{"id":2655,"date":"2017-03-27T16:02:06","date_gmt":"2017-03-27T14:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.european-arachnology.org\/wdp\/?p=2655"},"modified":"2017-04-11T10:39:31","modified_gmt":"2017-04-11T08:39:31","slug":"spider-of-the-year-2017-cz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?p=2655","title":{"rendered":"Spider of the year 2017 – CZ"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2017<\/strong><\/h4>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci (\u010dele\u010f Araneidae) pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00fdm n\u00e1padn\u00fdm kolov\u00fdm s\u00edt\u00edm bezesporu k nejikoni\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pavouk\u016fm. Po\u010dtem druh\u016f v\u0161ak tato \u010dele\u010f nepat\u0159\u00ed k nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Dosud bylo pops\u00e1no p\u0159es t\u0159i tis\u00edce druh\u016f, z toho 128 druh\u016f se vyskytuje v Evrop\u011b, 44 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed zade\u010dkem n\u00e1padn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e hlavohru\u010f a relativn\u011b siln\u00fdma nohama s velk\u00fdmi \u010dern\u00fdmi trny. Chodidlov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky nohou jsou zakon\u010deny t\u0159emi dr\u00e1pky, co\u017e je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00ed po vl\u00e1knech, mimo s\u00ed\u0165 jsou ale k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci oproti jin\u00fdm pavouk\u016fm zna\u010dn\u011b nemotorn\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nejsou schopn\u00ed \u0161plhat na hladk\u00fdch kolm\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch tak, jak to um\u011bj\u00ed pavouci, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed m\u00edsto prost\u0159edn\u00edho chodidlov\u00e9ho dr\u00e1pku \u0161t\u011bte\u010dek p\u0159ilnav\u00fdch chlup\u016f.<\/p>\n

V \u017eivot\u011b k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f hraj\u00ed nezastupitelnou roli hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Uplat\u0148uj\u00ed se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspektech jejich \u017eivota. Pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce jsou v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 vlastnosti hedv\u00e1b\u00ed a proto m\u00e1 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k osm typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z, ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich produkuje hedv\u00e1b\u00ed jin\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. Velk\u00e9 ampulovit\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed dlouh\u00e1, velice pevn\u00e1 ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 pom\u011brn\u011b pru\u017en\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00fdmi se pavouk jist\u00ed p\u0159i lezen\u00ed po vegetaci, pomoc\u00ed nich se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v\u011btrem, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 je pro r\u00e1m a radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna s\u00edt\u011b. Mal\u00e9 ampulovit\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 dlouh\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak nejsou zdaleka tak pru\u017en\u00e1, jako ta z velk\u00fdch ampulovit\u00fdch \u017el\u00e1z. Pavouk je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy by byla elasticita na obt\u00ed\u017e \u2013 pro tvorbu provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1ly nebo pro tvorbu most\u016f, po kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee bez p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u00e9rov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159el\u00e9zt z jedn\u00e9 rostliny na druhou. Flageliformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed dlouh\u00e1, extr\u00e9mn\u011b pru\u017en\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, kter\u00e1 pavouk pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako axi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna lapac\u00ed spir\u00e1ly. Tyto \u017el\u00e1zy pracuj\u00ed v t\u011bsn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci se dv\u011bma p\u00e1ry agreg\u00e1tn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 obaluj\u00ed flageliformn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna lepem. Tento lep obsahuje hygroskopick\u00e9 organick\u00e9 i anorganick\u00e9 