{"id":441,"date":"2015-08-14T11:31:33","date_gmt":"2015-08-14T09:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?page_id=441"},"modified":"2017-04-04T09:37:04","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T07:37:04","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2014","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?page_id=441","title":{"rendered":"2014 Linyphia triangularis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2014<\/h1>\n

The common hammock-weaver<\/h3>\n

Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)<\/h4>\n
\"Linyphia

Linyphia triangularis<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Information<\/h4>\n

The common hammock-weaver Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757) belongs to the family Linyphiidae. After the jumping spiders this is, with 4,461 species, the second most abundant spider family in the world. Europe as a whole has 1,248 species of linyphiid, central Europe 493.<\/p>\n

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Hammock weavers are characterised by their web construction. All species build a hammock or canopy-shaped web which leads to their general name. The common hammock-weaver is rather untypical for members of this family through its large size and clear markings on the cephalothorax, both of which make it quite easy to identify. In Central Europe it is, by some distance, the most frequently encountered hammock-weaver.<\/p>\n

It is found across a large part of the Palaearctic and the species’ distribution covers the temperate down to the subtropical zones. It is found in all European countries except Iceland and its altitudinal distribution ranges from plains and hills up to montane regions.<\/p>\n

In terms of habitat, this species is fairly unspecialised and occurs as a ‘generalist’ in damp forests or in all manner of open areas such as meadows, forest edges, parks and gardens. It can occur in suitable environments in very large numbers and in terms of nature protection it is thus regarded as ‘not endangered’.<\/p>\n

The web of the common hammock-weaver is usually spun in grass or undergrowth close to the ground. As in most examples from this family, it consists of a horizontal sheet attached from below to the ground, above which a ca. 20 cm high network of loose ‘tripwires’ is arranged. The spider almost always sits upside-down beneath the sheet. Prey usually collide with the ‘tripwires’ and then fall onto the sheet, where they are caught by the spider. Typical prey items are small insects like midges, tiny flies and beetles.<\/p>\n

The body length of both sexes is about 5-7 mm. The cephalothorax is beige-brown in colour and has black-brown edges and a black band in the middle, which divides around the middle of the cephalothorax as it extends forwards. This marking is thus reminiscent of a tuning fork. The abdomen is yellow to white with a wide, brown dark-edged band down the middle, which is constricted a number of times such that a typical pattern of triangular patches is often visible. On the side brown bands and patches are also seen; the underside is dark brown to black. The legs are simply beige-brown. Males can be differentiated by a noticeably slimmer abdomen and enlarged mouthparts. Their colouration also tends to be more red-brown.<\/p>\n

There is a possibility of confusing this species with Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em> which is a little smaller and prefers warmer habitats. Furthermore, adult animals occur somewhat earlier from June to October. In case of uncertainty, a precise identification is only possible through studying the genital organs under the microscope.<\/p>\n

Mature examples of the common hammock-weaver are found from August to October. In Central Europe mating mostly takes place in September. Males hang around in the female’s web during this time. For copulation the male also sits upside down, in front of the female, and inserts his pedipalps one after the other into her genital opening. Their offspring overwinter in the cocoon.<\/p>\n

Linyphia triangularis<\/em> was predestined to be a spider of the year: it is not just the most common representative of this prominent spider family, with wonderful, easily seen sheet webs. It also shows interesting biological aspects: females attract males into the web for mating using a sex pheromone and males also show ‘mate guarding’ behaviour in that they stay for a while in the female’s web – even after mating – in order to ‘protect’ her from other males. In this way he can ensure that no other mating takes place and that it really is his genes which are passed onto the next generation.<\/p>\n

Also in this year, autumn will be a suitable time to encounter the spider of the year. The web is the first thing you will discover, after which it’s certainly worth your while to take a closer look!<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Jason Dunlop<\/p>\n

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Contacts<\/h4>\n

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Contact for Europe<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d
\nBiodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute
\nDrnovsk\u00e1 507
\n161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b
\nCzech Republic
\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p>\n

Countries involved<\/h4>\n

82 jury members from 26 countries:
\nAlbania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

Supporting societies<\/h4>\n

ARABEL – Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging (link)<\/a>
\nARAGES – Arachnologische Gesellschaft – (link)<\/a>
\nBAS – The British Arachnological Society – (link)<\/a>
\nCAS – \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost – (link)<\/a>
\nESA – European Society of Arachnology – (link)<\/a>
\nGIA – Grupo Ib\u00e9rico de Aracnolog\u00eda GIA – (link)<\/a>
\nNATURADATA – Biodiversidade online – (link)<\/a>
\nSPINED – European Invertebrate Survey-Nederland – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Maps and photos<\/h4>\n

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Distribution maps<\/h4>\n

Great Britain – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nEurope – (link)<\/a>
\nGermany – (link)<\/a>
\nSwitzerland – (link)<\/a>
\nAustria – (link)<\/a>
\nBenelux – (link)<\/a>
\nCzech Republic – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

Photo galleries<\/h4>\n

spiderling.de – (link)<\/a>
\nSpinnen-Forum Wiki – (link)<\/a>
\nWikimedia commons – (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

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Literature<\/h4>\n

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– BARTH F.G. (2001): Sinne und Verhalten: aus dem Leben einer Spinne \u2013 Springer, Berlin. 424 pp.<\/p>\n

– BELLMANN H. (2006): Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas \u2013 3. Auflage. Kosmos, Stuttgart. 304 pp.<\/p>\n

– BENJAMIN S.P. & S. ZSCHOKKE (2004): Homology, behaviour and spider webs: web construction behaviour of Linyphia hortensis<\/em> and L. triangularis<\/em> (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and its evolutionary significance \u2013 Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17(1): 120-130<\/p>\n

– BENJAMIN S.P., M. D\u00dcGGELIN & S. ZSCHOKKE S (2002): Fine structure of sheet-webs of Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck) and Microlinyphia pusilla<\/em> (Sundevall), with remarks on the presence of viscid silk \u2013 Acta Zoologica 83(1) : 49-59<\/p>\n

– BLICK T., R. BOSMANS, J. BUCHAR, P. GAJDO\u0160, A. H\u00c4NGGI, P. VAN HELSDINGEN, V. R\u016e\u017dI\u010cKA, W. STAR\u0118GA & K. THALER (2004): Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004 \u2013 (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n

– H\u00c4NGGI A., E. ST\u00d6CKLI & W. NENTWIG (1995): Lebensr\u00e4ume mitteleurop\u00e4ischer Spinnen. Charakterisierung der Lebensr\u00e4ume der h\u00e4ufigsten Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit diesen vergesellschafteten Arten \u2013 Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4: 1-459<\/p>\n

– HELSDINGEN P.J. van (2013): Araneae. IHelsdingen PJ van 2014 Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2014) \u2013 (link)<\/a> (Version 2013.1) bzw. (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– HERBERSTEIN M.E. (1997). The effect of habitat structure on web height preference in three sympatric web-building spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) \u2013 The Journal of Arachnology 25: 93-96<\/p>\n

– KOMPOSCH C. & K.-H. STEINBERGER (1999): Rote Liste der Spinnen K\u00e4rntens (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 Naturschutz in K\u00e4rnten 15, 567-618<\/p>\n

– MALT S. (1996): Untersuchungen zur Rolle ausgew\u00e4hlter netzbauender Spinnen (Araneae) im trophischen Beziehungsgef\u00fcge von Halbtrockenrasen \u2013 Dissertation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena, 134 + 57 pp.<\/p>\n

– NENTWIG W., T. BLICK, D. GLOOR, A. H\u00c4NGGI & C. KROPF (2014): Spinnen Europas. Version 01.2014 \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– PETERS H.M. & KOVOOR J. (1991). The silk-producing system of Linyphia triangularis (Araneae, Linyphiidae) and some comparisons with Araneidae \u2013 Zoomorphology 111: 1-17<\/p>\n

– PLATEN R., T. BLICK, P. SACHER & A. MALTEN (1996): Rote Liste der Webspinnen Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae) \u2013 Arachnologische Mitteilungen 11: 5-31<\/p>\n

– PLATNICK N.I. (2014): The world spider catalog, version 14.5. American Museum of Natural History \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– STAUDT A. (2014): Nachweiskarten der Spinnentiere Deutschlands (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones) \u2013 (link)<\/a><\/p>\n

– TOFT S. (1987): Microhabitat identity of two species of sheet-web spiders: field experimental demonstration \u2013 Oecologia 72(2): 216-220<\/p>\n

– TOFT S. (1989): Mate guarding in two Linyphia<\/em> species (Araneae: Linyphiidae) \u2013 Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 8(2): 33-37<\/p>\n

– WIEHLE H. (1953): Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidae (Araneae). IX. Orthognatha \u2013 Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 42: 1-150<\/p>\n

