causera certainement ni douleur ni probl\u00e8me \u00bb !\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Christine Rollard<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

H \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 2013<\/h4>\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\n\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 Atypidae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc-\u03c4\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03b3\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7.\r\n\r\n\u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 Atypidae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd 49 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a. \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1: Atypus muralis, Atypus piceus<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf Atypus affinis<\/em>. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9. \u03a0.\u03c7. \u03c4\u03bf A. affinis \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\r\n\r\n\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2\/\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf Atypus affinis \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 600 \u03bc \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a. \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2.\r\n\r\n\u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 7\u201310 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd 10\u201315 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf A. affinis<\/em> \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7: \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 A. piceus<\/em> \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac 3\u00bd \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 A. muralis<\/em> \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf A. affinis<\/em> \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2.\r\n\r\n\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 10\u201330 \u03b5\u03ba., \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 1 \u03b5\u03ba. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 10 \u03b5\u03ba. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf 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\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2.\r\n\r\n\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 A. affinis<\/em> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03bf\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf A. piceus<\/em>, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 A. affinis<\/em> \u03c8\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2-\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03ac \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 100 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac (\u2018ballooning\u2019). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 8-10 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1.\r\n\r\n\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc Atypus \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2! \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Maria Chatzaki<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Il Ragno Europeo dell\u2019anno 2013<\/h4>\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 \u00e8 probabilmente il pi\u00f9 comuni ragno migalomorfo europeo. Questo gruppo di ragni, le cosiddette \u201cmigali\u201d, si distinguono dagli altri ragni per la forma e la disposizione dei cheliceri, sempre paralleli e diretti in avanti. Il ragno dell\u2019Anno 2013 appartiene agli Atypidae, una famiglia di ragni che deve il nome alla forma \u201catipica\u201d dovuta all\u2019apparente sproporzione dei cheliceri e delle filiere rispetto al corpo. Gli anglosassoni definiscono gli Atypidae \u201cpurse web spider\u201d (\u201cragni dalla tela a borsetta\u201d) in relazione al particolare apparato utilizzato da questa famiglia per la cattura delle prede.\r\n\r\nSi tratta del genere di ragni migalomorfi che si spinge pi\u00f9 a Nord in Europa.