{"id":3425,"date":"2022-05-30T09:16:55","date_gmt":"2022-05-30T07:16:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?p=3425"},"modified":"2022-05-30T09:16:55","modified_gmt":"2022-05-30T07:16:55","slug":"pavouk-roku-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/european-arachnology.org\/esa\/?p=3425","title":{"rendered":"Pavouk roku 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pavouk roku 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata <\/em>(Ohlert, 1865)<\/p>\n

Sl\u00edd\u00e1kovit\u00ed (Lycosidae) pat\u0159\u00ed mezi st\u0159edn\u011b bohat\u00e9 \u010deledi pavouk\u016f, dosud bylo pops\u00e1no 2440 druh\u016f, z nich\u017e 352 je zn\u00e1mo z Evropy. P\u0159edci sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f si podobn\u011b jako pokoutn\u00edci stav\u011bli plachetkovit\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 fylogeneticky baz\u00e1ln\u00ed skupiny sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f tomu tak d\u011blaj\u00ed doposud. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina evropsk\u00fdch sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f v\u0161ak ji\u017e s\u00edt\u011b k lap\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti nestav\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho aktivn\u011b p\u00e1traj\u00ed po ko\u0159isti na povrchu p\u016fdy. Kv\u016fli jejich neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu pob\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed se jim v mnoha jazyc\u00edch v\u010detn\u011b angli\u010dtiny a n\u011bm\u010diny \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201evl\u010d\u00ed pavouci\u201c. P\u0159esto\u017ee si sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1ci nestav\u011bj\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, pat\u0159\u00ed k na\u0161im nejn\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pavouk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Jak se d\u00e1 poznat Pavouk roku 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd (Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata<\/em>) byl pro 2022 zvolen Evropsk\u00fdm pavoukem roku. Hygrolycosa<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed mezi druhov\u011b chud\u00e9 rody sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f, celosv\u011btov\u011b zahrnuje pouze \u010dty\u0159i druhy. Z Evropy jsou zn\u00e1my dva z nich. Z \u0158ecka byl v roce 1948 pops\u00e1n druh Hygrolycosa strandi<\/em>, jeho\u017e spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed do tohoto rodu je\u0161t\u011b nebylo spolehliv\u011b potvrzeno.<\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed s d\u00e9lkou t\u011bla 5\u20136 mm ke st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdm sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016fm, samci a samice jsou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b velk\u00e9. Od ostatn\u00edch na\u0161ich sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f ho lze snadno rozeznat d\u00edky charakteristick\u00e9mu zbarven\u00ed a kresb\u011b t\u011bla. I ml\u00e1\u010fata pozn\u00e1me podle trn\u016f na tibii prvn\u00edho p\u00e1ru nohou a n\u00e1padn\u011b pestr\u00e9ho, kontrastn\u011b tmav\u011b \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00e9ho zbarven\u00ed a skvrnit\u00e9 hrudn\u00ed desti\u010dky (sterna). Zbarven\u00ed se u samc\u016f a samic li\u0161\u00ed. Samci jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dern\u00ed, na hlavohrudi maj\u00ed t\u0159i sv\u011btl\u00e9 nez\u0159eteln\u00e9 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 pruhy. Na tmavohn\u011bd\u00e9m zade\u010dku jsou \u010dty\u0159i propojen\u00e9 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 pruhy b\u00edl\u00fdch te\u010dek. Nohy jsou u b\u00e1ze \u010dern\u00e9, na konc\u00edch sv\u011btle hn\u011bd\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Samice maj\u00ed sv\u011btle hn\u011bdou hlavohru\u010f, se dv\u011bma tmavohn\u011bd\u00fdmi pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi pruhy, prodlou\u017een\u00fdmi na p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st hlavohrudi pod o\u010dima (clipeus) a na klep\u00edtka (chelicery), a s okraji lemovan\u00fdmi tmav\u00fdmi te\u010dkami, u n\u011bkter\u00fdch jedinc\u016f spl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed v klikatou linku. Sternum je sv\u011btle hn\u011bd\u00e9, se \u0161esti tmav\u00fdmi skvrnami na obvod\u011b. Zade\u010dek je \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00fd s nev\u00fdraznou a nez\u0159eteln\u011b ohrani\u010denou pod\u00e9lnou p\u00e1skou a podobn\u011b nev\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi tmav\u0161\u00edmi postrann\u00edmi prou\u017eky, zdoben\u00fdmi \u010dty\u0159mi pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi \u0159adami \u017elutav\u00fdch te\u010dek. Nohy maj\u00ed samice sv\u011btle hn\u011bd\u00e9, s (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm femury) s n\u00e1padn\u00fdmi tmav\u00fdmi skvrnami, tibie, metatarsy a tarsy jsou, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na zadn\u00edch noh\u00e1ch, \u010dasto tmav\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zp\u016fsob \u017eivota<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed mezi na\u0161e sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1ky s denn\u00ed (diurn\u00e1ln\u00ed) aktivitou (no\u010dn\u00ed (nokrurn\u00e1ln\u00ed) aktivita byla z na\u0161ich sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f zaznamen\u00e1na nap\u0159\u00edklad u z\u00e1stupc\u016f rod\u016f Trochosa<\/em>, Lycosa<\/em>, a n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f Arctosa<\/em> \u010di Alopecosa<\/em>). Na povrchu p\u016fdy p\u00e1tr\u00e1 po ko\u0159isti, kter\u00e1 je v jeho p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tvo\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm drobn\u00fdmi \u010dlenovci. Jedn\u00e1 se o druh s jednolet\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm cyklem. K procesu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se z posledn\u00edho juveniln\u00edho instaru stane pohlavn\u011b dosp\u011bl\u00fd jedinec, tedy k posledn\u00edmu svl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed kutikuly (ekdise) doch\u00e1z\u00ed v b\u0159eznu a\u017e kv\u011btnu. Fascinuj\u00edc\u00edm aspektem biologie tohoto pavouka je zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fdm si samci namlouvaj\u00ed samice. Na ja\u0159e bubnuj\u00ed sv\u00fdmi zade\u010dky do such\u00fdch list\u016f, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 lidsk\u00fdm uchem i na vzd\u00e1lenost n\u011bkolika metr\u016f. Na b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed stran\u011b zade\u010dku maj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch tup\u00fdch trn\u016f, kter\u00e9 zade\u010dek p\u0159i bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u00ed. Samci po kopulaci um\u00edraj\u00ed, samice p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed do listopadu, n\u011bkter\u00e9 i p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sn\u016f\u0161ka samic obsahuje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 60 vaj\u00ed\u010dek, samice je zabal\u00ed do b\u011blav\u00e9ho kulovit\u00e9ho kokonu. Samice se o svoje potomstvo vzorn\u011b staraj\u00ed. Kokon si p\u0159ip\u0159edou ke sv\u00fdm snovac\u00edm bradavk\u00e1m a nos\u00ed ho v\u0161ude s sebou, do doby, ne\u017e se ml\u00e1\u010fata vyl\u00edhnou. Po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed si ml\u00e1\u010fata v\u011bt\u0161iny sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f vylezou samici na h\u0159bet a d\u00e1le se nechaj\u00ed vozit. Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd si v tomto v\u0161ak na\u0161el vlastn\u00ed cestu, jeho ml\u00e1\u010fata samici nevyl\u00e9zaj\u00ed na h\u0159bet, ale p\u0159idr\u017euj\u00ed se pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9ho kokonu nad\u00e1le p\u0159ip\u0159eden\u00e9ho k mat\u010din\u00fdm snovac\u00edm bradavk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, biotopy a ohro\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd je palearktick\u00fd druh vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se prakticky v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, chyb\u00ed pouze v jej\u00edch nejji\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00edch parti\u00edch. U n\u00e1s se vyskytuje od n\u00edzk\u00fdch po st\u0159edn\u00ed polohy (do 500, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b a\u017e 700 m n. m.). \u017dije v mechu, sta\u0159in\u011b \u010di v listov\u00e9m opadu v \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdch ra\u0161elinn\u00fdch les\u00edch (borech, b\u0159ezin\u00e1ch), ba\u017einn\u00fdch ol\u0161in\u00e1ch \u010di v r\u00e1kosin\u00e1ch. Bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee druh vy\u017eaduje ra\u0161elinn\u00e9 mok\u0159ady, ale dlouho bylo z\u00e1hadou, pro\u010d se vyskytuje pouze na n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech, nikdy nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn na otev\u0159en\u00fdch ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u00edch. To se poda\u0159ilo vysv\u011btlit a\u017e pozn\u00e1n\u00edm jeho biologie, same\u010dci pro n\u00e1mluvy pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed such\u00e9 listy strom\u016f \u010di ke\u0159\u016f, na ra\u0161elini\u0161t\u00edch zcela bez listnat\u00fdch d\u0159evin se tak nemohou rozmno\u017eovat.<\/p>\n