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Information in other languages<\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
--<\/span>AL<\/span>BG<\/span>CZ<\/span>DE<\/span>ES<\/span>FI<\/span>IT<\/span>NL<\/span>PL<\/span>SE<\/span><\/div>
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Merimanga Europiane e vitit 2014<\/h4>\r\nEnd\u00ebsja e zakonshme e varur e rrjetave \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nEnd\u00ebsja e zakonshme e varur e rrjetave Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757) i p\u00ebrket familjes Linyphiidae. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb familja e dyt\u00eb me numrin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb merimangave n\u00eb bot\u00eb, pas merimangave k\u00ebrcyese, me 4,461 lloje. N\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Europ\u00ebn gjenden 1,248 lloje t\u00eb familjes Linyphiidae, nd\u00ebrsa vet\u00ebm Europa qendrore ka 493 lloje.\r\nMerimangat end\u00ebse t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb varura t\u00eb rrjetave, karakterizohen nga nd\u00ebrtimi i rrjet\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. T\u00eb gjitha llojet nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb shtrat t\u00eb varur ose nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb tende nga e cila ato kan\u00eb marr\u00eb edhe emrin e tyre t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. End\u00ebsja e zakonshme e varur e rrjetave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb atipike p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e k\u00ebsaj familje, p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb p\u00ebrmasave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb saj dhe t\u00eb shenjave t\u00eb qarta dalluese n\u00eb cefalotoraks, tipare t\u00eb cilat i b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebto merimanga shum\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr tu identifikuar. N\u00eb Europ\u00ebn qendrore kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb, deri diku, merimanga end\u00ebse e varur e rrjetave e hasur m\u00eb shpesh.\r\n\r\nAjo gjendet p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb pjes\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Palaearktikut dhe shp\u00ebrndarja e k\u00ebtij lloji shtrihet nga zona me klim\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb deri n\u00eb zonat subtropikale. Ajo gjendet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shtetet Europiane p\u00ebrve\u00e7 Island\u00ebs dhe shp\u00ebrndarja e saj gjat\u00ebsore varion nga rajonet e rrafsh\u00ebta dhe kodrinore deri n\u00eb rajonet malore.\r\nN\u00eb termat e habitateve, ky lloj \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i paspecializuar dhe gjendet si nj\u00eb 'p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsues' n\u00eb pyjet me lag\u00ebshtir\u00eb ose n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha zonat e hapura t\u00eb tilla si livadhet, an\u00ebs pyjeve, parqe dhe kopshte. Ajo mund t\u00eb gjendet n\u00eb mjedise t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr shum\u00eb t\u00eb madh dhe n\u00eb termat e mbrojtjes s\u00eb natyr\u00ebs ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb konsideruar si \"jo e rrezikuar\".\r\nMerimangat end\u00ebse t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb rrjetave t\u00eb varura, zakonisht e nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb rrjet\u00ebn e tyre n\u00eb bar ose n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb shkurretave af\u00ebr me tok\u00ebn. Si n\u00eb shum\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb llojeve t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj familje, rrjeta p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb flet\u00eb horizontale e lidhur n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e poshtme me tok\u00ebn, sip\u00ebr s\u00eb cil\u00ebs vendoset nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb e \"fijeve udh\u00ebtuese\" t\u00eb \u00e7lir\u00ebta, rreth 20 cm e lart\u00eb. Merimanga pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb q\u00ebndron kok\u00ebposht\u00eb n\u00ebn rrjet\u00eb. Preja zakonisht ngat\u00ebrrohet me \"fijet udh\u00ebtuese\" dhe m\u00eb pas rr\u00ebzohet mbi rrjet\u00eb, ku dhe kapet nga merimanga. Preja tipike e tyre p\u00ebrfshin insekte t\u00eb vogla si mushicat, miza t\u00eb vogla dhe brumbuj.\r\n\r\nGjat\u00ebsia e trupit tek t\u00eb dyja sekset \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 5-7 mm. Cefalotoraksi ka ngjyr\u00eb bezh\u00eb n\u00eb kafe me pjes\u00ebt an\u00ebsore t\u00eb zeza n\u00eb kafe dhe nj\u00eb band\u00eb t\u00eb zez\u00eb n\u00eb mes, e cila ndahet diku af\u00ebr mesit t\u00eb cefalotoraksit duke vazhduar p\u00ebrpara. Kjo shenj\u00eb dalluese ngjason me nj\u00eb pirun t\u00eb kthyer sip\u00ebr. Abdomeni \u00ebsht\u00eb i verdh\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb cilit ndodhet nj\u00eb band\u00eb e gjer\u00eb me pjes\u00ebt an\u00ebsore ngjyr\u00eb kafe t\u00eb err\u00ebt, e cila ngushtohet aq shum\u00eb her\u00eb, saq\u00eb shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb e dallueshme nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb tipike me njolla trek\u00ebndore. N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn an\u00ebsore jan\u00eb gjithashtu t\u00eb dukshme bandat dhe njollat kafe; pjesa e poshtme ka ngjyr\u00eb kafe t\u00eb err\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb zez\u00eb. K\u00ebmb\u00ebt jan\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb bezh\u00eb n\u00eb kafe. Meshkujt dallohen nga femrat pasi kan\u00eb nj\u00eb abdomen duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00eb si dhe pjes\u00ebt e goj\u00ebs i kan\u00eb t\u00eb zmadhuara. Gjithashtu edhe ngjyrimi i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb i kuq n\u00eb kafe.\r\n\r\nEkziston mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb ky lloj t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet me Linyphia tenuipalpis e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb pak m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl dhe preferon habitate m\u00eb t\u00eb ngrohta. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, merimangat adulte i gjejm\u00eb diku nga jav\u00ebt e para t\u00eb Qershorit deri n\u00eb Tetor. N\u00eb raste pasigurie, nj\u00eb identifikim i sakt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur vet\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet studimit t\u00eb organeve gjenitale me an\u00eb t\u00eb mikroskopit.\r\n\r\nIndivid\u00ebt adult\u00eb t\u00eb merimang\u00ebs s\u00eb zakonshme end\u00ebse t\u00eb rrjetave t\u00eb varura gjenden nga muaji Gusht deri n\u00eb muajin Tetor. N\u00eb Europ\u00ebn qendrore \u00e7ift\u00ebzimi n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve realizohet n\u00eb Shtator. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe meshkujt varen p\u00ebrreth rrjet\u00ebs s\u00eb femr\u00ebs. Gjat\u00eb kopulimit edhe mashkulli pozicionohet me kok\u00ebposht\u00eb, p\u00ebrball\u00eb femr\u00ebs, dhe fut pedipalpet e tij nj\u00ebri pas tjetrit n\u00eb hapjen e organit gjenital t\u00eb saj. Merimangat e vogla pasardh\u00ebse dim\u00ebrojn\u00eb brenda n\u00eb kokon.\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> ishte paracaktuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb merimanga e vitit: ajo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese e thjesht\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj familje t\u00eb spikatur t\u00eb merimangave, me rrjet\u00eb t\u00eb shtres\u00ebzuar leht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb dukshme. Ajo gjithashtu shfaq aspekte interesante biologjike: femrat e t\u00ebrheqin mashkullin brenda n\u00eb rrjet\u00eb p\u00ebr tu \u00e7ift\u00ebzuar duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb feromon seksual dhe meshkujt gjithashtu shfaqin nj\u00eb sjellje t\u00eb \"ruajtjes s\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit\" n\u00eb aspektin e q\u00ebndrimit p\u00ebr pak koh\u00eb n\u00eb rrjet\u00ebn e femr\u00ebs - madje edhe pas \u00e7ift\u00ebzimit - me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr \"t'a mbrojtur\" at\u00eb nga meshkujt e tjer\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ai mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ndodh\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift\u00ebzim tjet\u00ebr dhe q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb jan\u00eb gjenet e tij q\u00eb do t\u00eb kalohen n\u00eb brezin tjet\u00ebr.\r\n\r\nGjithashtu n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, vjeshta do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb hasur merimang\u00ebn e vitit 2014. Rrjeta \u00ebsht\u00eb gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb q\u00eb ju do t\u00eb zbuloni, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs sigurisht q\u00eb ia vlen t\u00eb shikoni m\u00eb nga af\u00ebr!\r\n