\r\nAl mondo esistono tre generi di Atypidae ed un totale di 49 specie, di cui tre presenti in Europa (dalla pi\u00f9 piccola alla pi\u00f9 grande: Atypus muralis, A. piceus e A. affinis<\/em>), per i quali gli anglosassoni hanno coniato tre nomi comuni ispirati ad alcune loro particolarit\u00e0 (rispettivamente: wall purse-web spider, pitch-black purse-web spider e common purse-web spider).\r\n\r\nLa loro distribuzione in Europa varia molto: in Germania ad esempio Atypus affinis \u00e8 il pi\u00f9 comune, mentre in Austria \u00e8 la specie pi\u00f9 rara. In Italia A. affinis<\/em> e a. piceus sono i pi\u00f9 diffusi, mentre A. muralis<\/em> \u00e8 noto solo per il nord-est.\r\nNella maggior parte dei paesi europei in cui \u00e8 segnalato, A. affinis<\/em> \u00e8 riportato in Lista Rossa, nelle categorie \u201cspecie minacciate\u201d o \u201cspecie estremamente minacciate\u201d.\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> predilige aree xerotermiche, secche, calde e assolate. Tra gli habitat preferiti figurano foreste di pini, versanti esposti a sud e prati aridi. A differenza delle altre specie, A. affinis<\/em> si ritrova generalmente in pianura e zone di bassa collina fino a 600 m ed \u00e8 prevalentemente distribuito in Europa centro-occidentale e centro-settentrionale.\r\n\r\nLa lunghezza del corpo di questo ragno \u00e8 compresa tra 7 e 10 mm esclusi i cheliceri ma le femmine possono arrivare anche a 15 mm. La colorazione nei maschi \u00e8 molto scura tendente al nero, le femmine presentano colorazione brunastra e i giovani sono generalmente pi\u00f9 tenui. Lo sterno \u00e8 solitamente chiaro. Le lunghe filiere posteriori sono suddivise in tre segmenti (un carattere utile per distinguere A. affinis<\/em> dalle altre due specie). A. piceus<\/em> presenta il segmento terminale pigmentato solo per met\u00e0 (il che fa sembrare che le filiere siano costituite di tre segmenti e mezzo), mentre in A. muralis<\/em> le filiere sono costituite di quattro segmenti. A. affini<\/em>s presenta inoltre una regione depigmentata sulla parte apicale esterna della patella del primo paio di zampe.\r\n\r\nTutte le specie europee di Atypus<\/em> vivono in tubi sericei sotterranei di circa 10-30 cm di lunghezza, che vengono scavati con i potenti cheliceri e rivestiti di seta. A livello di superficie la tela forma il cosiddetto \u201ctubo di cattura\u201d (o \u201ccalzetta\u201d), largo 1 cm e lungo circa 10, che fuoriesce dal terreno ed \u00e8 mimetizzato con particelle di detrito. Il ragno si posiziona all\u2019interno del tubo in attesa che le potenziali prede camminino sul tubo di cattura esterno. Al momento giusto il ragno morde con rapidit\u00e0 la preda attraverso il tubo di cattura e la trascina all\u2019interno, dove verr\u00e0 consumata. Da l\u00ec a breve, la piccola lacerazione cos\u00ec prodotta sul tubo esterno verr\u00e0 riparata con estrema precisione. Le prede favorite di Atypus sono in genere formiche e coleotteri, ma in molti casi, anche millepiedi e centopiedi.\r\n\r\nurante la stagione riproduttiva (da Settembre a Novembre) si ritrovano spesso i maschi vagare attivamente sul terreno. A differenza delle altre specie invece, Atypus piceus<\/em> risulta particolarmente attivo da Marzo a Luglio.\r\nI maschi di Atypus affinis vanno in cerca delle femmine producendo delle vibrazioni sui tubi di cattura delle compagne. Una volta destata l\u2019attenzione della femmina, i maschi si introducono nel tubo e si accoppiano nella parte profonda del ricovero sotterraneo.\r\nLe uova vengono deposte in una porzione allargata del tubo sotterraneo all\u2019interno di un sacco ovigero (cocoon). In autunno i piccoli (fino a 100 individui) schiudono e rimangono nel tubo senza nutrirsi, fino alla primavera. Con l\u2019aumento della temperatura (Marzo-Aprile), i giovani ragni abbandonano il tubo sericeo della madre e si disperdono tramite \u201cballooning\u201d (ovvero emettendo un filo di seta e lasciandosi trasportare dal vento). Eccezionalmente, a differenza della maggior parte dei ragni europei, questi animali possono vivere fino a 8-10 anni.\r\n\r\ne, durante una passeggiata d\u2019autunno, vi capiter\u00e0 di incontrare un maschio di Atypus<\/em> in cerca della femmina, avrete l\u2019opportunit\u00e0 perfetta per incontrare e conoscere il Ragno dell\u2019Anno 2013.\r\nO forse invece incontrerete una strana calzetta di seta ben mimetizzata e saprete darvi la giusta risposta!\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marco Isaia\r\n