soli, kter\u00e9 zamezuj\u00ed vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a dokonce snad napom\u00e1haj\u00ed absorbovat vodu z atmosf\u00e9ry. Piriformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> produkuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tenk\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken obalen\u00fdch lepem, kter\u00e1 pavoukovi slou\u017e\u00ed jako lepic\u00ed p\u00e1sky \u2013 p\u0159ipev\u0148uje pomoc\u00ed nich velk\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna k podkladu (tzv. p\u0159\u00edchytn\u00e9 ter\u010de) nebo spojuje jedno s druh\u00fdm. Aciniformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy <\/strong>produkuj\u00ed takt\u00e9\u017e velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tenk\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken v podob\u011b p\u00e1s\u016f, ale na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9ho typu jsou tato vl\u00e1kna such\u00e1. Pavouk je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k obalov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a tvorb\u011b st\u011bn. U v\u011bt\u0161iny k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f se vyskytuj\u00ed aciniformn\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy dvou typ\u016f.<\/strong> Produkt jednoho typu patrn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed k zabalov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti, druh\u00fd se pod\u00edl\u00ed na stavb\u011b kokonu pro vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Tubuliformn\u00ed (cylindrick\u00e9) \u017el\u00e1zy<\/strong> jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny pouze u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch samic, jejich v\u00fdhradn\u00ed funkc\u00ed je ochrana vaj\u00ed\u010dek. Absolutn\u00edmi rekordmany v po\u010dtu typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z v\u0161ak nejsou k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci, ale n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pak\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci (\u010dele\u010f Uloboridae), nap\u0159\u00edklad rod Polenecia<\/em>, pojmenovan\u00fd po slovinsk\u00e9m arachnologovi Antonu Polencovi, jejich\u017e dosp\u011bl\u00e9 samice maj\u00ed dokonce dev\u011bt typ\u016f snovac\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z.<\/p>\n

Dvojrozm\u011brn\u00e9 kolov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed k lap\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho hmyzu. D\u00edky geometricky pravideln\u00e9mu tvaru jsou ur\u010dit\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, by\u0165 ne zdaleka jedin\u00fdm typem pavou\u010d\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch typ\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed kolov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ke sv\u00e9mu ukotven\u00ed pouze n\u011bkolik (typicky t\u0159i) pevn\u00fdch bod\u016f v prostoru. S\u00ed\u0165 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z r\u00e1mu uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho do troj\u00faheln\u00edku se \u0161pi\u010dkou sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed dol\u016f, radi\u00e1ln\u00edch vl\u00e1ken vyb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch ze st\u0159edu s\u00edt\u011b, koncentrick\u00fdch kruh\u016f s lepem a z vyp\u0159eden\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. S\u00ed\u0165 n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad jako vosa zbarven\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka pruhovan\u00e9ho, je nav\u00edc vybavena tzv. stabilimentem, \u0161irok\u00fdm cik-cak p\u00e1sem vedouc\u00edm obvykle svisle p\u0159es centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Kolov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 m\u00e1 pro pavouka \u0159adu v\u00fdhod. Fungule jako filtr zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed aeroplankton, pro jeho\u017e zhotoven\u00ed je d\u00edky geometrick\u00e9 pravidelnosti zapot\u0159eb\u00ed investovat minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed materi\u00e1lu. Geometrick\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1le umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby se pavouk mohl pomoc\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdch model\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed vyh\u00fdbat sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm lepiv\u00fdm vl\u00e1kn\u016fm. S\u00ed\u0165 je kombinac\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, v\u00fdsledkem \u010deho\u017e je extr\u00e9mn\u011b pevn\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 pru\u017en\u00e1 lapac\u00ed struktura. Stavbu s\u00edt\u011b pavouk zahajuje t\u00edm, \u017ee vyleze na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edsto a ze snovac\u00edch bradavek vypust\u00ed vl\u00e1kno, kter\u00e9 se zachyt\u00ed na jin\u00e9m vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. Tak vytvo\u0159\u00ed vodorovnou z\u00e1kladnu dol\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho troj\u00faheln\u00edku. Pot\u00e9 se pavouk spust\u00ed, p\u0159ichyt\u00ed vl\u00e1kna dole a op\u011bt vyleze na z\u00e1kladnu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e za sebou st\u00e1le natahuje vl\u00e1kno. Ve vznikl\u00e9m troj\u00faheln\u00edku vytvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b kruhov\u00fd r\u00e1m a v n\u011bm radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna s\u00edt\u011b. D\u00e1le spoj\u00ed radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1lou, po kter\u00e9 se pohybuje p\u0159i pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lepiv\u00e9 spir\u00e1ly, provizorn\u00ed spir\u00e1lu za sebou p\u0159itom odstra\u0148uje.<\/p>\n

Sign\u00e1l o p\u0159\u00edtomnosti chycen\u00e9 ko\u0159isti se po radi\u00e1ln\u00edch vl\u00e1knech p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do centra s\u00edt\u011b. Za den je s\u00ed\u0165 kv\u016fli pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m, lapen\u00e9 ko\u0159isti a \u010dinnosti jin\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f \u010di p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f zna\u010dn\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e1 a tak k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci ka\u017ed\u00fd den stav\u011bj\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 novou. Aby v\u0161ak nep\u0159i\u0161ly esenci\u00e1ln\u00ed aminokyseliny obsa\u017een\u00e9 v lepu na lapac\u00ed spir\u00e1le nazmar, pavouk p\u0159ed t\u00edm svoj\u00ed starou s\u00ed\u0165 pomoc\u00ed enzym\u016f natr\u00e1v\u00ed a vznikl\u00fd roztok vysaje.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo v centru s\u00edt\u011b. Toto centrum (m\u00edsto kde se sb\u00edhaj\u00ed radi\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna) nen\u00ed v geometrick\u00e9m centru kruhu, ale je posunuto nahoru. To proto, aby se pavouk dostal ke ko\u0159isti na jak\u00e9mkoli m\u00edst\u011b s\u00edt\u011b stejn\u011b rychle \u2013 \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00ed nahoru mu trv\u00e1 pomaleji, ne\u017e spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dol\u016f. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f (nap\u0159. k. \u010dty\u0159skvrnn\u00fd \u010di k. st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd) sed\u00ed pavouk v pavu\u010dinov\u00e9m \u00fakrytu tvaru zvonu nad s\u00edt\u00ed, kter\u00fd je s centrem s\u00edt\u011b spojen sign\u00e1ln\u00edm vl\u00e1knem.<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho (Obr. 1) popsal ji\u017e v roce 1757 \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd arachnolog Carl Alexander Clerck ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci Svenska spindlar (Pavouci \u0160v\u00e9dska). Autor zde pro druhy pou\u017eil dvojslovn\u00e9 n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed v souladu s pravidly zaveden\u00fdmi Carl Linn\u00e9m. Pavouci \u0160v\u00e9dska vy\u0161li rok p\u0159ed publikov\u00e1n\u00edm des\u00e1t\u00e9ho vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Linn\u00e9ovy Systema Naturae, kter\u00e9 je br\u00e1no jako po\u010d\u00e1tek mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch pravidel zoologick\u00e9 nomenklatury. Jedn\u00e1 se tak o v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, kter\u00e1 obsahuje platn\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.<\/p>\n

Clerck pro k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho zvolil jm\u00e9no Araneus umbraticus<\/em>, co\u017e by bylo mo\u017eno p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \u201ck\u016frov\u00fd pavouk\u201d. Rod Nuctenea<\/em> vytvo\u0159il pro tento druh a\u017e v roce 1864 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd francouzsk\u00fd arachnolog Eugene Simon. Nuctenea<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed mezi druhov\u011b chud\u00e9 rody, vedle jednoho druhu z Al\u017e\u00edrska jsou zn\u00e1my ji\u017e jen dva dal\u0161\u00ed druhy, oba se vyskytuj\u00ed i na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