Contact Albania<\/h4>\r\nDr. Blerina Vrenozi, Qendra K\u00ebrkimore e Flor\u00ebs dhe Faun\u00ebs, Fakulteti i Shkencave t\u00eb Natyr\u00ebs, Tirana, Albania\r\nbvrenozig(a)mail.com<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u0437\u0430 2014 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/h4>\r\n\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> ( \u041a\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043a 1757) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Linyphiidae. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u0446\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u00a0 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e 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\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0444\u044f\u0432\u043e.\r\n\r\n\u0418\u043c\u0430 \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0445\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em>, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0442 \u044e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f.\u2028\u2028\u0412\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0447\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044a\u0436\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 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\u043f\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443\u043b.\u2028\u2028Linyphia triangularis \u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430, \u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. 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\u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u044f\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0449\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043e\u0442\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e !<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2014<\/h4>\r\nPlachetnatka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nPlachetnatky (\u010dele\u010f Linyphiidae) jsou s 4 700 popsan\u00fdmi druhy po sk\u00e1kavk\u00e1ch druhov\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00ed \u010deled\u00ed pavouk\u016f. V temper\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch, v\u010detn\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, se dokonce jedn\u00e1 o pavou\u010d\u00ed \u010dele\u010f druhov\u011b v\u016fbec nejbohat\u0161\u00ed. Z Evropy je zn\u00e1mo 1250, z \u010ceska 310 druh\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o lehk\u00e9 pavouky snadno a ochotn\u011b se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed v\u011btrem. Jejich dobr\u00e1 migra\u010dn\u00ed schopnost je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 v m\u00edrn\u00fdch p\u00e1sech, kter\u00e9 musely b\u00fdt po ka\u017ed\u00e9 dob\u011b ledov\u00e9 znovu kolonizov\u00e1ny. Sv\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no dostaly plachetnatky podle sv\u00e9 lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b \u2013 horizont\u00e1ln\u011b up\u0159eden\u00e9 plachetky. V\u011bt\u0161ina plachetnatek jsou drobn\u00e9, nen\u00e1padn\u011b zbarven\u00e9 druhy. Pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e1 a pest\u0159e zbarven\u00e1 plachetnatka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 je jednou z m\u00e1la v\u00fdjimek.\r\n\r\nPlachetnatka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 byla pops\u00e1na ji\u017e v roce 1757 \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fdm entomologem Carlem Alexanderem Clerckem. Zasv\u011bcen\u00e9mu \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i neunikne, \u017ee popis tohoto druhu o rok p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Linn\u00e9ho d\u00edla Systema Naturae zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho dvojslovn\u00e9 zoologick\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed. Proto\u017ee Clerckovy Pavouci \u0160v\u00e9dska (Svenska Spindlar) dodr\u017eeli dosud v\u0161echna pravidla ustanoven\u00e1 Linn\u00e9em, byli uzn\u00e1ni jako v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 uve\u0159ejnilo dosud platn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Plachetnatka ke\u0159ov\u00e1 se vyskytuje v m\u00edrn\u00e9m p\u00e1su a subtropech t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 Palearktick\u00e9 oblasti. V Evrop\u011b chyb\u00ed jen na Islandu. U n\u00e1s se vyskytuje od n\u00ed\u017ein a\u017e do hor, na \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le biotop\u016f v\u010detn\u011b les\u016f, luk, lesn\u00edch okraj\u016f, sad\u016f, park\u016f a zahrad. Na vhodn\u00fdch biotopech b\u00fdv\u00e1 velice hojn\u00e1. S\u00edt\u011b si stav\u00ed na bylinn\u00e9 vegetaci nebo na k\u0159ovin\u00e1ch, pom\u011brn\u011b bl\u00edzko zem\u011b. Lapac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 je tvo\u0159ena pom\u011brn\u011b velkou plachetkou a nad n\u00ed asi 20 cm vysokou \u0159\u00eddkou splet\u00ed vl\u00e1ken. S\u00ed\u0165 je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e1 za rann\u00ed rosy. Pavouk je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy zav\u011b\u0161en hlavohrud\u00ed dol\u016f na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b plachetky. Lov prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou tak, \u017ee ko\u0159ist naraz\u00ed do horn\u00ed spleti vl\u00e1ken a spadne na plachetku, kde na n\u00ed \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 pavouk. Obvykle se jedn\u00e1 o drobn\u00fd hmyz, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mouchy a brouky.\r\n\r\nD\u00e9lka t\u011bla plachetnatky ke\u0159ov\u00e9 je 5\u20137 cm. Hlavohru\u010f je bled\u011b hn\u011bd\u00e1, s \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00fdmi okraji, uprost\u0159ed s \u010dern\u00fdm pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm pruhem, vep\u0159edu rozv\u011btven\u00fdm jako ladic\u00ed vidli\u010dka pro t\u00f3n A. Spodn\u00ed strana hlavohrudi (desti\u010dka zvan\u00e1 sternum) je \u010dern\u00e1. Zade\u010dek je bled\u011b \u017elut\u00fd a\u017e b\u00edl\u00fd, na h\u0159bet\u011b se \u0161irok\u00fdm pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm hn\u011bd\u00fdm za\u0161krcovan\u00fdm p\u00e1sem s tmav\u0161\u00edmi okraji. Laloky p\u00e1su vypadaj\u00ed jako \u0161pice p\u011bti na sob\u011b poskl\u00e1dan\u00fdch troj\u00faheln\u00edk\u016f s vrcholem sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm dop\u0159edu. Proto dal Carl Clerck tomuto pavoukovi latinsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no \u201etringularis\u201c. B\u0159\u00ed\u0161ko zade\u010dku je tmavohn\u011bd\u00e9. Nohy jsou bled\u011b hn\u011bd\u00e9, nez\u0159eteln\u011b krou\u017ekovan\u00e9. Samci jsou tmav\u0161\u00ed, zbarven\u00ed v\u00edce do \u010dervenohn\u011bda, maj\u00ed \u0161t\u00edhlej\u0161\u00ed zade\u010dek a prodlou\u017een\u00e9 chelicery.\r\n\r\nVidlicovit\u011b rozv\u011btven\u00fd pod\u00e9ln\u00fd pruh na hlavohrudi m\u00e1 z na\u0161ich velk\u00fdch plachetnatek ji\u017e jen plachetnatka teplomiln\u00e1 (Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em>). Jedn\u00e1 se o vz\u00e1cn\u00fd druh, kter\u00fd u n\u00e1s byl dosud nalezen na jedin\u00e9 lokalit\u011b: na stepi na vrchu Ran\u00e1 v nejteplej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u010cesk\u00e9ho st\u0159edoho\u0159\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed dosp\u011blci tohoto druhu se na rozd\u00edl od plachetnatky ke\u0159ov\u00e9 objevuj\u00ed ji\u017e v jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Jsou o n\u011bco men\u0161\u00ed a maj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011bji krou\u017ekovan\u00e9 nohy. Pod mikroskopem lze tyto dva druhy snadno rozli\u0161it na z\u00e1klad\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9ho tvaru kopula\u010dn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f.\r\n\r\nDosp\u011blci plachetnatky ke\u0159ov\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed od \u010dervence do \u0159\u00edjna. K p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed obvykle v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Panensk\u00e1 samice produkuje pohlavn\u00ed feromon, j\u00edm\u017e \u201eparf\u00e9muje\u201c vl\u00e1kna sv\u00e9 lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. Nez\u0159\u00eddka se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee takto p\u0159il\u00e1k\u00e1 v\u00edce samc\u016f najednou, kte\u0159\u00ed pak musej\u00ed o samici bojovat. Jejich souboje p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed kl\u00e1n\u00ed brouk\u016f roh\u00e1\u010d\u016f \u2013 zah\u00e1kuj\u00ed do sebe sv\u00e9 prodlou\u017een\u00e9 chelicery a sna\u017e\u00ed se soupe\u0159e shodit ze s\u00edt\u011b. V\u00edt\u011bz pak m\u00e1 privil\u00e9gium se se samic\u00ed sp\u00e1\u0159it. P\u0159i kopulaci jsou partne\u0159i vzh\u016fru nohama, zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b plachetky s\u00edt\u011b. Samec \u201epodleze\u201c hlavohru\u010f samice a st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b zav\u00e1d\u00ed oba svoje kopula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1ny do epigyny \u2013 kopula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu samice. Po kopulaci samec zni\u010d\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 samice, aby nad\u00e1le nep\u0159itahovala dal\u0161\u00ed samce a nav\u00edc samici po n\u011bjakou dobu p\u0159ed nov\u00fdmi n\u00e1padn\u00edky hl\u00edd\u00e1. Zaji\u0161\u0165uje si tak otcovstv\u00ed u budouc\u00edho potomstva. Z\u00e1hy po kopulaci naklade samice vaj\u00ed\u010dka a uzav\u0159e je do pavu\u010dinov\u00e9ho kokonu. Uvnit\u0159 n\u011bho vyl\u00edhl\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed. Na ja\u0159e z kokonu vylezou a rozute\u010dou se hledat m\u00edsta, kde si postav\u00ed svoj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165.\r\n\r\nNa podzim se rozhl\u00e9dn\u011bte po charakteristick\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch plachetnatky ke\u0159ov\u00e9. Ur\u010dit\u011b na nich najdete sami\u010dku, p\u0159i tro\u0161e \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed i bojuj\u00edc\u00ed, kopuluj\u00edc\u00ed nebo jen hl\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed same\u010dky.\r\n\r\nMilan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d\r\n