Contatti Italia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marco Isaia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino\r\ne-mail: marco.isaiaunito.it<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

2013 met\u0173 Europos voras<\/h4>\r\nPaprastasis urvavoris - Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nPaprastasis urvavoris Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830, priklauso Atypidae (Urvavori\u0173) \u0161eimai. Tai vieninteliai centrin\u0117je Europoje pauk\u0161t\u0117doms (Mygalomorphae) atstovaujantys vorai, tai vor\u0173 grup\u0117, kuriai b\u016bdingas ortognatinio tipo burnos aparatas, kuomet cheliceros nukreiptos \u012f priek\u012f ir yra lygiagre\u010dios. Pasaulyje \u017einomos 3 \u0161eimai Atypidae priklausan\u010dios gentys, kuriose yra 49 r\u016b\u0161ys. Trys (centrin\u0117s) Europos r\u016b\u0161ys \u2013 nuo ma\u017eiausios iki did\u017eiausios - sieninis urvavoris Atypus muralis, juodasis urvavoris Atypus piceus ir paprastasis urvavoris Atypus affinis; pastaroji r\u016b\u0161is yra da\u017eniausiai sutinkama vakar\u0173 Europoje. J\u0173 gausumas kiekvienoje \u0161alyje yra skirtingas. Vokietijoje pats da\u017eniausias yra paprastasis urvavoris, tuo tarpu Austrijoje i\u0161 \u0161i\u0173 trij\u0173 r\u016b\u0161i\u0173 jis re\u010diausias. \u0160iai gen\u010diai priklausantys vorai yra \u012ftraukti \u012f daugelio \u0161ali\u0173 Raudon\u0105sias knygas, kuriose r\u016b\u0161is priskiriama nykstan\u010dioms ar prie i\u0161nykimo ribos esan\u010dioms.\r\n\r\n\u0160ie vorai susij\u0119 su kseroterminiais regionais ir tod\u0117l randami sausose, sm\u0117l\u0117tose ir saul\u0117tose bei \u0161iltose buvein\u0117se. Randami pu\u0161ynuose, sausuose skard\u017eiuose \u2013 da\u017eniausiai nukreiptuose \u012f pietin\u0119 pus\u0119, taip pat nederlingose pievose. Kitaip nei kitos r\u016b\u0161ys, Atypus affinis<\/em> randamas lygumose ir kalvose (iki 600 m) ir daugiausiai sutinkamas vakarin\u0117je ir \u0161iaurin\u0117je (centrin\u0117s) Europos dalyje.\r\n\r\nPatin\u0117lio k\u016bno ilgis (i\u0161skyrus burnos aparat\u0105) yra 7-10 mm, patel\u0117s 10\u201315 mm. Patin\u0117li\u0173 did\u017eioji k\u016bno dalis tamsiai juoda, patel\u0117s yra tamsiai rudos, o jaunikliai da\u017enai pastebimai bly\u0161kesni. Kr\u016btinin\u0117 plok\u0161tel\u0117 (sternum) gali b\u016bti kiek \u0161viesesn\u0117.\r\nIlgos u\u017epakalin\u0117s verpiamosios karput\u0117s yra i\u0161 trij\u0173 segment\u0173. Tai skiriamasis A. affinis<\/em> po\u017eymis. Atypus piceus<\/em> turi nepigmentuot\u0105 pus\u0119 \u017eiedo ant terminalinio segmento \u2013 tod\u0117l atrodo tarsi tur\u0117t\u0173 3\u00bd segmento, o Atypus muralis<\/em> turi keturi\u0173 segment\u0173 verpiam\u0105sias karputes. Atypus affinis<\/em> taip pat turi nepigmentuot\u0105 srit\u012f pirmosios girnel\u0117s apikalin\u0117je i\u0161orin\u0117je pus\u0117je.\r\n\r\nGyv\u016bnai gyvena po \u017eeme esan\u010diuose 10-30 cm ilgio vamzdeliuose, kuriuos jie patys i\u0161kasa ir padengia \u0161ilku. Po \u017eeme \u0161is tinklas sudaro 1 cm plo\u010dio ir 10 cm ilgio \u201cgaudom\u0105j\u012f vamzd\u012f\u201c, u\u017emaskuot\u0105 aplinkui esan\u010diomis \u017eem\u0117s dalel\u0117mis. Voras t\u016bno vamzdelyje ir tyko kol vabzdys u\u017elips ant ant\u017eemin\u0117s dalies. Aukai \u012fkanda i\u0161 apa\u010dios per vamzdel\u012f ir tuomet \u012ftraukia \u012f vid\u0173, v\u0117liau \u0161i atsiradusi skyl\u0117 sutaisoma. Paprastai grob\u012f sudaro skruzd\u0117l\u0117s, vabalai, ir net dviporiakojai ir \u0161imtakojai.