Je v\u00e1z\u00e1n na oligotrofn\u00ed mok\u0159ady, kter\u00e9 v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch rychle miz\u00ed kv\u016fli eutrofizaci prost\u0159ed\u00ed zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nadu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm syntetick\u00fdch hnojiv v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b. D\u00e1le jeho biotopy ohro\u017euje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159evinami \u010di vysu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny. Jako ohro\u017een\u00fd byl tento druh za\u0159azen do \u010derven\u00fdch seznam\u016f pavouk\u016f \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky i okoln\u00edch zem\u00ed (N\u011bmecko, Rakousko). \u010cesk\u00e1 arachnologick\u00e1 komunita takt\u00e9\u017e navrhla tento druh za\u0159adit mezi z\u00e1konem chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 druhy.<\/p>\n

P\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u n\u00e1s pouze v oblastech, ve kter\u00fdch se zachovaly neeutrofizovan\u00e9 mok\u0159ady, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na \u010ceskolipsku, Koko\u0159\u00ednsku, T\u0159ebo\u0148sku, \u0160umav\u011b, v \u010cesk\u00e9m lese, pod Rychlebsk\u00fdmi horami. Pozoruhodn\u00e9 je jeho izolovan\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tce Prameni\u0161t\u011b Blatovsk\u00e9ho potoka v Kl\u00e1novick\u00e9m lese na okraji Prahy. D\u00edky poloze uvnit\u0159 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho lesn\u00edho porostu (nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed lesn\u00ed komplex v okol\u00ed Prahy) je tato lokalita izolov\u00e1na od okoln\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny, a tak byla ochr\u00e1n\u011bna p\u0159ed eutrofizac\u00ed. Zde byl tento druh v r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu \u010cesk\u00e9 arachnologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti financovan\u00e9ho Magistr\u00e1tem hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy ov\u011b\u0159en je\u0161t\u011b v roce 2019.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d byl vybr\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd byl zvolen pavoukem roku 2022 84 arachnology z 27 evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Byl vybr\u00e1n druh s fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed biologi\u00ed, samci \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch pavouk\u016f v Evrop\u011b si nenamlouvaj\u00ed samice pomoc\u00ed bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed do list\u016f. Volbou tohoto druhu nav\u00edc cht\u011bj\u00ed evrop\u0161t\u00ed arachnologov\u00e9 pouk\u00e1zat na rychl\u00e9 mizen\u00ed oligotrofn\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 biotopy sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1ka te\u010dkovan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b chr\u00e1nit, je nutn\u00e9 zmapovat jeho aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. \u00dadaje o pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (lokalizace ide\u00e1ln\u011b v podob\u011b GPS sou\u0159adnic, datum a autor pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dolo\u017eeno fotografi\u00ed) mohou \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i zas\u00edlat na adresu rezac@vurv.cz<mailto:rezac@vurv.cz<\/a>>. Takto z\u00edskan\u00e1 data budou pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b vyhodnocov\u00e1na a zve\u0159ejn\u011bna na internetov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 arachnologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Milan \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d & Christoph H\u00f6rweg<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pavouk roku 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k te\u010dkovan\u00fd Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata <\/em>(Ohlert, 1865)<\/p>\n

Sl\u00edd\u00e1kovit\u00ed (Lycosidae) pat\u0159\u00ed mezi st\u0159edn\u011b bohat\u00e9 \u010deledi pavouk\u016f, dosud bylo pops\u00e1no 2440 druh\u016f, z nich\u017e 352 je zn\u00e1mo z Evropy. P\u0159edci sl\u00ed\u010f\u00e1k\u016f si podobn\u011b jako pokoutn\u00edci stav\u011bli plachetkovit\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

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