Zbytek<\/h4>\r\nDr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Drnovsk\u00e1 507, 161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b, Czechia\r\nrezac(a)vurv.cz<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europ\u00e4ische Spinne des Jahres 2014<\/h4>\r\nDie Gemeine Baldachinspinne \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nDie Gemeine Baldachinspinne Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757) geh\u00f6rt zur Familie der Baldachinspinnen (Linyphiidae). Diese Familie stellt weltweit nach den Springspinnen (Salticidae) die meisten Vertreter, n\u00e4mlich 4.461; in Europa bilden die Baldachinspinnen mit 1.248 Arten sogar die gr\u00f6\u00dfte Spinnenfamilie; in Mitteleuropa kommen 493 Arten vor.\r\n\r\nDie Familie der Baldachinspinnen ist charakterisiert durch den Netzbau, alle Arten bauen \u2013 wie der Name schon sagt \u2013 ein baldachinartiges Deckennetz.\r\nDie Gemeine Baldachinspinne selbst ist im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Vertretern ihrer Familie aufgrund ihrer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und ihrer auff\u00e4lligen Zeichnung auf dem Vorderk\u00f6rper einigerma\u00dfen leicht zu identifizieren. Sie ist die mit Abstand h\u00e4ufigste Baldachinspinne in Mitteleuropa.\r\n\r\nSie besiedelt gro\u00dfe Teile der Pal\u00e4arktis, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst die gem\u00e4\u00dfigten bis subtropischen Zonen. Sie kommt au\u00dfer auf Island in ganz Europa vor, ihre H\u00f6henverbreitung reicht von der Ebene und H\u00fcgellagen bis hinauf in montane Gebiete.\r\n\r\nDie Art ist hinsichtlich ihres Lebensraumes wenig spezialisiert; als \u201eGeneralist\u201c trifft man sie in nicht zu feuchten W\u00e4ldern ebenso an wie in offenen Fl\u00e4chen aller Art, seien es Wiesen, Waldr\u00e4nder, aber auch Parks und G\u00e4rten. Sie kann in allen geeigneten Lebensr\u00e4umen sehr zahlreich vorkommen und ist somit aus naturschutzfachlicher Sicht als \u201eungef\u00e4hrdet\u201c einzustufen.\r\n\r\nDas Netz der Gemeinen Baldachinspinne wird meist niedrig \u00fcber dem Boden, in Gr\u00e4sern, Stauden und Str\u00e4uchern angelegt. Es besteht wie bei den meisten Vertretern der Familie aus einem nach unten gespannten horizontalen Netzteppich, \u00fcber dem ein ca. 20 cm hohes Geflecht aus sehr lockeren \"Stolperf\u00e4den\" angelegt ist. Die Spinne sitzt fast immer in \u00fcckenlage an der Unterseite des Netzteppichs. Die Beute st\u00f6\u00dft meist gegen die Stolperf\u00e4den und f\u00e4llt dann auf den Netzteppich, wo sie von der Spinne erbeutet wird. Das sind meist kleinere Insekten wie M\u00fccken, und winzige Fliegen bzw. K\u00e4fer.\r\n\r\nDie K\u00f6rperl\u00e4nge betr\u00e4gt bei beiden Geschlechtern etwa 5-7 mm. Der Vorderk\u00f6rper ist beigebraun gef\u00e4rbt und schwarzbraun gerandet mit einem schwarzen Mittelband, das sich etwa in der Mitte des Vorderk\u00f6rpers nach vorn teilt. Diese Zeichnung erinnert an eine Stimmgabel. Der Hinterk\u00f6rper ist gelblich-wei\u00df mit einem breiten braunen, dunkel gerandeten Mittelband, das mehrfach eingeschn\u00fcrt ist, wodurch manchmal typische dreieckige Flecken zu sehen sind. Seitlich sind ebenfalls braune B\u00e4nder und Flecken sichtbar, die Unterseite ist dunkelbraun bis schwarz. Die Beine sind einfarbig beigebraun.\r\nM\u00e4nnchen unterscheiden sich durch einen deutlich schmaleren Hinterk\u00f6rper und vergr\u00f6\u00dferte Chelizeren. Auch geht die F\u00e4rbung mehr ins rotbraune hinein.\r\n\r\nVerwechslungsm\u00f6glichkeiten sind v.a. mit Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em> gegeben, die eine Spur kleiner ist und auch warme Lebensr\u00e4ume bevorzugt. Desweiteren sind die erwachsenen Tiere schon etwas fr\u00fcher, von Juni bis Oktober, zu finden. In Zweifelsf\u00e4llen ist eine genaue Differenzierung nur durch eine mikroskopische Untersuchung der Geschlechtsorgane m\u00f6glich.\r\n\r\nGeschlechtsreife Tiere der Gemeinen Baldachspinne treten von August bis Oktober auf. Paarungen finden in Mitteleuropa vor allem im September statt. Die M\u00e4nnchen halten sich zu dieser Zeit st\u00e4ndig im Netz der Weibchen auf. Zur Kopulation sitzt das M\u00e4nnchen ebenfalls in R\u00fcckenlage vor dem Weibchen und f\u00fchrt abwechselnd seine Taster (Pedipalpen) in die Geschlechts\u00f6ffnung (Epigyne) des Weibchens ein. Die Jungtiere \u00fcberwintern im Eikokon.\r\n\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> ist pr\u00e4destiniert als Spinne des Jahres: sie ist nicht nur der h\u00e4ufigste Vertreter dieser prominenten Spinnenfamilie mit wunderbaren, leicht sichtbaren Deckennetzen, sie zeigt auch interessante biologische Aspekte: die Weibchen locken mit Sex-Pheromonen die M\u00e4nnchen ins Netz zur Paarung und die M\u00e4nnchen selbst zeigen ein als \u201emate guarding\u201c bezeichnetes Verhalten, bei dem sie selbst nach der Paarung noch einige Zeit beim Weibchen verbleiben, um es vor weiteren M\u00e4nnchen zu \u201esch\u00fctzen\u201c \u2013 d.h. dabei soll sichergestellt werden, dass es zu keiner weiteren Paarung mehr kommt, damit wirklich die eigenen Gene an den Nachwuchs weitergegeben werden.\r\n\r\nAuch in diesem Jahr ist der Herbst die geeignete Jahreszeit, der Spinne des Jahres zu begegnen. Die Netze kann man zuerst entdecken und dann lohnt es sich auf jeden Fall, einen genaueren Blick hineinzuwerfen!\r\n