\r\n\r\nJ\u016bs da\u017enai galite surasti patinus v\u0117lyv\u0105 ruden\u012f veisimosi metu, aktyviausi jie yra nuo rugs\u0117jo iki lapkri\u010dio. A. piceus<\/em> aktyvumas yra kitoks, did\u017eiausias aktyvumas pastebimas nuo gegu\u017e\u0117s iki bir\u017eelio m\u0117nesi\u0173. A. affinis<\/em> patinas ie\u0161ko partnerio ant \u017eem\u0117s, drebina gaudom\u0105j\u012f vamzdel\u012f ir tuomet poruojasi \u017eemutin\u0117je tinklo dalyje. \u010cia taip pat dedami ir kiau\u0161iniai. Kiau\u0161iniai yra saugomi po \u017eeme esan\u010diame kokone, ne\u017eymiai padid\u0117jusioje lizdo dalyje. Jaunikliai i\u0161sirita ruden\u012f ir \u017eiemoja nesimaitindami motinos vamzdelyje. Pirmosiomis \u0161iltomis dienomis jie j\u012f palieka (nuo ankstyvo iki v\u0117lvyvo kovo) ir i\u0161plinta oro pagalba. Jaunikli\u0173 gali b\u016bti iki 100. \u0160ie vorai ilgaam\u017eiai, i\u0161gyvena net iki 8-10 met\u0173.\r\n\r\nJeigu rudeninio pasivaiks\u010diojimo metu aptiksite \u0161ios r\u016b\u0161ies voro patin\u0117l\u012f, b\u0117gin\u0117jant\u012f ant \u017eem\u0117s ir ie\u0161kant\u012f patel\u0117s, j\u016bs turite puiki\u0105 galimyb\u0119 matyti Met\u0173 Vor\u0105. O galb\u016bt j\u016bs atrasite puikiai u\u017emaskuot\u0105 vamzdel\u012f. Bet kuriuo atveju: \u201eVerta \u012f j\u012f atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f ir tai tikrai nepakenks ir nei\u0161g\u0105sdins\u201c.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marija Biteniekyt\u0117<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europese Spin van het Jaar 2013<\/h4>\r\nDe Gewone mijnspin \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nMijnspinnen (familie Atypidae) zijn de enige vogelspin-achtigen in Midden-Europa. Ze zijn duidelijk herkenbaar aan hun naar voor gerichte en evenwijdige gifkaken.\r\n\r\nWereldwijd telt de familie van de Mijnspinnen 49 soorten. In Midden-Europa leven drie soorten, waarvan er twee in Belgi\u00eb voorkomen, nl. de Kalkmijnspin (Atypus piceus<\/em>) en de Gewone mijnspin (Atypus affinis<\/em>). De laatste wordt over het algemeen het meest gevonden, maar in Oostenrijk bvb. is ze de zeldzaamste van de drie soorten die daar aanwezig zijn.\r\nIn zowat alle landen waar ze voorkomen, staan de Mijnspinnen op de Rode Lijst, meestal als 'bedreigd' of 'sterk bedreigd'. De Gewone mijnspin is zelfs \u00e9\u00e9n van de slechts vier wettelijk beschermde spinnen in Vlaanderen.\r\n\r\nDe Gewone mijnspin wordt gevonden in warme en droge streken en daar vooral op zandige en zonnige plaatsen. Naaldbossen, zuidgerichte zandwanden en schrale graslanden zijn favoriete locaties, maar soms wordt de soort op atypische plaatsen gevonden, zoals in tuinen of loofbos. In tegenstelling tot de andere soorten, wordt de Gewone mijnspin vooral aangetroffen op vlaktes en laagland (tot op 600 m) en haar belangrijkste areaal is dan ook het westen en noorden van (Centraal-)Europa.\r\n\r\nDe lichaamslengte (poten en gifkaken niet meegerekend) van het mannetje meet 7-10 mm, van het vrouwtje 10-15 mm. Mannelijke mijnspinnen zijn veelal donkerzwart gekleurd, terwijl de vrouwtjes donkerbruin zijn en de jongen opvallend lichter van kleur.\r\nDe Gewone mijnspin is moeilijk te onderscheiden van de Kalkmijnspin. Een belangrijk kenmerk (voor specialisten) zijn de lange achterste spintepels (waarmee de spin haar zijde maakt), die bij de Gewone mijnspin in drie delen verdeeld zijn.\r\n\r\nMijnspinnen hebben een unieke manier om prooien te vangen. Hun webben worden wel eens \"kousjes\" genoemd en bestaan grosso modo uit twee delen: een buisvormig spinsel van ongeveer 10cm lang, bevindt zich boven de grond en wordt bekleed met allerlei camouflerende plantenresten en aarde (=de \"voet\" van de kous). Het andere deel (=het \"been\") is een buisvormig spinsel dat meestal 10 tot 30cm loodrecht in de grond zit. Het hol waarin dit spinsel zich bevindt, graaft de spin zelf. Doorgaans vertoeft de mijnspin binnenin het 'voetgedeelte' en voelt wanneer er boven op dit spinsel een insect loopt. Wat er dan gebeurt is spectaculair: de spin kruipt aan de binnenkant van de 'voet' tot aan de plaats waar het insect zit en bijt de prooi dan door het spinsel heen en trekt het insect naar binnen. Later wordt de ontstane scheur weer gerepareerd. Typische prooien zijn mieren, kevers en zelfs duizend- en milioenpoten.