U k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f je p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd n\u00e1padn\u00fd pohlavn\u00ed dimorfismus. U k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho je t\u011blo samic (11\u201316 mm) o t\u0159etinu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e t\u011blo samc\u016f (7\u201310 mm). Samci maj\u00ed d\u00e1le \u0161t\u00edhlej\u0161\u00ed zade\u010dek a relativn\u011b del\u0161\u00ed nohy (Obr. 2). T\u011blo k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho je \u0161irok\u00e9, n\u00e1padn\u011b ploch\u00e9. Zade\u010dek je, podobn\u011b jako u k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka obecn\u00e9ho, nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v p\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159etin\u011b a je tak m\u00edrn\u011b troj\u00fahl\u00fd. Zade\u010dek n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch u n\u00e1s hojn\u00fdch druh\u016f velk\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f (nap\u0159. k. \u010dty\u0159skvrnn\u00fd nebo k. mramorovan\u00fd) je nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v polovin\u011b a tak m\u00e1 kulat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tvar. Nohy k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho jsou krou\u017ekovan\u00e9, hlavohru\u010f jednobarevn\u00e1, \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00e1. Zbarven\u00ed zade\u010dku je variabiln\u00ed, v\u017edy se v\u0161ak jedn\u00e1 o odst\u00edny \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00e9 a\u017e \u010dernohn\u011bd\u00e9. Jeho spodn\u00ed strana je tmav\u00e1, na m\u00edst\u011b plicn\u00edch vak\u016f je p\u00e1r kontrastn\u011b b\u00edl\u00fdch skvrn (Obr. 3), kter\u00e9 snad mohou u pavouka sed\u00edc\u00edho na s\u00edti l\u00e1kat hmyz. Na h\u0159bet\u011b zade\u010dku je charakteristick\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e1 tmav\u00e1 skvrna s vlnit\u00fdm okrajem zvan\u00e1 folium. Uprost\u0159ed n\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed t\u0159i p\u00e1ry \u010dern\u00fdch te\u010dek. Boky zade\u010dku jsou sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed. Toto zbarven\u00ed pavouka na k\u016f\u0159e stromu dokonale maskuje. Pokud je ale i tak odhalen pred\u00e1torem nebo zv\u00eddav\u00fdm pozorovatelem, nasazuje taktiku strnut\u00ed \u2013 kon\u010detiny p\u0159itiskne k t\u011blu a pad\u00e1 na zem, kde je ve stavu tanat\u00f3zy schopen vy\u010dk\u00e1vat i dlouh\u00e9 minuty.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00fd n\u00e1\u0161 z\u00e1stupce rodu, k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k ra\u0161elinn\u00fd (Nuctenea silvicultrix<\/em>), je men\u0161\u00ed (do 9 mm), m\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b placat\u00fd zade\u010dek, sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed boky a na hlavov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti hlavohrudi porost b\u00edl\u00fdch chlup\u016f (Obr. 4). Vyskytuje se jak v Palearktick\u00e9 tak Nearktick\u00e9 oblasti. V r\u00e1mci Evropy se ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1kem podkorn\u00edm jedn\u00e1 o v\u00fdrazn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh, vyskytuje se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kontinentu. Jeho v\u00fdskyt je omezen na m\u00e1lo eutrofizovan\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, proto je hojn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch, z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh miz\u00ed. U n\u00e1s byl vyhodnocen jako siln\u011b ohro\u017een\u00fd druh. Nej\u010dast\u011bji ho lze zastihnout na kmenech smrk\u016f \u010di borovic, nez\u0159\u00eddka na okraj\u00edch ra\u0161elini\u0161\u0165. K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed by mohl b\u00fdt zam\u011bn\u011bn tak\u00e9 s tmav\u00fdmi jedinci k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka rudohn\u011bd\u00e9ho (Larinioides ixobolus<\/em>). Tento druh v\u0161ak nem\u00e1 zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9 t\u011blo a m\u00e1 sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed folium.