Kontakt \u00d6sterreich und Deutschland<\/h4>\r\nMag. Christoph H\u00f6rweg, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, \u00d6sterreich\r\nchristoph.hoerweg(a)nhm-wien.ac.at<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Ara\u00f1a Europea del A\u00f1o 2014<\/h4>\r\nLa tejedora de hamacas com\u00fan \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em>\u00a0 (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nLa tejedora de hamacas com\u00fan Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757) pertenece a la familia Linyphiidae. Tras las ara\u00f1as saltadoras \u00e9sta es, con 4461 especies, la segunda familia de ara\u00f1as m\u00e1s abundante del mundo. Europa tiene en total 1248 especies de lin\u00edfidos, con 493 en Europa central y 267 en Espa\u00f1a.\r\n\r\nLas tejedoras de hamacas se caracterizan por la forma de su tela. Todas las especies construyen una tela en forma de hamaca o de domo, que da pie a su nombre com\u00fan. La tejedora de hamacas com\u00fan es bastante inusual para la familia debido a su gran tama\u00f1o y a las manchas claras en el cefalot\u00f3rax, rasgos que la hacen f\u00e1cil de identificar. En Europa central es, de lejos, la tejedora de hamacas m\u00e1s frecuente.\r\n\r\nSe encuentra en gran parte del Pale\u00e1rtico; est\u00e1 presente en todos los pa\u00edses europeos excepto Islandia. Su distribuci\u00f3n latitudinal incluye tanto la zona templada como zonas subtropicales y altitudinalmente ocupa desde llanuras y colinas hasta regiones montanas.\r\n\r\nEn cuanto al h\u00e1bitat, esta especie est\u00e1 muy poco especializada y se encuentra como \"generalista\" en bosques h\u00famedos o en todo tipo de \u00e1reas abiertas como prados, bordes de bosques, parques y jardines. En los ambientes favorables puede aparecer en grandes cantidades y, por tanto, no se considera amenazada desde el punto de vista de la conservaci\u00f3n.\r\n\r\nLa tela de la tejedora de hamacas com\u00fan normalmente se teje en la hierba, cerca del suelo. Como en muchos otros casos en esta familia, consta de una l\u00e1mina horizontal unida al suelo por su parte inferior y con una mara\u00f1a superior de \"hilos de choque\" de unos 20 cm de altura. La ara\u00f1a suele situarse boca arriba en la cara inferior de la l\u00e1mina. Las presas suelen tropezar en los \"hilos de choque\" y como consecuencia caen sobre la l\u00e1mina, donde son capturadas por la ara\u00f1a. Las presas habituales son insectos peque\u00f1os como mosquitos, moscas peque\u00f1as y escarabajos.\r\n\r\nLa longitud del cuerpo en ambos sexos es de unos 5\u20137 mm. El cefalot\u00f3rax es de pardo a beige y tiene bordes pardo-negruzcos, as\u00ed como una banda negra central, que se divide en la mitad delantera del cefalot\u00f3rax, como un diapas\u00f3n. El abdomen es de amarillo a blanco con una banda ancha de borde pardo oscuro a lo largo de la parte central; la banda tiene varias constricciones a lo largo de su longitud, lo cual da a menudo un patr\u00f3n caracter\u00edstico de parches triangulares. En los flancos tambi\u00e9n se ven bandas y parches pardos; la parte ventral es de pardo oscura a negra. Las patas son simplemente pardo-beige. Los machos se diferencian por su abdomen considerablemente m\u00e1s delgado, as\u00ed como por sus piezas bucales m\u00e1s alargadas. Su coloraci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n suele ser m\u00e1s pardo-rojiza.\r\n\r\nEs posible confundir a esta especie con Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em> que es un poco menor y prefiere h\u00e1bitats m\u00e1s c\u00e1lidos. Adem\u00e1s, los adultos aparecen un poco antes, de junio a octubre. En caso de duda, la identificaci\u00f3n precisa s\u00f3lo es posible mediante el examen de los \u00f3rganos genitales con una lupa binocular.\r\n\r\nLos ejemplares adultos de la tejedora de hamacas com\u00fan se encuentran de agosto a octubre. En Europa central el apareamiento tiene lugar principalmente en septiembre. Los machos frecuentan las telas de las hembras durante este periodo. Para la c\u00f3pula, el macho tambi\u00e9n se coloca boca arriba, frente a la hembra, e inserta sus pedipalpos secuencialmente en la apertura genital de aquella. Las ara\u00f1itas pasan el invierno en el capullo de seda que envuelve a la puesta.\r\n\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> estaba predestinada a ser una ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o: no s\u00f3lo es el representante m\u00e1s com\u00fan de esta importante familia de ara\u00f1as, con fabulosas telas laminares muy f\u00e1ciles de encontrar. Adem\u00e1s, muestra aspectos biol\u00f3gicos interesantes: las hembras atraen a los machos a la tela para el apareamiento usando una feromona sexual y los machos tambi\u00e9n muestran un comportamiento de \"escolta de la pareja\", en virtud del cual permanecen un tiempo en la tela de la hembra -incluso tras aparearse- a fin de \"protegerla\" de otros machos. De ese modo los machos pueden asegurarse de que no tiene lugar ning\u00fan otro apareamiento y de que son realmente sus genes los que se transmiten a la siguiente generaci\u00f3n.\r\n\r\nEste a\u00f1o, el oto\u00f1o ser\u00e1 un periodo adecuado para encontrar a la ara\u00f1a europea del a\u00f1o. Lo primero que descubrir\u00e1s es su tela, momento en el cual valdr\u00e1 la pena echar un vistazo m\u00e1s detenidamente.\r\n

Contacto Espa\u00f1a<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marcos M\u00e9ndez, \u00c1rea de Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c\/ Tulip\u00e1n s\/n, E-28933 M\u00f3stoles (Madrid) Espa\u00f1a\r\nmarcos.mendez(a)urjc.es<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Eurooppalainen vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki 2014<\/h4>\r\nKolmioriippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck, 1757) kuuluu riippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien heimoon (Linyphiidae). Hyppyh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkien j\u00e4lkeen riippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit ovat maailman toiseksi lajirikkain h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkiheimo (noin 4500 lajia). Euroopassa on noin 1250 ja Suomessa 280 riippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajia.\r\n\r\nRiippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kit kutovat heimolle tyypillisen riippumattomaisen pyyntiverkon. Linyphia triangularis<\/em> on hieman ep\u00e4tavallinen heimonsa edustaja suuren kokonsa (ruumiin pituus 5-7 mm) ja selvien v\u00e4rikuvioiden johdosta. N\u00e4iden perusteella se on aika helppo tunnistaa jo jonkin matkan et\u00e4isyydelt\u00e4, ja se onkin yleisimmin havaittu riippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilaji luonnossa.\r\n\r\nLajia tavataan suuressa osassa palearktista aluetta ja sen levinneisyys kattaa lauhkean ja subtrooppisen vy\u00f6hykkeen. Euroopassa se on l\u00f6ydetty Islantia lukuun ottamatta kaikista maista ja se esiintyy alankomailta vuoristovy\u00f6hykkeille. Suomessa laji on hyvin yleinen maan etel\u00e4- ja keskiosissa.\r\n\r\nElinymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ns\u00e4 suhteen lajilla on varsin v\u00e4h\u00e4isi\u00e4 vaatimuksia, sit\u00e4 tavataan niin metsiss\u00e4 kuin kaikenlaisilla avoimilla paikoilla, kuten niityt, mets\u00e4nreunat, puistot ja puutarhat. Se esiintyy sopivilla paikoilla usein hyvin runsaslukuisena eik\u00e4 ole miss\u00e4\u00e4n uhanalainen laji.\r\n\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em>-lajin pyyntiverkko on monasti kudottu aluskasvillisuuteen suhteellisen l\u00e4helle maanpintaa, mutta usein se on nuorten puiden, kuten kuusentaimien, oksistossa. Kuten useilla riippuh\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kkilajeilla se koostuu horisontaalisesta mattomaisesta verkko-osasta, joka on kiinnitetty seiteill\u00e4 alapuolelta olevaan kasvillisuuteen ja jonka yl\u00e4puolella on noin 20 cm korkuinen l\u00f6yhien pyyntisiimojen verkosto. H\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki oleskelee tavallisesti selk\u00e4 alasp\u00e4in verkon alapinnalla. Kun saalis t\u00f6rm\u00e4\u00e4 pyyntisiimoihin ja putoaa mattomaiselle verkolle, h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki pyydyst\u00e4\u00e4 sen. Tyypillist\u00e4 saalista ovat pienet lent\u00e4v\u00e4t hy\u00f6nteiset, kuten s\u00e4\u00e4sket, pienet k\u00e4rp\u00e4set ja kovakuoriaiset.\r\n\r\nRuumiin pituus on molemmilla sukupuolilla noin 5-7 mm. Eturuumis on v\u00e4rilt\u00e4\u00e4n kellanruskea, p\u00e4\u00e4lt\u00e4p\u00e4in katsottuna sen reunat ovat tummat ja keskiviivassa on tumma juova, joka jakautuu kahdeksi haaraksi etuosassa. N\u00e4in muodostuu kaksipiikkist\u00e4 haarukkaa tai \u00e4\u00e4nirautaa muistuttava kuvio. Takaruumis on valkea tai hieman kellert\u00e4v\u00e4 ja siin\u00e4 on leve\u00e4 ruskea tummalaitainen keskijuova, jossa on lukuisia kaventumia. Lajille tyypillinen kolmiokuviointi (josta se on saanut nimens\u00e4) on n\u00e4ht\u00e4viss\u00e4 t\u00e4ss\u00e4 keskijuovassa. Takaruumiin sivuilla on ruskeat juovat ja tummia t\u00e4pli\u00e4, vatsapuoli on tummanruskea tai musta. Raajat ovat kellanruskeita. Koiraat eroavat naaraista hoikemman takaruumiin ja suurempien suuosien johdosta. Niiden yleisv\u00e4ritys on hieman punaruskeampi kuin naaraiden.\r\n\r\nLaji on mahdollista sekoittaa samann\u00e4k\u00f6iseen l\u00e4hilajiin Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em>, joka on hieman pienempi ja suosii l\u00e4mpim\u00e4mpi\u00e4 elinpaikkoja. Se el\u00e4\u00e4 meill\u00e4 vain etel\u00e4ss\u00e4, l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 lounaissaaristossa, ja sen aikuisia yksil\u00f6it\u00e4 tavataan jonkin verran aikaisemmin kuin Linyphia triangularis-lajin aikuisia. Varma lajinm\u00e4\u00e4ritys vaatii sukuelinten mikroskooppitarkastelun.\r\nAikuisia Linyphia triangularis-yksil\u00f6it\u00e4 tavataan loppukes\u00e4n ja alkusyksyn aikana, erityisesti elo-syyskuussa. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in koiraat etsiytyv\u00e4t naaraiden verkkoihin. Parittelussa koiras on verkossa selk\u00e4 alasp\u00e4in naaraan edess\u00e4 ja siirt\u00e4\u00e4 spermaa ty\u00f6nt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 vuoron per\u00e4\u00e4n leukaraajansa (pedipalpit) naaraan sukuaukkoon. J\u00e4lkel\u00e4iset talvehtivat munakotelossa.\r\n\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> on sopiva vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kiksi: se ei ole vain heimonsa runsaslukuisimpia lajeja, jonka pyyntiverkot ovat helposti havaittavia. Siihen liittyy my\u00f6s mielenkiintoisia biologisia n\u00e4k\u00f6kohtia: naaraat houkuttelevat koiraita verkkoihinsa parittelemaan k\u00e4ytt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 feromonia ja koiraat osoittavat vartioimisk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 pysyttelem\u00e4ll\u00e4 naaraan verkossa parittelun j\u00e4lkeen est\u00e4\u00e4kseen naaraan parittelun muiden koiraiden kanssa. N\u00e4in paritellut koiras voi varmistaa, ett\u00e4 sen omat geenit todellakin siirtyv\u00e4t seuraavaan sukupolveen.\r\n\r\nT\u00e4m\u00e4n vuoden syyspuolella on taas aika kohdata vuoden h\u00e4m\u00e4h\u00e4kki. Pyyntiverkko on helppo havaita, etenkin kasteisina aamuina, ja sitten voi suunnata katseensa l\u00e4hemm\u00e4s l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4kseen verkon omistajan.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg\r\nSuomenkielinen versio: Seppo Koponen\r\n