\r\n\r\nTijdens het paarseizoen in de late herfst, kan je de mannetjes actief zien rondlopen. De drukste periode is van september tot november. Bij hun zoektocht naar een vrouwtje 'tokkelen' de mannetjes op het 'voetgedeelte' van de kousjes van volwassen vrouwtjes, waarna de paring plaatsvindt in het 'beengedeelte'. Ook de ei-afleg gebeurt daar. De jongen kruipen uit het ei in de herfst en blijven -zonder te eten- bij de moeder, om dan bij de eerste warme lentedagen (begin tot midden maart) het nest te verlaten. Zij verspreiden zich dan met de wind. E\u00e9n nest kan tot 100 jonge spinnetjes bevatten. In tegenstelling tot de meeste andere Midden-Europese spinnensoorten, kunnen Mijnspinnen vrij oud worden, namelijk tot 8 \u00e0 10 jaar.\r\n\r\ne Europese Spin van het Jaar 2013 is absoluut de moeite om te observeren. Misschien vind je tijdens een wandeling een rondlopend mannetje of -als je heel goed kijkt- het goed gecamoufleerde 'voetgedeelte' van het bijzondere web. Hoe dan ook: je zal zeker gefascineerd zijn door deze unieke spin, waarvan je als mens overigens niets te vrezen hebt.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Koen Van Keer<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski paj\u0105k roku 2013<\/h4>\r\nGryziel zachodni \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nGryziel zachodni Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 nale\u017cy do rodziny gryzielowatych (Atypidae) - szeroko w \u015bwiecie rozmieszczonej i licz\u0105cej 49 gatunk\u00f3w. Podobnie jak inne paj\u0105ki z podrz\u0119du Mygalomorphae, gryzielowate maj\u0105 masywne cia\u0142o, dwie pary p\u0142uc, szcz\u0119koczu\u0142ki wysuni\u0119te do przodu a kolec jadowy u\u0142o\u017cony wzd\u0142u\u017c osi cia\u0142a.\r\n\r\nW Europie wyst\u0119puj\u0105 3 gatunki z rodzaju Atypus<\/em>:\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> \u2013 gryziel zachodni \u2013 najwi\u0119kszy i najbardziej pospolity w Europie zachodniej (link)<\/a>\r\nAtypus muralis<\/em> \u2013 gryziel stepowy \u2013 najmniejszy z nich (link)<\/a>\r\nAtypus piceus<\/em> \u2013 gryziel tapetnik (link )<\/a>\r\nWszystkie s\u0105 silnie zagro\u017cone i znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 na czerwonych listach w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kraj\u00f3w europejskich, w tym tak\u017ce w Polsce (Star\u0119ga i in. 2002).\r\n\r\nAtypus affinis<\/em> wyst\u0119puje na nizinach (do 600 m) \u2013 g\u0142\u00f3wnie w zachodniej, \u015brodkowej i p\u00f3\u0142nocnej Europie. Zajmuje ciep\u0142e i nas\u0142onecznione \u0142\u0105ki, murawy, zbocza i skarpy a nawet \u015bwietliste bory sosnowe. D\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 cia\u0142a samc\u00f3w (z wy\u0142\u0105czeniem szcz\u0119koczu\u0142k\u00f3w) waha si\u0119 od 7 do 10 mm, za\u015b samice osi\u0105gaj\u0105 do kilkunastu mm. Samce s\u0105 czarne, samice ciemnobr\u0105zowe a m\u0142ode wyra\u017anie ja\u015bniejsze. W por\u00f3wnaniu z dwoma pozosta\u0142ymi gatunkami, gryziel zachodni ma jasn\u0105 plam\u0119 na ko\u0144cu zewn\u0119trznej cz\u0119\u015bci rzepki I. pary n\u00f3g oraz silnie wyd\u0142u\u017cone, tr\u00f3jsegmentowe tylne k\u0105dzio\u0142ki prz\u0119dne. Dla odmiany, tylne k\u0105dzio\u0142ki u Atypus piceus<\/em> maj\u0105 jasn\u0105 ko\u0144cow\u0105 obw\u00f3dk\u0119, za\u015b A. muralis<\/em> ma k\u0105dzio\u0142ki czterosegmentowe.