<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed se vedle Evropy vyskytuje v cel\u00e9 Palearktick\u00e9 oblasti, v\u010detn\u011b severn\u00ed Afriky. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice ho najdeme krom\u011b hor hojn\u011b na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Jeho p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi biotopy jsou sv\u011btl\u00e9 lesy (Obr. 5) \u010di skalnat\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. S\u00edt\u011b si zde stav\u00ed na kmenech strom\u016f \u010di na skaln\u00edch st\u011bn\u00e1ch, v\u017edy pobl\u00ed\u017e m\u00edst, kde odchl\u00edpnut\u00e1 k\u016fra nebo skaln\u00ed sp\u00e1ra poskytuje prostor pro \u00fakryt. Daleko \u010dast\u011bji se s n\u00edm v\u0161ak dnes m\u00e1me mo\u017enost setkat na synantropn\u00edch biotopech vesnic i velk\u00fdch m\u011bst. S oblibou si stav\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b na zdech nebo na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch konstrukc\u00edch, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 hojn\u00fd b\u00fdv\u00e1 na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch plotech.<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed je, na rozd\u00edl od \u0159ady jin\u00fdch na\u0161ich k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bj\u00ed lapac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b r\u00e1no, no\u010dn\u00ed lovec. P\u0159es den je pavouk schovan\u00fd v \u00fakrytu, d\u00edky zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9mu t\u011blu je k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu schopen vyu\u017e\u00edvat i velice t\u011bsn\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbiny. Na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bkter\u00fdch jin\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f si je nevyst\u00fdl\u00e1 hedv\u00e1b\u00edm. Po setm\u011bn\u00ed vyl\u00e9z\u00e1 z \u00fakrytu a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 stav\u011bt s\u00ed\u0165, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt a\u017e 70 cm v pr\u016fm\u011bru (Obr. 6). Na ko\u0159ist \u010dek\u00e1 v jej\u00edm st\u0159edu. Jeho ko\u0159ist\u00ed se obvykle st\u00e1v\u00e1 za tmy aktivn\u00ed dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fd hmyz a mot\u00fdli, v\u010detn\u011b relativn\u011b velk\u00fdch m\u016fr (Obr. 7). V noci lze spat\u0159it ploty doslova obalen\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011bmi tohoto druhu, b\u011bhem dne v\u0161ak po nich nez\u016fstane ani pam\u00e1tky. Pavouci toti\u017e p\u0159ed rozb\u0159eskem s\u00edt\u011b strhnou a se\u017eerou a op\u011bt se pe\u010dliv\u011b skryj\u00ed ve \u0161kv\u00edr\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Pavouci pohlavn\u011b dosp\u00edvaj\u00ed na konci jara, v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed samci ji\u017e nestav\u011bj\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 k lap\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti, snovac\u00ed \u017el\u00e1zy produkuj\u00edc\u00ed lepivou spir\u00e1lu (falgeliformn\u00ed a agreg\u00e1tn\u00ed) u nich zakr\u0148uj\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od samic, jejich\u017e kousnut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee u \u010dlov\u011bka v ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech vyvolat zdravotn\u00ed komplikace (Mareti\u0107 Z. & Milina O., 1976: A bite by the spider Aranea sexpunctata<\/em> Linn\u00e9: case report. Toxicon, 14: 392\u2013393), maj\u00ed samci redukovan\u00e9 i jedov\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy. Jedin\u00fdm posl\u00e1n\u00edm dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho samce je vyhledat samici, opatrn\u011b se k n\u00ed p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit tak, aby si ho nespletla s ko\u0159ist\u00ed, a pomoc\u00ed namlouvac\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f j\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit k p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b samci p\u00e1traj\u00edc\u00ed po samici nej\u010dast\u011bji zabloud\u00ed do interi\u00e9r\u016f lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbytk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Oplozen\u00e9 samice p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed a brzy na ja\u0159e ve sv\u00e9m \u00fakrytu nakladou vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Ta obal\u00ed