Yhteydenotot Suomi<\/h4>\r\nSeppo Koponen, El\u00e4inmuseo, Turun yliopisto, 20014 Turku\r\nsepkopo(a)utu.fi<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Il Ragno Europeo dell\u2019anno 2014<\/h4>\r\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nI Linyphiidae, a cui appartiene il ragno europeo dell\u2019anno 2014 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757), sono una delle famiglie di ragni pi\u00f9 diversificate in termini di specie. Secondi soltanto ai Salticidae, i Linyphiidae contano infatti 4482 specie al mondo, 1248 specie in Europa e circa 500 in Italia.\r\nprednisone<\/a>\r\nNon tutti i Linyphiidae tessono lo stesso tipo di tela: nel caso di L. triangularis<\/em> la tela \u00e8 costituita da una formata da strato orizzontale al quale il ragno si aggrappa a testa in gi\u00f9 e da una serie di fili disposti irregolarmente, al di sopra e al di sotto del piano orizzontale. A cusa delle dimensioni e della colorazione, L. triangularis \u00e8 un Linyphiidae relativamente atipico. A differenza della maggior parte dei Linyphiidae infatti, che sono piccoli e uniformi questa specie \u00e8 relativamente grande e esibisce una livrea caratteristica.\r\n\r\nSi ritrova frequentemente in tutto il Paleartico e a sud fino alla zona subtropicale. La specie \u00e8 segnalata in tutte le nazioni europee con l\u2019eccezione dell\u2019Islanda. La distribuzione altitudinale \u00e8 ampia, passando dalle pianure fino al piano montano.\r\nambien<\/a>\r\nNon si tratta di un ragno specializzato nella scelta dell\u2019habitat. L. triangularis<\/em> colonizza indifferentemente un\u2019ampia variet\u00e0 di ambienti aperti o chiusi come prati, pascoli, giardini, parchi, cespuglieti e boschi. Localmente pu\u00f2 essere molto abbondante. Il suo status di conservazione non \u00e8 minacciato.\r\nLa tela viene costruita tra l\u2019erba o tra i cespugli, vicino al terreno. Le prede (soprattutto piccoli insetti volatori) generalmente impattano sul groviglio di fili superiore e cadono sul piano orizzontale, dove vengono catturati.\r\n\r\nAllo stadio adulto sia maschi sia le femmine misurano tra i 5 e i 7 mm. Il cefalotorace \u00e8 bruno chiaro con margini pi\u00f9 scuri e una banda scura centrale che si apre distalmente in due rami, a ricordare la forma di un diapason. L\u2019addome \u00e8 bianco-giallo con una banda centrale scura che forma un caratteristico motivo a triangoli (da cui l\u2019epiteto specifico triangularis). Lateralmente sono visibili una banda marrone con alcune macchie chiare. L\u2019addome e le zampe sono scure, uniformi. I maschi si caratterizzano per la forma pi\u00f9 snella, le parti boccali ingrossate e la colorazione pi\u00f9 tendente al bruno rossiccio.\r\n\r\nLa specie pu\u00f2 essere confusa con altri Linyphiidae di aspetto simile che vivono negli stessi ambienti. Come nella maggior parte dei casi per una identificazione corretta \u00e8 sempre raccomandabile l\u2019esame dei genitali al microscopio.\r\n\r\nGli adulti si ritrovano da Luglio a Ottobre e l\u2019accoppiamento avviene in genere in Agosto-Settembre. In questo periodo i maschi si possono ritrovare sulle tele delle femmine. Durante la copula il maschio si posiziona di fronte alla femmina (entrambi a testa in gi\u00f9) e inserisce i pedipalpi uno dopo l\u2019altro all\u2019interno dell\u2019apertura genitale femminile. I piccoli in genere superano l\u2019inverno all\u2019interno del cocoon.\r\n\r\nL. triangularis<\/em> si presenta come ottimo candidato per rivestire il ruolo di ragno dell\u2019anno: oltre a trattarsi di una specie comune, facilmente ritrovabile in natura e appartenente ad una famiglia estremamente ricca e diversificata, essa mostra anche aspetti biologici molto peculiari. Un esempio dell\u2019interessante biologia di questa specie \u00e8 fornito dalla femmina, che attrae i maschi nella tela grazie ad un feromone. Inoltre una volta effettuato l\u2019accoppiamento, i maschi rimangono a \u201csorvegliare\u201d la femmina, in modo da difenderla dall\u2019intrusione di altri maschi e assicurare la trasmissione del proprio patrimonio genetico alle generazioni successive.\r\n\r\nAnche quest\u2019anno l\u2019autunno sar\u00e0 il periodo migliore per osservare il ragno dell\u2019anno. Dopo avere individuato la tela tra i cespugli avvicinatevi e guardate da vicino!\r\n

Contatti Italia<\/h4>\r\nDr. Marco Isaia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino\r\nmarco.isaia(a)unito.it<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europese Spin van het Jaar 2014<\/h4>\r\nDriehoekbaldakijnspin \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nAls \u2018Spin van het Jaar 2014\u2019 is Linyphia triangularis<\/em> gekozen, de Driehoeksbaldakijnspin. Ons land kent vele, vaak erg kleine soorten baldakijnspinnen. In heel Europa wordt het onderzoek aan deze Spin van het jaar 2014 extra gestimuleerd. EIS-Nederland verzamelt dit jaar zoveel mogelijk waarnemingen van deze spinnensoort in Nederland.\r\n\r\nDe Driehoeksbaldakijnspin Linyphia triangularis<\/em> is uitgekozen als Spin van het Jaar 2014. Ze wordt ook wel Herfstspin en Herfsthangmatspin genoemd. De Driehoeksbaldakijnspin is een zeer algemene soort uit de familie van de Baldakijnspinnen (Linyphiidae). Dit is de grootste spinnenfamilie in ons land, waartoe ongeveer een derde van de uit Nederland bekende soorten behoort. Veel soorten uit deze familie zijn erg klein, maar een volwassen\u00a0 Driehoeksbaldakijnspin behoort tot de grotere soorten en is daardoor gemakkelijk te vinden.\r\n\r\nBaldakijnspinnen zijn webbouwende spinnen die ondersteboven onder hun baldakijnweb hangen, kaken en buikzijde naar boven, rugzijde omlaag. Boven het web zitten meestal spandraden waar insecten tegenaan vliegen, naar beneden vallen en op het web terecht komen, waar de spin ze door het web heen bijt en onder het web trekt. De Driehoeksbaldakijnspin bouwt zijn web in struiken en op boomtakken op uiteenlopende terreinen. Op heideterreinen is hij algemeen op struikheide te vinden en ook op de vliegdennen en andere bomen en struiken. Hij komt ook in tuinen voor in hogere planten, op struiken en in heggen. De soort is door het gehele land te vinden op dit soort vegetaties, die de juiste structuur bieden voor het ophangen van zijn web\r\n\r\nEen volwassen Driehoeksbaldakijnspin meet ongeveer 6 mm, met de poten meegerekend ongeveer 10 mm. Het is een beigekleurige spin met aan de rugzijde van het achterlijf een bruinige bladfiguur die door wit omzoomd is. De zijkant van het achterlijf is in het midden donker gekleurd, terwijl dat donkere veld aan drie zijden door wit is omzoomd, waardoor een min of meer driehoekige figuur wordt gevormd, vandaar de naam van deze soort. Andere bruikbare kenmerken zijn de witte boog rond een zwart veld boven de spintepels aan de achterlijfspunt. Van achteren gezien is de soort daaraan direct te herkennen. Een donkere gaffelvormige tekening met twee parallele, naar voren wijzende uitlopers midden op het kopborststuk ivormt nog een extra hulpmiddel.\r\nBij de mannetjes is de tekening van kopborststuk en achterlijf in de jongere stadia nog wel te herkennen, maar als zij na de laatste vervelling volwassen zijn geworden is het achterlijf meer cylindervormig en van de rugtekening en witte banden is niet veel meer terug te vinden. Bovendien hebben volwassen mannetjes opvallend grote, uiteen wijkende kaken.\r\n\r\nVolwassen mannetjes en wijfjes kan men onder hun webben zien hangen in de late zomer en herfst, van eind juli tot end oktober, vrouwtjes soms nog later. Volwassen mannetjes zoeken de vrouwtjes op in hun web en verblijven daar enige tijd.\r\n\r\nDe bedoeling is dat in 2014 de verspreiding in ons land en in heel Europa nauwkeuriger in kaart wordt gebracht. Bovendien willen we dit jaar ook extra kennis over de biologie van de soort verzamelen. Gevraagd wordt waarnemingen en bijzonderheden van deze soort door te geven aan Peter van Helsdingen, EIS-Nederland, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden (peter.vanhelsdingennaturalis.nl). U kunt via die weg ook een digitaal invulformulier opvragen om waarnemingen over de biologie van de soort te kunnen doorgeven. Wij willen graag weten wanneer de soort in ons land volwassen wordt, tot wanneer de mannetjes nog worden gezien en de positie van het web in de vegetatie.\r\nIn 2015 zullen de resultaten worden gepubliceerd.\r\n\r\nDe keuze van de Spin van het Jaar komt democratisch tot stand via voorstellen uit alle Europese landen, waarna een commissie hieruit vijf soorten selecteert, waaruit per land een soort wordt gekozen. Het is een jaarlijks terugkerend project van de ESA, de European Society of Arachnology. Een belangrijk criterium voor de \u2018Spin van het jaar\u2019 is dat de soort in alle landen van Europa moet voorkomen, omdat anders immers sommige landen uitgesloten zouden worden. Het doel van het project is om ieder jaar het onderzoek aan \u00e9\u00e9n spinnensoort te stimuleren en voor heel Europa nieuwe gegevens te verzamelen, over verspreiding, maar ook over de biologie van de soort. Op die manier wordt ook aandacht gevraagd voor spinnen in het algemeen.\r\n