\r\n\r\nGryziele \u017cyj\u0105 w norach d\u0142ugich na 10\u201330 cm, kt\u00f3re same kopi\u0105 i wy\u015bcie\u0142aj\u0105 mocn\u0105 prz\u0119dz\u0105 o strukturze delikatnego zamszu. Na powierzchni gruntu swobodnie wystaje \u0142owna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 rurki, o \u015brednicy ok. 1 cm i d\u0142ugo\u015bci ok. 10 cm. Jest ona zakamuflowana cz\u0105stkami gleby, piasku i detrytusu. Paj\u0105k siedzi wewn\u0105trz nory i czeka na ofiary w\u0119druj\u0105ce po powierzchni. Atakuje je poprzez \u015bciank\u0105 rurki, wci\u0105ga do \u015brodka a dziur\u0119 \u0142ata p\u00f3\u017aniej. Do jego najcz\u0119stszych ofiar nale\u017c\u0105 mr\u00f3wki, chrz\u0105szcze, krocionogi i pareczniki.\r\n\r\nSamce mo\u017cna spotka\u0107 jesieni\u0105, gdy w\u0119druj\u0105 w poszukiwaniu samic (u tapetnika szczyt samczej aktywno\u015bci przypada na maj i czerwiec). Samce poszukuj\u0105 samic w norach, wprawiaj\u0105c w wibracj\u0119 ich rurkowate oprz\u0119dy. Zaakceptowane wchodz\u0105 do nory i kopuluj\u0105. Tu tak\u017ce, w rozszerzonej cz\u0119\u015bci nory samice sk\u0142adaj\u0105 kokon, zawieraj\u0105cy do 100 jaj. M\u0142ode wykluwaj\u0105 si\u0119 jesieni\u0105 i pozostaj\u0105 z matk\u0105 do wiosny, korzystaj\u0105 z zapas\u00f3w \u017c\u00f3\u0142tka i nie od\u017cywiaj\u0105 si\u0119. Nor\u0119 opuszczaj\u0105 w ciep\u0142e dni marca i rozprzestrzeniaj\u0105 si\u0119 na niciach babiego lata (ballooning).\r\n\r\nW odr\u00f3\u017cnieniu od innych \u015brodkowoeuropejskich gatunk\u00f3w paj\u0105k\u00f3w, gryziele s\u0105 d\u0142ugowieczne, bo mog\u0105 \u017cy\u0107 do 10 lat.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Marek \u017babka<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets europeiska spindel 2013<\/h4>\r\nTapetserarspindeln \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nTapetserarspindeln \u00e4r det n\u00e4rmaste en f\u00e5gelspindel som finns i den svenska naturen. De tillh\u00f6r b\u00e5da samma underordning av spindlar - Mygalomorphae. Tapetserarspindlarna tillh\u00f6r familjen pungn\u00e4tspindlar (Atypidae) som det finns tre arter av i Europa, f\u00f6rutom Atypus affinis<\/em> ocks\u00e5 A. piceus<\/em> och A. muralis<\/em>. I hela v\u00e4rlden finns 49 arter av dessa. En av arterna n\u00e5r norrut till sydligaste Sverige. Det \u00e4r tapetserarspindeln vars vetenskapliga namn \u00e4r Atypus affinis. Den \u00e4ldsta beskrivningen av arten \u00e4r av Eichwald 1830. Den \u00e4r den vanligaste av arterna i V\u00e4steuropa, k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n Portugal i s\u00f6der, Ukraina i \u00f6ster, norrut till Skottland, Danmark och till Sk\u00e5ne och Blekinge i sydligaste Sverige. I Sk\u00e5ne \u00e4r den funnen p\u00e5 Kullaberg, i Sk\u00e4ralid och p\u00e5 Stenshuvud, i Blekinge i Karlskrona.\r\n\r\nTapetserarspindlarna k\u00e4nns igen p\u00e5 att deras fram\u00e5triktade giftk\u00e4kar som \u00e4r parallella med varandra och som \u00e4r stora och kraftiga. \u00d6gonen \u00e4r grupperade i en liten kompakt grupp p\u00e5 en liten kulle i mitten framtill p\u00e5 huvudet.\r\n\r\nTapetserarspindeln \u00e4r s\u00e4llsynt och k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i dess milj\u00f6. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r finns p\u00e5 den svenska r\u00f6dlistan som starkt hotad (EN). Den \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 r\u00f6dlistad i m\u00e5nga av de andra l\u00e4nder som den finns i.\r\n\r\nTapetserarspindeln finns bara i solvarma omr\u00e5den med relativt torrt underlag. P\u00e5 de svenska lokalerna \u00e4r den funnen i syd- eller sydv\u00e4stv\u00e4nda bergbranter med vittringsjord. S\u00f6derut \u00e4r den ocks\u00e5 ofta funnen i sandig jord. D\u00e4r finns den alltid p\u00e5 solvarma men \u00e4nd\u00e5 skuggade st\u00e4llen, under tr\u00e4d, buskar, ris som ljungtuvor eller t.o.m. under gr\u00e4stuvor eller stenar. Helt blottad jord skyr den. Tapetserarspindeln lever n\u00e4ra havet, sj\u00f6ar eller vattendrag. H\u00f6gt upp i berg brukar man inte hitta den.\r\n\r\nKroppsl\u00e4ngden \u00e4r 10-15 mm hos honorna och 7-10 mm hos hanarna. D\u00e5 \u00e4r inte de flera mm l\u00e5nga k\u00e4karna inr\u00e4knade. Honorna \u00e4r bruna, hanarna m\u00f6rka, n\u00e4stan svarta. Unga individer \u00e4r ljusare \u00e4n de vuxna. Tapetserarspindeln har en tjock kitinhinna p\u00e5 framkroppen och benen som g\u00f6r att de ser lite plastiga ut. De ovanligt l\u00e5nga bakre spinnv\u00e5rtorna \u00e4r tredelade vilket skiljer den f\u00f6r de tv\u00e5 andra europeiska arterna.