dv\u011bma typy hedv\u00e1bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken \u2013 tlust\u00fdmi nad\u00fdchan\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny produkovan\u00fdmi tubuliformn\u00edmi \u017el\u00e1zami a tenk\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi pap\u00edrovit\u00e9 st\u011bny produkovan\u00fdmi aciniformn\u00edmi \u017el\u00e1zami. Kokon (Obr. 8) je ploch\u00fd, pokud se v\u0161ak do \u00fakrytu nevejde, pavouk ho zav\u011bs\u00ed ven a jeho povrch zamaskuje kousky detritu. Prvn\u00ed svleky larev prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v kokonu, z n\u011bho se l\u00edhne a\u017e prvn\u00ed nymf\u00e1ln\u00ed instar. Mlad\u00e9 nymfy po kr\u00e1tkou dobu \u017eij\u00ed pospolu, a\u017e pozd\u011bji se rozl\u00e9zaj\u00ed. \u010casto f\u00e1zi osamostat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1z\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed zvan\u00e9 ballooning, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti pomoc\u00ed pavu\u010dinov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 jsou i s pavou\u010dkem un\u00e1\u0161ena jako bal\u00f3n v\u011btrem.<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed se stal 18. evropsk\u00fdm pavoukem roku pot\u00e9, co byl vybr\u00e1n 81 arachnology z 26 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. D\u016fvod\u016f pro zvolen\u00ed bylo hned n\u011bkolik. Jedn\u00e1 se sice o pon\u011bkud skryt\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b velice hojn\u00fd druh a to i v okol\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Je velk\u00fd a charakteristicky zbarven\u00fd, proto relativn\u011b snadno identifikovateln\u00fd. D\u00edky schopnosti osidlovat n\u00e1hradn\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bkem sice nen\u00ed s\u00e1m o sob\u011b ohro\u017een\u00fd, jedn\u00e1 se ale o p\u0159edstavitele jinak ohro\u017een\u00e9 fauny v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na kmeny star\u00fdch \u010di mrtv\u00fdch strom\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokud se v l\u00e9t\u011b vyd\u00e1te na obch\u016fzku s baterkou za \u00fa\u010delem spat\u0159it tohoto temn\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka, dost mo\u017en\u00e1 na n\u011bho naraz\u00edte i na va\u0161em plot\u011b. Trp\u011bliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pozorovatel\u016fm bude jist\u011b poskytnuta i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost obdivovat stavbu jeho fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch lapac\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. Prakticky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 ocen\u00ed, kolik kom\u00e1r\u016f a jin\u00e9ho obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9ho hmyzu tyto s\u00edt\u011b zne\u0161kodn\u00ed. N\u00e1lezy k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka podkorn\u00edho a ohro\u017een\u00e9ho k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ka ra\u0161elinn\u00e9ho dolo\u017een\u00e9 fotografiemi \u010di exempl\u00e1\u0159em pos\u00edlejte na e-mailovou adresu rezac(a)vurv.cz. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vznikl za podpory Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (projekt MZe RO0415).<\/p>\n

Christoph H\u00f6rweg & Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Kontakty<\/h4>\n

Dr. Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d,\u00a0Laborato\u0159 biodiverzity, V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav rostlinn\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, v.v.i.,\u00a0Drnovsk\u00e1 507,\u00a0161 06 Praha 6 \u2013 Ruzyn\u011b,\u00a0\u010cesko,\u00a0rezac(at)vurv.cz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evropsk\u00fd pavouk roku 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k podkorn\u00ed \u2013 Nuctenea umbratica<\/em> (Clerck, 1757)<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci (\u010dele\u010f Araneidae) pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00fdm n\u00e1padn\u00fdm kolov\u00fdm s\u00edt\u00edm bezesporu k nejikoni\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pavouk\u016fm. Po\u010dtem druh\u016f v\u0161ak tato \u010dele\u010f nepat\u0159\u00ed k nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Dosud bylo pops\u00e1no p\u0159es t\u0159i tis\u00edce druh\u016f,<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

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