Contact Nederland<\/h4>\r\nPeter van Helsdingen, EIS-Nederland, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden\r\npeter.vanhelsdingen(a)naturalis.nl<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

Europejski paj\u0105k roku 2014<\/h4>\r\nOsnuwik pospolity \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\nZwyci\u0119zca tegorocznego g\u0142osowania reprezentuje rodzin\u0119 osnuwikowatych (Linyphiidae). Nale\u017cy ona do najliczniejszych spo\u015br\u00f3d wszystkich paj\u0105k\u00f3w i obejmuje ok. 4460 znanych gatunk\u00f3w, z tego ok. 1250 wyst\u0119puje w Europie, a ok. 300 - w Polsce.\r\n\r\nOsnuwikowate to na og\u00f3\u0142 paj\u0105ki czarne lub br\u0105zowe, ma\u0142e lub bardzo ma\u0142e, nie przekraczaj\u0105ce 2-4 mm d\u0142ugo\u015bci. Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 z nich buduje sieci \u0142owne w kszta\u0142cie p\u0142achty lub hamaka, zawieszonego w\u015br\u00f3d ro\u015blin, czasami na pniach drzew, na powierzchni ska\u0142 lub wprost na ziemi.\r\n\r\nOsnuwik pospolity wyst\u0119puje w ca\u0142ej Europie, z wyj\u0105tkiem Islandii \u2013 od ni\u017cu \u2013 po \u015brednie wysoko\u015bci w g\u00f3rach i zdecydowanie odr\u00f3\u017cnia si\u0119 od innych przedstawicieli swej rodziny: ma wi\u0119ksze rozmiary cia\u0142a (5-7 mm), wyra\u017any wz\u00f3r barwny i charakterystyczn\u0105 sie\u0107. G\u0142owotu\u0142\u00f3w jest zwykle be\u017cowo-br\u0105zowawy z ciemniejszym marginesem. Czarny pasek \u015brodkowy rozdwaja si\u0119 ku przodowi na kszta\u0142t kamertonu. Odw\u0142ok jest bia\u0142y lub \u017c\u00f3\u0142tawy, z szerokim, nieregularnym wzorem wzd\u0142u\u017c cz\u0119\u015bci \u015brodkowej i z ciemnymi plamami po bokach. Sp\u00f3d cia\u0142a jest br\u0105zowy lub czarny, za\u015b nogi \u2013 be\u017cowo-\u017c\u00f3\u0142tawo-br\u0105zowawe, d\u0142ugie i delikatne.\r\n\r\nSamce s\u0105 nieco mniejsze od samic, a ich odw\u0142ok - smuklejszy. U osobnik\u00f3w dojrza\u0142ych p\u0142ciowo (podobnie jak u innych paj\u0105k\u00f3w) nogog\u0142aszczki zako\u0144czone s\u0105 aparatami kopulacyjnymi, przypominaj\u0105cymi r\u0119kawice bokserskie.\r\n\r\nIstnieje ryzyko pomylenia osnuwika pospolitego z Linyphia tenuipalpis<\/em>, ale ten ostatni jest nieco mniejszy i zamieszkuje cieplejsze stanowiska. W przypadku w\u0105tpliwo\u015bci nale\u017cy zbada\u0107 narz\u0105dy kopulacyjne pod mikroskopem.\r\n\r\nPod wzgl\u0119dem wymaga\u0144 \u015brodowiskowych L. triangularis<\/em> nale\u017cy do ma\u0142o wybrednych generalist\u00f3w. Zamieszkuje lasy, zaro\u015bla, parki, ogrody, pola i \u0142\u0105ki. Wyst\u0119puje tam zwykle w du\u017cych liczebno\u015bciach, odgrywaj\u0105c wa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 w powi\u0105zaniach troficznych.\r\n\r\nOsnuwik pospolity buduje sieci w\u015br\u00f3d wy\u017cszych traw i zi\u00f3\u0142, a przede wszystkim w\u015br\u00f3d ga\u0142\u0119zi drzew i krzew\u00f3w. Ulubionym miejscem s\u0105 ma\u0142e sosny i ja\u0142owce, kt\u00f3re p\u00f3\u017anym latem wr\u0119cz oplata licznymi konstrukcjami; ka\u017cda sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z poziomej, g\u0119sto utkanej p\u0142achty, umocowanej od do\u0142u licznymi ni\u0107mi i wspomaganej od g\u00f3ry przez chaotyczn\u0105 pl\u0105tanin\u0119. Zadaniem tej ostatniej jest stworzenie bariery dla przelatuj\u0105cych owad\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re, zaplatane w nici, opadaj\u0105 na p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119 \u0142own\u0105. Tam\u00a0 s\u0105 atakowane przez w\u0142a\u015bciciela sieci, kt\u00f3ry oczekuje po spodniej stronie p\u0142achty (\u201ebrzuchem\u201d do g\u00f3ry).\r\n\r\nOfiarami osnuwika padaj\u0105 g\u0142\u00f3wnie ma\u0142e much\u00f3wki (np. meszki, komary), ale tak\u017ce b\u0142onk\u00f3wki, sieciarki czy chrz\u0105szcze.\r\n\r\nDoros\u0142e (=dojrza\u0142e p\u0142ciowo) osobniki mo\u017cna spotka\u0107 od sierpnia do pa\u017adziernika. Wtedy te\u017c przyst\u0119puj\u0105 do rozrodu. Samce, zwabione feromonami, wyczekuj\u0105 na okazj\u0119 na peryferiach sieci samicy lub w pobli\u017cu. W czasie kopulacji partnerzy siedz\u0105 naprzeciwko siebie, odwr\u00f3ceni \u201edo g\u00f3ry brzuchami\u201d, a samiec na przemian wprowadza swe aparaty kopulacyjne do otwor\u00f3w kopulacyjnych samicy. Zdarza si\u0119, \u017ce pilnuje zaplemnionej samicy, op\u0119dzaj\u0105c innych zalotnik\u00f3w: w ten spos\u00f3b zwi\u0119ksza szanse w\u0142asnych gen\u00f3w. Jaja sk\u0142adane s\u0105 w kokonie i zimuj\u0105, a m\u0142ode wyl\u0119gaj\u0105 si\u0119 wiosn\u0105.\r\n\r\nJe\u015bli dotychczas nie odkryli\u015bcie paj\u0119czego pi\u0119kna, warto zacz\u0105\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bnie od naszego tegorocznego bohatera, wszak z racji cz\u0119sto\u015bci wyst\u0119powania i \u0142atwo\u015bci obserwacji Linyphia triangularis mo\u017ce stanowi\u0107 atrakcyjny obiekt naukowych bada\u0144 i amatorskich obserwacji.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg &\u00a0Marek Micha\u0142 \u017babka,\r\n