\r\n\r\nDet m\u00e4rkligaste med tapetserarspindlarna \u00e4r deras levnadss\u00e4tt d\u00e5 de n\u00e4stan hela livet lever i egenh\u00e4ndigt tillverkade silkesr\u00f6r. Dessa r\u00f6r g\u00e5r ned i jorden 10-30 cm, ibland t.o.m. \u00e4nnu l\u00e4ngre. R\u00f6ren g\u00e5r ocks\u00e5 upp n\u00e5gra cm, upp till \u00f6ver 10 cm, ovan jord d\u00e4r de finns g\u00f6mda i vegetationen, i en ljungtuva, en gr\u00e4stuva, mossa eller liknande. R\u00f6ren \u00e4r hos vuxna tapetserarspindlar en dryg cm breda. Silket i r\u00f6ren liknar en strumpa och \u00e4r p\u00e5 utsidan belagt med jord som kamoflerar. L\u00e5nga tider sitter de i sitt r\u00f6r n\u00e4rmast den utanp\u00e5 jorden liggande delen. N\u00e4r en fluga eller annat litet djur r\u00f6r sig p\u00e5 r\u00f6ret hugger tapetserarspindeln igenom r\u00f6ret och in i bytet. Bytet dras in i r\u00f6ret och sugs ut av spindeln. Tapetserarspindeln lagar d\u00e4refter sitt r\u00f6r s\u00e5 att de kan anv\u00e4ndas fler g\u00e5nger. De f\u00e5ngar alla m\u00f6jliga sm\u00e5kryp som skalbaggar, flugor, myror, gr\u00e5suggor och m\u00e5ngfotingar.\r\n\r\nTapetserarspindeln kan f\u00f6r att vara spindel bli riktigt gammal. F\u00f6rst efter 4 \u00e5r blir de k\u00f6nsmogna. Uppskattningar av hur gamla honorna kan bli varierar mellan 7 och 10 \u00e5r. Hanarna lever kortare, 4 \u00e5r.\r\nParningss\u00e4songen \u00e4r fr\u00e5n slutet av augusti fram till oktober-november. D\u00e5 g\u00e5r hanarna ut fr\u00e5n sitt bor\u00f6r och letar efter honor. N\u00e5gra f\u00e5 hanar brukar ocks\u00e5 kunna vara ute p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren. Hos den n\u00e4rbesl\u00e4ktade tapetserarspindeln Atypus piceus d\u00e4remot brukar hanarna vandra omkring p\u00e5 senv\u00e5ren till h\u00f6gsommaren.\r\n\r\nN\u00e4r hanarna av tapetserarspindeln hittar en vuxen honas bor\u00f6r, stannar de och b\u00f6rjar trumma p\u00e5 honans bor\u00f6r med vibrerande palper och ben. N\u00e4r hanen h\u00e5llit p\u00e5 ett tag med pauser s\u00e5 \u00f6ppnar han honans bor\u00f6r och kliver in i r\u00f6ret. D\u00e4r stannar han sen tills han d\u00f6r n\u00e4sta \u00e5r. Honan l\u00e4gger ett hundratal \u00e4gg i en n\u00e5got utvidgad del av bor\u00f6ret och blir ensam kvar med nykl\u00e4ckta ungar. Den d\u00e4rp\u00e5 f\u00f6ljande v\u00e5ren, oftast i mars, l\u00e4mnar ungarna honans bor\u00f6r f\u00f6r att starta sina egna liv. De kan d\u00e5 flyga iv\u00e4g en bit med hj\u00e4lp av spinntr\u00e5dar. Honan kan den f\u00f6ljande h\u00f6sten \u00e5ter para sig och f\u00e5 nya ungar.\r\n\r\nOm man \u00e4r p\u00e5 r\u00e4tt st\u00e4lle, n\u00e4mligen d\u00e4r tapetserarspindeln finns, s\u00e5 kan man ha turen att hitta deras bor\u00f6r. \u00c4nnu st\u00f6rre tur kan man ha p\u00e5 sensommaren eller h\u00f6sten d\u00e5 man kan f\u00e5 syn p\u00e5 en hane som \u00e4r ute och letar efter honor.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Lars J. Jonsson\r\n

Kontakt Sverige<\/h4>\r\nLars J. Jonsson, H\u00f6gskolan Kristianstad, 291 88 Kristianstad\r\nlars.jonsson(a)hkr.se<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropski pajek leta 2013<\/h4>\r\nNavadni tapetar \u2013 Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830\r\n\r\nNavadni tapetar Atypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 pripada dru\u017eini pajkov tapetarjev ali vre\u010dkarjev (Atypidae). To so edini srednje-evropski predstavniki, podobni pti\u010djim pajkom (Mygalomorphae); to skupino karakterizirajo paralelne, naprej \u0161trle\u010de helicere (t.i. ortognatni pajki).\r\n\r\nPo celem svetu dru\u017eina Atypidae zajema tri rodove, ki skupaj vsebujejo 49 vrst. V srednji Evropi \u017eivijo tri vrste. To so \u2013 od manj\u0161e proti ve\u010dji \u2013 pozidni tapetar Atypus muralis<\/em>, \u010drni tapetar Atypus piceus<\/em> in navadni tapetar Atypus affinis<\/em>; slednji je v srednji in zahodni Evropi najpogostej\u0161i, vendar je raz\u0161irjenost teh vrst po dr\u017eavah razli\u010dna. Medtem ko je navadni tapetar najpogostej\u0161a vrsta rodu npr. v Nem\u010diji, izgleda, da je ju\u017eneje, v Avstriji in Sloveniji redkej\u0161a. Navadni tapetar je vklju\u010den na seznam ogro\u017eenih \u017eivalskih vrst v ve\u010dini dr\u017eav, v katerih se pojavlja. V Sloveniji na seznam ni vklju\u010den.\r\n\r\nNavadni tapetar se navadno pojavlja v kserotermnih regijah, torej ga ve\u010dinoma najdemo na suhih, pe\u0161\u010denih in son\u010dnih\/toplih lokacijah. Najve\u010dkrat ga najdemo v borovih gozdovih, suhih previsih \u2013 pogosto obrnjenih na jug \u2013 in tudi gojenih travnikih. Za razliko od ostalih vrst se Atypus affinis<\/em> pojavlja na ravninskih delih in nizkem hribovju (do 600 m.n.v.), naj\u0161ir\u0161e pa je raz\u0161irjen v zahodnih in severnih predelih srednje Evrope.\r\n\r\nSamec po dol\u017eini telesa (brez helicer) meri 7-10 mm, samica pa 10-15 mm. Samci so ve\u010dinoma \u010drno obarvani, samice so temno rjave, medtem ko so mladi osebki pogosto obarvani o\u010ditno svetleje. Sternum je lahko o\u010ditno svetlej\u0161i. Dolge posteriorne predilne bradavice so \u010dlenjene v tri segmente, kar lo\u010di A. affinis<\/em> od ostalih dveh vrst. \u010crni tapetar ima namre\u010d na zadnjem segmentu posteriornih predilnih bradavic nepigmentiran pol-obro\u010d in tako navidezno \u0161tiri segmente, medtem ko so te predilne bradavice pri pozidnemu tapetarju dejansko sestavljene iz \u0161tirih segmentov. Atypus affinis ima zraven tega tudi nepigmentiran apikalen zunanji predel prvega para patel.\r\n\r\nTi pajki \u017eivijo v podzemnih rovih, dolgih 10-30 cm, ki jih sami izkopljejo in oblo\u017eijo s svilo. Na povr\u0161ju ta mre\u017ea oblikuje prib. 1 cm \u0161iroko in 10 cm dolgo \u00bblovilno cev\u00ab, ki je zamaskirana z del\u010dki zemlje. Pajek \u017edi v rovu in \u010daka na \u017eu\u017eelke, ki se sprehodijo \u010dez povr\u0161inski del rova. Plen zagrabijo kar iz rova in ga potegnejo vanj; luknjo, ki nastane ob tem, popravijo kasneje. Zna\u010dilen plen so mravlje, hro\u0161\u010di in celo stonoge in strige.\r\n\r\nMed paritveno sezono, t.j. med septembrom in novembrom, pogosto najdemo samce, ki so takrat najbolj aktivni. Tudi po tem se vrsta razlikuje z A. piceus, katerega aktivnost je omejena na obdobje med majem in julijem. Samci A. affinis<\/em> po tleh i\u0161\u010dejo samice, jim dvorijo s tresenjem lovilnega dela rova, parijo pa se v podzemnem delu rova. Tudi poznej\u0161e odlaganje jajc poteka tukaj, kjer samice v raz\u0161irjenem delu rova spletejo kokon, ki vsebuje do 100 jajc. Mladi pajki se izle\u017eejo jeseni in brez dodatne hrane prezimijo v materinem rovu. Ta rov zapustijo v prvih toplih dneh, navadno v prvi polovici marca in se po pokrajini raz\u0161irijo s pomo\u010djo vetra. Za razliko od ve\u010dine srednje-evropskih pajkov, lahko ti \u017eivijo ve\u010d let, tudi do 8-10 let.\r\n\r\n\u010ce med jesenskim sprehodom sre\u010date samca navadnega tapetarja, ki se sprehaja po tleh ob iskanju samice, imate odli\u010dno prilo\u017enost opazovati leto\u0161njega pajka leta. Morda pa boste celo na\u0161li dobro zamaskiran lovilni rov. V vsakem primeru pa: \u00bbIzpla\u010da se podrobneje spoznati navadnega pajka tapetarja, ki vam ob tem zanesljivo ne bo storil ni\u010d \u017ealega.\u00ab\r\n\r\nNaslednji\u010d ko obi\u0161\u010dete jamo imejte o\u010di odprte: veliki jamski pajek je v bli\u017eini.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg & Matja\u017e Gregori\u010d<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2013
\nThe common purse-web spider
\nAtypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830
\nInformation<\/p>\n

The common purse-web spider Atypus affinis<\/em> Eichwald, 1830 belongs to the purse-web spider family (Atypidae). These are the only central European representatives of the tarantula-like spiders (Mygalomorphae);<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

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