Contact Poland<\/h4>\r\nProf. Dr. hab. Marek Micha\u0142 \u017babka, Katedra Zoologii, UPH w Siedlcach, marekzabka(a)uph.edu.pl<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n

\u00c5rets europeiska spindel 2014<\/h4>\r\n\u00c4ngsbaldakinspindel \u2013 Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)\r\n\r\n\u00c4ngsbaldakinspindeln Linyphia triangularis<\/em> tillh\u00f6r familjen mattv\u00e4vare, Linyphiidae. Arten beskrevs 1757 av Carl Clerck. N\u00e4st efter hoppspindlarna \u00e4r mattv\u00e4varna den artrikaste spindelfamiljen. Det \u00e4r beskrivet 4 461 arter mattv\u00e4vare. I Europa k\u00e4nner man idag till 1 248 arter, i Sverige 300 arter.\r\n\r\nMattv\u00e4vare bygger ett karakteristisk mattformat n\u00e4t, d\u00e4rav deras svenska namn. \u00c4ngsbaldakinspindeln \u00e4r ingen stor spindel, med en kroppsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 4,5-7 mm, men betydligt st\u00f6rre \u00e4n de flesta andra mattv\u00e4vare. Den har ocks\u00e5 tydliga m\u00f6nster p\u00e5 bakkroppen vilket de flesta mattv\u00e4vare saknar. P\u00e5 den bruna framkroppen finns ett m\u00f6rkt fram\u00e5t gaffeldelat l\u00e4ngsband som g\u00f6r den l\u00e4tt att skilja fr\u00e5n n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende arter. Linyphia triangularis \u00e4r den mattv\u00e4vare som man oftast ser.\r\n\r\nArten finns i st\u00f6rre delen av de tempererade delarna av Europa och norra Asien. Den \u00e4r k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n alla europeiska l\u00e4nder utom Island och lever b\u00e5de i l\u00e5gl\u00e4nta omr\u00e5den och h\u00f6gt uppe i bergsomr\u00e5den. Arten finns i st\u00f6rre delen av Sverige, men saknas i nordligaste Norrland och i fj\u00e4llen. Den \u00e4r en vanlig art som inte \u00e4r det minsta hotad.\r\n\r\n\u00c4ngsbaldakinspindeln lever inte bara p\u00e5 \u00e4ngar utan \u00e4r ofta \u00e4nnu vanligare i skogsbryn, glesa skogar och i unga tr\u00e4dplanteringar med en undervegetation av gr\u00e4s och \u00f6rter. Den lever en bit upp i vegetationen, i f\u00e4lt- och buskskikten. P\u00e5 marken \u00e4r den s\u00e4llan. Man hittar den ofta \u00e4ven i fuktiga skogar, i parker och tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar.\r\n\r\nDet mattformade n\u00e4tet spinner \u00e4ngsbaldakinspindeln i ris, gr\u00e4stuvor, sm\u00e5buskar eller liknande. Liksom hos de flesta mattv\u00e4vare best\u00e5r n\u00e4tet av en horisontell matta med ovan ett glesa vertikala och till synes slumpm\u00e4ssigt anordnade f\u00e4sttr\u00e5dar fr\u00e5n mattan mot underlaget. Ovanp\u00e5 mattan finns ocks\u00e5 ett par dm l\u00e5nga, glest liggande tr\u00e5dar som g\u00e5r upp\u00e5t och \u00e4r f\u00e4stade p\u00e5 vegetation ovanf\u00f6r mattan. Flygande insekter som flyger emot dessa tr\u00e5dar faller ofta och hamnar d\u00e5 p\u00e5 mattans ovansida. D\u00e4r blir de attackerade av spindeln som h\u00e4nger p\u00e5 mattans undersida. Spindeln springer p\u00e5 undersidan mot bytet (som \u00e4r p\u00e5 ovansidan), biter igenom mattan och sprutar sitt gift in i bytet. De flesta bytena best\u00e5r av sm\u00e5 insekter som myggor, sm\u00e5flugor och skalbaggar.\r\n\r\nHonorna \u00e4r f\u00f6r det mesta n\u00e5got st\u00f6rre \u00e4n hanarna. Framkroppen \u00e4r ljusbrun med m\u00f6rkare kanter och ett m\u00f6rkt mittband som delar sig i tv\u00e5 fram\u00e5t som hos en st\u00e4mgaffel. Bakkroppen har en ljus, n\u00e4stan vit grundf\u00e4rg. P\u00e5 ovansidan finns ett brett, flikigt och bladliknande brunt band. Detta band kan liknas vid ett antal trianglar som \u00f6verlappar varandra. Det \u00e4r dessa som gett arten dess artepitet triangularis. P\u00e5 bakkroppens sidor finns bruna fl\u00e4ckar och l\u00e4ngsband. Bakkroppens undersida \u00e4r m\u00f6rkbrun-svart. Benf\u00e4rgen \u00e4r ljusare brun med en gr\u00f6naktig ton. Hanarna \u00e4r m\u00f6rkare och smalare, s\u00e4rskilt bakkroppen samt har l\u00e4ngre ben.\r\n\r\nVuxen blir \u00e4ngsbaldakinspindeln i augusti. Man kan sedan hitta vuxna honor in i oktober och t.o.m. enstaka i b\u00f6rjan av november. Hanarna blir vuxna tidigare men lever inte lika l\u00e4nge. Parningsbiologin \u00e4r extra intressant. Parningen sker framf\u00f6r allt i september. Hanen har d\u00e5 tagit sig till honans n\u00e4t. Honorna attraherar hanarna med sin doft (med sexaualhormoner). Vid parningen sitter b\u00e4gge i n\u00e4tet med ansiktena mot varandra, hanens sticker in sina pedipalper, ett i taget, i honans parningsorgan p\u00e5 bakkroppens undersida. Hanarna vaktar sedan en tid honorna som de har parat sig med fr\u00e5n andra hanar under. F\u00f6rutom att skydda honorna s\u00e5 inneb\u00e4r det att hanen f\u00f6rs\u00e4krar sig att avkomman \u00e4r hans. Honan tillverkar en \u00e4ggkokong innan hon d\u00f6r. I denna \u00f6vervintrar spindelungarna som nykl\u00e4ckta. Men allt \u00e4r l\u00e5ngtifr\u00e5n k\u00e4nt om denna intressanta spindelart.\r\n\r\nDet finns en art som \u00e4r mycket lik \u00e4ngsbaldakinspindeln och som ocks\u00e5 \u00e4r n\u00e4ra sl\u00e4kt, n\u00e4mligen den s\u00e4llsynta stenbalakinspindeln, Linyphia tenuipalpis. Individer hos denna mer v\u00e4rme\u00e4lskande art \u00e4r n\u00e5got mindre. Man hittar arten bl.a. bland stenar i rasbranter och stenskravel, samt p\u00e5 solvarma ljunghedar, oftast n\u00e4ra vatten. Den \u00e4r hittills bara funnen i syd\u00f6stra G\u00f6taland i Sverige, Sk\u00e5ne, Blekinge, Sm\u00e5land och \u00d6land. Individer av stenbaldakinspindeln blir vuxna tidigare \u00e4n av \u00e4ngsbaldakinspindeln, redan fr\u00e5n slutet av juni. S\u00e4kert g\u00e5r de bara att skilja fr\u00e5n varandra genom att j\u00e4mf\u00f6ra parningsorganen i mikroskop.\r\n\r\nAtt \u00e4ngsbaldakinspindeln Linyphia triangularis<\/em> blev \u00e5rets europeiska spindel var inte n\u00e5gon \u00f6verraskning d\u00e5 den b\u00e5de \u00e4r vanlig i n\u00e4stan hela Europa, men ocks\u00e5 en spindel med ett vackert spindeln\u00e4t som man l\u00e4gger m\u00e4rke till. De daggfyllda n\u00e4ten \u00e4r l\u00e4tta att se under morgnar p\u00e5 sensommaren och den tidiga h\u00f6sten. Ta d\u00e5 en n\u00e4rmare titt f\u00f6r d\u00e4r kan ni hitta spindeln h\u00e4ngande upp och ned p\u00e5 n\u00e4tmattans undersida, d\u00e4r hon v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 att ett byte ska ramla ned. Kanske kan ni hitta n\u00e4t med ett par och fundera \u00f6ver deras intressanta parspel.\r\n\r\nChristoph H\u00f6rweg och Lars J. Jonsson\r\n

Kontakt Sverige<\/h4>\r\nLars J. Jonsson, H\u00f6gskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen f\u00f6r L\u00e4rande och milj\u00f6, 291 88 Kristianstad\r\nlars.jonsson(a)hkr.se<\/p> <\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spider of the Year 2014
\nThe common hammock-weaver
\nLinyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757)
\nInformation<\/p>\n

The common hammock-weaver Linyphia triangularis<\/em> (Clerck 1757) belongs to the family Linyphiidae. After the jumping spiders this is, with 4,461 species, the second most abundant spider family in the world.<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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